Spectroscopic characteristics of two typical soil humic acids in China

Humic acid （HA） is known to be a complex organic compound with varying structural and functional characteristics. In this study, three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy （3DEEM）, ultraviolet-visible （UV-Vis） and Fourier-transform infrared （FT-IR） were applied to study the fluorescence characteristics and structure of two typical soil HAs in China. The effects of concentration of HA, pH and ionic strength on the fluorescence behaviors were investigated. The results indicate that ionic strength over the range from 0 to 0.05mol L^-1 NaNO3 did not affect the 3DEEM of HA. The concentration of HA and pH of the test solution had obvious effects on the 3DEEM. When the concentration of soil HA was lower than 10mg L^-1, HA has only one obvious fluorescence peak. However, there were several fluorescence peaks for HA in high concentration （≥50mg L^-1）, and its Ex/Em maximum wavelength shifted towards longer wavelength with increasing the concentration of HA. The fluorescence intensity of HA enhanced with the increase of pH, and achieved maximum at pH 10. The effect of pH on the fluorescence intensity of black soil HA （BHA） was the severest and a polycondensation of BHA existed with the change of pH. At the same condition, the fluorescence intensity of red soil HA （RHA） was stronger than that of BHA. At the excitation wavelength of 340nm, the maximum emission peak positions of RHA and BHA were 474 and 504nm at pH 6.0, and their fluorescence quantum yields （QY） were 2.1-2.5% and 1.5-1.9%, respectively. Based on the maximum emission peak positions and fluorescence quantum yield, RHA and BHA can be distinguished.

Interaction between uranium and humic acid(Ⅰ):Adsorption behaviors of U(Ⅵ) in soil humic acids

The adsorption behaviors of uranium on three soil humic acids (HAs), which were extracted from soils of different depths at the same site, were investigated under various experimental conditions. The adsorption results showed that U(Ⅵ) in solutions can be adsorbed by the three soil HAs, with the order of FHA (HA from 5 m depth of soil) >SHA (HA from the surface) >THA (HA from 10 m depth of soil) for adsorption efficiency in each desirable condition, and the adsorption reached equilibrium in about 240 min. Although the maximum adsorption efficiency was achieved at a suitable uranium concentration (10 mg·L-1 U(Ⅵ) for SHA and THA, 20 mg·L-1 U(Ⅵ) for FHA), the adsorption could be described with Langmiur isotherm or Freundlich isotherm equation. The L/S (liquid/solid, mL/g) ratio and pH were important factors influencing the adsorption in our adsorption system besides uranium concentration. The adsorption efficiency decreased with the increase of the L/S ratio and pH at the pH range of 2.0-3.0 for SHA and THA or 2.5-6.0 for FHA. However, no significant difference in adsorption of U(Ⅵ) was observed at the experimental temperature. All the results implied that humic substances have different characteristics in samples even collected at the same site.

Study on Humic Acids of the Soil Applied with Corn Stalk by Spectroscopy Measurements

Spectroscopy measurements （Fourier transform infrared differential spectroscopy, Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, Matrix-assisted laser resorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry） were performed to study the humic acids of the soil applied with corn stalk. The results showed that after incorporation of corn stalks into the soil, the soil humic acid （HA） changed significantly in different stages. During first 60 days, new HAs were formed by polymerization and seems to be similar to that of initial HAs from composting corn stalk, some little molecular organic matters also reacted with soil HAs and turned into parts of soil HAs. After 60 days of the corn stalk residue incorporation, new HAs were formed by polymerization of decomposed lignin molecules, some methylenes transformed into methyls and methoxyls since the 90th day. Application of corn stalk led to the increase of aliphatic components in soil HAs, the decrease in aromatic components of soil HAs and the suppression in oxidation degree of soil HAs. The average molecular weight of soil HAs also declined because of application of corn stalk.

