Limit equilibrium analysis for stability of soil nailed slope and optimum design of soil nailing parameters

Reinforcement of slopes using soil nailing can effectively improve slope stability, and it has been widely used in upgrading cut slopes. Based on the assumptions of stresses on the slip surface, a new method for analyzing the stability of a slope reinforced with soil nails was established in the limit equilibrium theory framework, by considering that slope sliding occurs owing to shear failure of the slip surface, which subjects to Mohr–Coulomb(M–C) strength criterion. Meanwhile, in order to easily analyze the stability of a soil nailed slope in actual engineering and facilitate optimum design of parameters for soil nailing, factor of safety(FOS) contour curve charts were drawn on the basis of the established linear proportional relationship between the spacing of soil nails and slope height, and the length of soil nails and slope height. Then, by analyzing and verifying the results obtained from classic examples, some conclusions can be got as follows: 1) The results obtained from the current method are close to those obtained from the traditional limit equilibrium methods, and the current method can provide a strict solution for the slope FOS as it satisfies all the static equilibrium conditions of a sliding body, thus confirming the feasibility of the current method; 2) The slope FOS contour curve charts can be used not only to reliably analyze the stability of a soil nailed slope, but also to design optimally the parameters of soil nailing for the slope with a certain safety requirement.

Overhanging rock slope by design:An integrated approach using rock mass strength characterisation,large-scale numerical modelling and limit equilibrium methods

Overhanging rock slopes(steeper than 90°) are typically avoided in rock engineering design, particularly where the scale of the slope exceeds the scale of fracturing present in the rock mass. This paper highlights an integrated approach of designing overhanging rock slopes where the relative dimensions of the slope exceed the scale of fracturing and the rock mass failure needs to be considered rather than kinematic release of individual blocks. The key to the method is a simplified limit equilibrium(LE) tool that was used for the support design and analysis of a multi-faceted overhanging rock slope. The overhanging slopes required complex geometries with constantly changing orientations. The overhanging rock varied in height from 30 m to 66 m. Geomechanical modelling combined with discrete fracture network(DFN)representation of the rock mass was used to validate the rock mass strength assumptions and the failure mechanism assumed in the LE model. The advantage of the simplified LE method is that buttress and support design iterations(along with sensitivity analysis of design parameters) can be completed for various cross-sections along the proposed overhanging rock sections in an efficient manner, compared to the more time-intensive, sophisticated methods that were used for the initial validation. The method described presents the development of this design tool and assumptions made for a specific overhanging rock slope design. Other locations will have different geological conditions that can control the potential behaviour of rock slopes, however, the approach presented can be applied as a general guiding design principle for overhanging rock cut slope.

A Method Combining Numerical Analysis and Limit Equilibrium Theory to Determine Potential Slip Surfaces in Soil Slopes

This paper describes a precise method combining numerical analysis and limit equilibrium theory to determine potential slip surfaces in soil slopes. In this method, the direction of the critical slip surface at any point in a slope is determined using the Coulomb’s strength principle and the extremum principle based on the ratio of the shear strength to the shear stress at that point. The ratio, which is considered as an analysis index, can be computed once the stress field of the soil slope is obtained. The critical slip direction at any point in the slope must be the tangential direction of a potential slip surface passing through the point. Therefore, starting from a point on the top of the slope surface or on the horizontal segment outside the slope toe, the increment with a small distance into the slope is used to choose another point and the corresponding slip direction at the point is computed. Connecting all the points used in the computation forms a potential slip surface exiting at the starting point. Then the factor of safety for any potential slip surface can be computed using limit equilibrium method like Spencer method. After factors of safety for all the potential slip surfaces are obtained, the minimum one is the factor of safety for the slope and the corresponding potential slip surface is the critical slip surface of the slope. The proposed method does not need to pre-assume the shape of potential slip surfaces. Thus it is suitable for any shape of slip surfaces. Moreover the method is very simple to be applied. Examples are presented in this paper to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method programmed in ANSYS software by macro commands.

Comparative Study of Slope Soils Analysis by Using Limit Equilibrium and Finite Element Methods

The slope soil analysis remains a corporate concern in construction activities. Because of its significance, the evaluation of slope soil stability has called widespread attention to several researchers all over the world. Many methods have been technologically advanced to evaluate the stability of slopes soils founded on distinct expectations and circumstances. Every method has specific benefits and limits. This work makes a comparison among safety factors and slip surfaces of slopes soils based on using Limit Equilibrium and Finite Element methods. Therefore, SLIDE 6.0 and PLAXIS 8.0 software were used for Limit Equilibrium and Finite Element methods, respectively. The computations of safety factors were performed for diverse shapes of slopes including different types of soils. Failure surfaces and values of safety factors obtained were compared for both methods used. It was noticed that the safety factors obtained from Limit Equilibrium methods were larger than of which is obtained by the finite element code. Moreover, an important change is noticed between the slip surfaces obtained by using both approaches.

Comprehensive analysis of slope stability and determination of stable slopes in the Chador-Malu iron ore mine using numerical and limit equilibrium methods

One of the critical aspects in mine design is slope stability analysis and the determination of stable slopes. In the Chador- Malu iron ore mine, one of the most important iron ore mines in central Iran, it was considered vital to perform a comprehensive slope stability analysis. At first, we divided the existing rock hosting pit into six zones and a geotechnical map was prepared. Then, the value of MRMR （Mining Rock Mass Rating） was determined for each zone. Owing to the fact that the Chador-Malu iron ore mine is located in a highly tectonic area and the rock mass completely crushed, the Hoek-Brown failure criterion was found suitable to estimate geo-mechanical parameters. After that, the value of cohesion （c） and friction angle （tp） were calculated for different geotechnical zones and relative graphs and equations were derived as a function of slope height. The stability analyses using numerical and limit equilibrium methods showed that some instability problems might occur by increasing the slope height. Therefore, stable slopes for each geotechnical zone and prepared sections were calculated and presented as a function of slope height.

基于SoilWorks软件的土质边坡分析

本文结合某高边坡,采用SoilWorks软件中的极限平衡法、强度折减法分别进行施工阶段模拟,并将锚索轴力计算结果与监测资料对比,分析结果表明:(1)采用极限平衡法计算结果偏安全;(2)锚杆(索)格构梁支护结构对该边坡起到了有效加固作用;(3)有限元计算模型及参数取值较合理;(4)在边坡设计及施工过程中应考虑锚索预应力损失的不利影响。

考虑拱效应的复合地层盾构隧道开挖失稳分析

根据盾构隧道开挖面的特点,考虑不同地层、不同隧道埋深条件下土体成拱效应,基于Paik圆弧拱理论建立失稳土体三维极限平衡理论分析模型。将经典三维楔形体模型改进为垂直面水平面均考虑拱效应的失稳土体三维模型,模拟盾构隧道开挖时前方土体的影响范围和影响大小,将上覆土压力计算方法扩展为三维形式,并采用土体条分法给出失稳土体极限平衡公式。最后利用MATLAB编程将模型计算结果与离心试验及其他理论模型进行了对比验证。结果表明:本文力学模型结果与离心