Characteristics and distributions of humic acids in two soil profiles of the southwest China Karst area

Characteristics and distributions of humic acid(HA) and soil organic matter(SOM) in a yellow soil profile and a limestone soil profile of the southwest China Karst area were systematically investigated to reveal their evolutions in different soils of the study area. The results showed that characteristics and distribution of SOM along the two soil profiles were notably different. Total organic carbon(TOC) contents of soil samples decreased just slightly along the limestone soil profile but sharply along the yellow soil profile. TOCs of the limestone soils were significantly higher than those of the corresponding yellow soils, and C/N ratios of SOMs showed a similar variation trend to that of TOCs, indicating that SOM can be better conserved in the limestone soil than in the yellow soil. The soil humic acids were exhaustively extracted and further fractionated according to their apparent molecular weights using ultrafiltration techniques to explore underlying conservation mechanisms. The result showed that C/N ratios of HAs from different limestone soil layers were relatively stable and that large molecular HA fractions predominated the bulk HA of the top soil, indicating that HA in the limestone profile was protected while bio and chemical degradations were retarded. Combined with organic elements contents and mineral contents of two soils, weconcluded that high calcium contents in limestone soils may play a key role in SOM conservation by forming complexation compounds with HAs or/and enclosing SOMs with hypergene CaCO_3 precipitation.

Using humic acid for remediation of sandy soils contaminated by heavy metal

This paper presents the development of a new remediation technology for contaminated sandy soil using humic acid (HA). Distribution of amount of Cr (VI) in the aqueous or solid system containing humic acid and sandy soil, was studied using batch experiments, es-pecially for effects of reaction time, pH, concentrations, temperature and irradiation on the reduction of Cr (VI), and the optimum reaction conditions. The results indicated a significant increase of the adsorption of Cr (VI) because of the complexion reaction between HA and Cr (VI) that occurred under acidic condition. The reaction mechanisms of HA with chromium on sand surfaces were certified. Thus it came to a conclusion that HA could be used effectively on remediation of Cr (VI)–contaminated soil and groundwater in a wide range of pH, with or without sunlight. These results suggest that the organic-inorganic complex—such as sandy soils coated with humic substances—is important as a metal reservoir in the environment.

Effects of Nano-carbon Humic Acid Water-retaining Fertilizer on Citrus Growth and the Soil Bacterial Community in Citrus Field

[Objective] In order to reveal the effects of reducing the amount of novel nano-carbon humic acid water-retaining fertilizer(CSF) on soil microbial community structure and citrus growth. [Method]In this study,conventional fertilization was as the control(KC1) in Wanzhou citrus orchard of Three Gorges Reservoir area. CSF reductions by 0%(KC2),10%(KC3),20%(KC4),30%(KC5) and 40%(KC6) were used to analyze the changes of soil bacterial community structure,citrus yield and quality. [Result]The results showed that the observed species,Shannon index,Chao1 index and PDwholetree of KC6 were higher than those of KC1,and were the same as KC2. The abundance of Xanthomonadaceae was the highest in KC5. Compared with KC1,the Xanthomonadaceae in KC3,KC4 and KC6 was significantly decreased,and the levels of Nitrosomonadaceae and Pseudomonasaceae were higher than that of KC1 after the treatment of KC6. Sphingomonas in different reduction treatments was lower than that of KC1,but Burkholderia and Pseudomonas were significantly higher than those of KC1. It was found that the similarity among treatments was small after bacterial community similarity clustering analysis,and citrus yield increased somewhat after CSF fertilization reduction.When CSF fertilization reduced by 30%,citrus yield increased by 4. 50%. When CSF fertilization reduced by 40%,citrus yield decreased by4. 14%. After CSF fertilization,citrus quality did not change significantly in CSF conventional fertilization and reduction of 10% and 40%,while significantly decreased in 20% and 30% of fertilization reduction. [Conclusion] CSF fertilization reduction changed the diversity of soil bacterial community structure and the yield and quality of citrus.

Interaction between uranium and humic acid (Ⅱ): complexation, precipitation and migration behavior of U(Ⅵ) in the presence of humic substances

The complexation, precipitation, and migration behavior of uranium in the presence of humic acid (HA) or fulvic acid (FA) were investigated by cation exchange, ultrafiltration and dynamic experiment, respectively. The results showed that (i) complex equilibrium between the uranium and humic substances was achieved at approximately 72 h, (ii) the coordination number varied from 1:1 to 1:2 ( U(Ⅵ) : humic acid) as pH increased from 3 to 6; and (iii) , while the complex stability constant decreased when temperature increased, but increased with pH value. We found that the precipitation of uranyl could only be observed in presence of HA, and the precipitation was influenced by conditions, such as pH, uranium concentration, temperature, and the HA concentration. The maximum precipitation proportion up to 60% could be achieved in the condition of 40 mg/L HA solution at pH 6. We further observed that the migration behavior of uranium in soil in the presence of humic acid (HA) or fulvic acid (FA) was different from that in the presence of inorganic colloid, and the effect of humic substances (HS) was limited.

Evaluation of Humic Acid Application Methods for Yield and Yield Components of Mungbean

A triplicate field experiment laid out in randomized complete block design was conducted to evaluate different humic acid (HA) application methods at Agricultural Research Farm, of KPK Agricultural University, Peshawar. Three methods of HA application: seed priming, foliar spray and soil application were included in the experiment. Humic acid application methods significantly affected pods plant-1, grains pod-1, 1000 grain weights, and grain yield whereas biological yield was not significantly affected by HA application methods. Humic acid application at the rate of 3 kg&middotha-1 resulted in higher number of pods plant-1, thousand grain weights and grain yield, however it was statistically similar to the treatments where HA was soil applied at rate of 1 and 2 kg&middotha-1, seed priming with 0% (water soaked), 1%, 2% HA solution and foliar spray with 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.1% of HA solution. It is concluded that HA application in all the three methods significantly enhances grain yield and yield components of mungbean.

Relationships between humic substance-bound mercury contents and soil properties in subtropical zone

The bioavailability of humic substance-bound mercury （HS-Hg） has been established, while the distribution of HS-Hg in soils in relation to soil properties remains obscure. Path analysis and principal component analysis were employed in present study to investigate how soil factors influence the contents of HS-Hg in soils. Results showed that HS-Hg ranged from 0.0192 to 0.2051 mg/kg in soils. The two fractions existed in soils as humic acid-bound mercury （HA-Hg） 〉 fulvic acid-bound mercury （FA-Hg） and the ratio of HA-Hg/FA-Hg was 1.61 on the average. Soil organic carbon （OC） and HS favorably determined soil HS-Hg and the two fractions. The mercury source forming HS-Hg derived from soil total mercury and HS-Hg. FA-Hg and HA-Hg served as mercury source for each other. In acidic soils, FA-Hg and HA-Hg consistently rose with the increase of OC, and generally HA-Hg increased more dramatically. Soils with lower pH and lighter texture contained more HS-Hg, particularly fraction of FA-Hg. Among all influencing factors, organic material source showed the strongest effect, followed by other soil properties and soil mercury source.

Formation of Black Patina on Bronze Mirrors Caused by Humic Acid

The formation of black patina caused by soil humic acid under different conditions has been studied,and the black, grey and brown shiny surfaces prepared in laboratory have been analysed. The formation of tin-rich shiny black surface on mirrors was the product of the soil corrosion of the bronze mirrors. It is formed by reaction between the alloy and the humic acid in soil, and leaching of copper and lead oxides through a long period of time when the mirrors were buried under the ground. A dense cormsion-resistallt layer on the bronze mirrors consisted predominantly of stannic oxide.

玉米秸秆还田下深松年限对土壤有机碳含量及胡敏酸结构特征的影响

为明确不同秸秆还田结合耕作措施下土壤有机碳组分的变化特征,基于6 a秸秆还田长期定位试验,利用三维荧光光谱技术,对CK(不深松+不秸秆还田)、NFG(不深松+每年秸秆还田)、EFG(隔一年深松+每年秸秆还田)、TFG(隔两年深松+每年秸秆还田)和SFG(连年深松+每年秸秆还田)处理下土壤有机碳(SOC)含量及胡敏酸(HA)结构特征进行分析。结果表明:与CK相比,EFG处理0~10 cm土层的SOC、HA含量和PQ值分别显著增加25.23%、16.19%和4.27%,FA含量降低4.55%。10~20 cm土层,EFG处理的SOC含量最高,较CK增加13.18%;SFG处理的HA和FA含量较CK提高最多,增幅分别为13.27%和32.74%。通过HA三维荧光图谱发现,与CK(Ex/Em=270/455,270/460)相比,EFG(Ex/Em=280/455,270/465)处理下0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层中的HA荧光峰波长均有红移现象。土壤胡敏酸中包含两个组分,C1(Ex/Em=270/280)和C2(Ex/Em=440/515)同为类腐殖酸物质,胡敏酸整体腐殖化程度较高,结构较为复杂;其中EFG和TFG处理的C2组分所占比例最高,分别为28.59%和31.38%。各处理的C1和C2组分F_(max)值均较CK有所增加,即腐殖化程度增加。综上所述,EFG处理(隔一年深松+每年秸秆还田)通过提升土壤有机碳及腐殖酸类物质含量,增加腐殖化程度,加强了土壤的供肥能力,为黑龙江黑土区较佳的耕作技术措施。

泥炭土腐殖酸环境室内模拟试验研究

为能提供一种贴合天然环境的泥炭土腐殖酸环境,通过在冲洪积黏性土中掺入胡敏酸(Humic Acid, HA)试剂和富里酸(Fulvic Acid, FA)试剂人工制备泥炭土试样,并将试样浸泡在富里酸液中来模拟泥炭土腐殖酸环境。采用腐殖酸含量检测试验、扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM)、X射线衍射(X-Ray Diffraction, XRD)、X射线荧光光谱(X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy, XRF)和无侧限抗压强度(qu)试验来评估模拟效果及可行性。结果表明,在pH值为6.0的浸泡液中浸泡90 d后,试样中富里酸实测质量分数超过了初始掺量,而胡敏酸的实测质量分数相较于初始掺量表现出波动性。试样中孔隙随着腐殖酸掺量的增加而逐渐发育连通,试样所含的原生矿物主要为石英和云母,主要元素为O、Si、Al和Fe。通过与天然泥炭土环境对比分析,揭示了模拟的腐殖酸环境在微观特征上与天然腐殖酸环境具有相似性。宏观力学试验结果表明,模拟试样的qu随腐殖酸掺量的增加而降低,对比分析显示模拟试样的力学性能与天然泥炭土的力学性能接近。以上结果表明,采用所提出的方法可以模拟出与天然泥炭土环境相近的泥炭土腐殖酸环境。

硫酸钙与腐植酸配施对大蒜产量及土壤性质的影响

为明确河南蒜区大蒜生产和碱性潮土改良最佳措施,设常规施肥(CK)、常规施肥+硫酸钙(T1)、常规施肥+腐植酸(T2)、常规施肥+硫酸钙+腐植酸(T3)的处理,研究了不同施肥方式对大蒜产量、叶片抗氧化能力、土壤酶活性、土壤结构的影响,分析了不同施肥方式对大蒜产量和碱性潮土改良的效果。结果表明,在常规施肥的基础上配合施用硫酸钙与腐植酸,能显著提高叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性,增强土壤酶活性,对团粒直径>0.25mm土壤水稳性团聚体的形成有促进作用,效果优于CK、T1、T2;T3大蒜产量达15620.95 kg·hm^(-2),比当地常规施肥极显著增产11.97%。综上所述,硫酸钙与腐植酸配施对河南蒜区的大蒜产量和土壤性质的改善具有较好的效果。

煤基与生物基腐植酸配施对土壤结构改良的影响

为探究煤基腐植酸与生物基腐植酸混合对土壤结构的影响并筛选出一种效果最佳的混合比例,本研究采用土壤培养方法,通过将煤基腐植酸与生物基腐植酸按不同质量比设计成复合腐植酸改良半生土,以不施腐植酸为对照(CK),分析培养10、25、50 d时复合腐植酸对土壤团聚体、孔隙度等结构指标的影响。结果显示:土壤各项理化指标整体改良效果表现为50 d>25 d>10 d;土壤团聚体含量、平均质量直径随煤基腐植酸含量增加而增加,单施煤基腐植酸时最佳,培养50 d时土壤团聚体含量较CK组增加116.36%,平均质量直径较CK组增加了21.80%;比较发现,培养10 d时土壤总孔隙度、田间持水量随生物基腐植酸比例增大而增加,容重随之降低,而培养25 d和50 d时,总孔隙度和田间持水量则随煤基腐植酸比例增大而增加,容重随之降低;煤基和生物基腐植酸7∶3组合最佳,50 d时该组合土壤总孔隙度和田间持水量分别较CK组增加10.46%和43.52%,容重降低8.25%。研究表明,煤基腐植酸和生物基腐植酸均可有效改善土壤结构,当混合质量比为7∶3时效果最佳。该混合比例的复合腐植酸可综合生物基腐植酸和煤基腐植酸的优点,有效改善土壤结构,为退化土壤修复提供一定的技术支撑和科学依据。

腐植酸水溶肥部分替代化学氮肥对土壤-水稻体系镉迁移富集的影响

为探明腐植酸水溶肥部分替代化学氮肥对调控镉(Cd)在土壤-水稻体系吸收转运效果,采用盆栽试验方法,设置不施氮肥(CK)、化学氮肥(CF)、替代20%化肥氮(HF1)、替代45%化肥氮(HF2)及替代70%化肥氮(HF3)5个处理,探究腐植酸水溶肥部分替代化学氮肥对Cd高污染酸性稻田土壤有效态Cd含量及水稻各部位Cd吸收、转运和积累的影响。结果表明:施氮和腐植酸水溶肥替代氮肥处理均不同程度降低土壤pH、增加土壤有效态Cd含量,土壤有效态Cd含量随腐植酸水溶肥替代比例增加而升高,但差异不显著;施氮和腐植酸水溶肥替代氮肥处理促进水稻植株各部位对Cd的吸收富集,显著影响器官间Cd的转运。与CF处理相比,HF2和HF3处理分别显著提高Cd转运系数TF_(叶片/茎秆)90.00%和190.00%,分别提高叶片Cd富集系数100.00%和233.33%,分别降低转运系数TF_(糙米/穗轴)35.06%和41.6%,抑制了Cd向稻米迁移分配;施氮能有效促进干物质形成,与CF处理相比,HF2处理显著提高糙米和地上部干物质重,分别达26.82%和23.03%,有利于稻米干物质重形成。本试验条件下,腐植酸水溶肥适宜替代氮肥45%~70%能提高水稻干物质重,有效降低Cd向稻米迁移富集。

腐植酸改良铜污染土壤对小麦生长与吸收利用养分的影响

为了评价腐植酸对铜污染土壤的改良效果,以冬小麦为研究对象,设置施加铜和腐植酸双因素田间盆栽试验,研究成熟期小麦的干物质积累与分配以及对氮、磷、铜素的吸收与利用。结果表明:(1)铜污染土壤中小麦器官的生长受到抑制,总生物量显著降低28.7%~66.9%;小麦吸收氮、磷量分别显著降低18.4%~61.5%、9.6%~65.5%,氮、磷素收获指数显著下降;尽管铜污染使小麦对铜素的吸收量显著增加40.5%~115.2%,但茎向叶和穗的迁移系数下降,使得收获指数无变化。(2)施用腐植酸明显改善铜污染造成的小麦根、茎、穗生长受到的抑制,缓解小麦吸收氮、磷素减少的不利影响;相比铜污染处理,腐植酸低(20 g/kg干土)和高(40 g/kg干土)用量可使小麦生物量分别提高25.0%和115.6%,促进小麦对氮(22.6%~111.9%)、磷(28.3%~161.9%)的吸收并提高氮、磷素的收获指数。高腐植酸用量更有助于小麦抵抗铜污染危害胁迫。(3)增施腐植酸能使小麦铜素收获指数显著降低7.2%~9.0%,但会显著增加铜素由茎向叶(12.2%~30.7%)和由茎向穗(46.8%~71.9%)的迁移,导致铜在穗中的积累量增加。由此可见,施用腐植酸改良铜污染土壤的农用效果仍需要进一步研究。

四种环境材料单施对煤矿区土壤结构和性状的影响研究

为解决煤矿区土地复垦中表层土壤结构差、持水能力低和养分贫瘠等问题,通过土壤培养模拟试验,研究了单施聚丙烯酸钾、黑矾、生化腐植酸和煤基腐植酸等4种材料对土壤改良的效果,并确定了适宜的施用量。结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,4种材料中聚丙烯酸钾能显著降低土壤容重,提高孔隙度和田间持水量,其添加量5 g·kg^(-1)施用7 d时,容重较CK降低了14.02%,孔隙度、田间持水量分别提高了28.31%、54.32%;黑矾能降低土壤pH和速效养分,当添加量5 g·kg^(-1)施用25 d时,pH、有效磷、碱解氮和速效钾较CK分别降低了0.21、30.24%、56.81%、9.77%;两种腐植酸对土壤容重、田间持水量、pH、速效养分均有影响,添加8 g·kg^(-1)生化腐植酸作用25 d时,有效磷和碱解氮较CK提高了15.18%、55.83%,pH降低了0.38,而添加5 g·kg^(-1)煤基腐植酸时,有效磷、碱解氮和速效钾较CK分别提高了12.38%、28.72%、11.47%。研究表明,4种材料能不同程度改善土壤结构、提升水分保持能力、增加速效养分含量。

褐煤腐植酸对科尔沁沙地风沙土土壤特性及荞麦产量的影响

【目的】探究褐煤腐植酸不同施用量对科尔沁沙地风沙土土壤特性和荞麦产量的影响,为风沙土改良提供科学依据。【方法】于2020-2022年,以科尔沁沙地风沙土为改良对象,通过田间定位试验,以不施用褐煤腐植酸为对照(CK),设置3个褐煤腐植酸用量处理:2 t/hm^(2)(低量,H1)、4 t/hm^(2)(中量,H2)和6 t/hm^(2)(高量,H3),研究2020年褐煤腐植酸一次性施用后0~40 cm土层土壤贮水量(SWS)、养分含量、微生物生物量碳氮(SMC、SMN)含量及荞麦产量的变化。采用主成分分析(PCA)研究土壤贮水量、养分、微生物生物量碳氮含量和荞麦产量的关系;在此基础上,通过随机森林分析探讨了以上土壤指标对荞麦产量的贡献率。【结果】与CK相比,施用褐煤腐植酸总体上提高了风沙土0~40 cm土层的贮水量,但不同褐煤腐植酸施用量对土壤贮水量的提升幅度不同。在2020-2022年,无论是在播种前、开花期还是在成熟期,4个处理中,H3处理0~40 cm土层的土壤贮水量均最高。与CK相比,施用褐煤腐植酸影响了风沙土土壤养分含量,且褐煤腐植酸不同施用量对不同土层土壤养分含量的影响程度存在较大差异。褐煤腐植酸一次性施用3年后(2022年),H3处理的的土壤有机质、全氮、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量总体高于其他处理。无论是在开花期还是在成熟期,与CK相比,施用褐煤腐植酸总体提高了土壤微生物生物量碳和氮含量,且在0~10,10~20和20~40 cm土层,H3处理SMC和SMN含量总体均最高。2020-2022年,与CK相比,施用褐煤腐植酸均提高了荞麦干物质量和产量,其中H3处理的增幅最大。主成分分析和随机森林分析结果显示,土壤速效钾、贮水量、微生物生物量碳和铵态氮与荞麦产量关系密切,其对荞麦产量的贡献率分别为11.00%,8.60%,7.85%和6.29%。【结论】在科尔沁沙地,当施用量为4~6 t/hm^(2)时,褐煤腐植酸对风沙土保水增肥增产的改土作用明显,其中当褐煤腐植酸施用量为6 t/hm^(2)时效果最佳。

不同施肥组合对科尔沁沙地南缘沙地土壤健康指标的影响

为研究不同施肥组合对沙地土壤改良的效果,以辽宁省阜新市彰武县的沙地土壤为考察对象,开展了试验研究。试验以不施肥为对照(CK)处理,设置生物有机肥分别与含腐殖酸肥料(OH)、含聚谷氨酸肥料(OP)和中微量元素肥(OM)混施3个施肥处理,测定施肥后6、12、18个月的土壤中微生物数量和土壤理化性状的变化。结果表明:不同施肥处理的土壤中微生物数量均呈现细菌>放线菌>真菌的变化趋势,其中OH处理的细菌数量最多,3个取样时间的细菌数量平均值为1.510×10^(7)cfu/g,是CK处理的5.2倍;施肥处理的土壤中全磷、全钾和有机质含量均得到提高,OP处理的全钾含量平均值最高,质量分数为5.96 g/kg;施肥处理的土壤pH均呈下降趋势;施肥处理的地上部植物生物量提高。施用不同组合的肥料可以有效提高土壤微生物的数量,改善土壤理化性状,提高地上部植物生物量,是一种合理的沙地改良措施。

不同粪肥与黄腐酸配施对设施菜地NH3挥发及蔬菜产量的影响

为探究不同粪肥与黄腐酸配施对设施菜地NH3挥发及蔬菜产量的影响。采用小区试验的方法,共进行了2季上海青栽培试验。第1季设置了猪粪(P_(30)、P_(15)、P_(9))分别为30、15、9 t/hm^(2);鸡粪(C_(5)、C_(3))分别为5、3 t/hm^(2);羊粪(S_(11)、S_(6))分别为11、6 t/hm^(2);不施肥对照(CK)。在第1季试验的基础上开展了第2季试验,利用通气法采集NH_(3),粪肥添加处理均为等氮添加,猪粪、鸡粪、羊粪分别为31.9、25.4、31.3 t/hm^(2),设置了黄腐酸(H)、猪粪+黄腐酸(P_(31.9)H)、猪粪(P_(31.9))、鸡粪+黄腐酸(C_(25.4)H)、鸡粪(C_(25.4))、羊粪+黄腐酸(S_(31.3)H)、羊粪(S_(31.3)),不施肥对照(CK),2季试验的处理分别为猪粪30+黄腐酸(P_(30)-H)、猪粪15+猪粪31.9+黄腐酸(P_(15)-P_(31.9)H)、猪粪9+猪粪31.9(P_(9)-P_(31.9))、鸡粪5+鸡粪25.4+黄腐酸(C_(5)-C_(25.4)H)、鸡粪3+鸡粪25.4(C_(3)-C_(25.4)),羊粪11+羊粪31.3+黄腐酸(S_(11)-S_(31.3)H)、羊粪6+羊粪31.3(S_(6)-S_(31.3)),共计7个处理和不施肥对照(CK),监测了不同肥料施加下土壤NH3挥发速率、NH3累积挥发量、蔬菜产量及相关环境因子的变化。结果表明:高NH3挥发速率主要集中在施肥后的1~3 d,单施粪肥条件下,NH_(3)累积挥发量表现为P_(9)-P_(31.9)>(C_(3)-C_(25.4)≈S_(6)-S_(31.3)),粪肥配施黄腐酸条件下,NH3累积挥发量表现为C_(5)-C_(25.4)H>S_(11)-S_(31.3)H>P_(15)-P_(31.9)H;在产量方面,羊粪、猪粪的增产效果要优于鸡粪,羊粪配施黄腐酸的增产效果最好,为27.48 t/hm^(2);在环境因子方面,土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量与土壤NH_(3)挥发呈显著正相关(分别为P<0.001、P<0.05)。粪肥配施黄腐酸具有降低土壤NH_(3)挥发及增加蔬菜产量的趋势,综合考虑蔬菜产量及NH3累积挥发量,认为羊粪配施黄腐酸的效果最优。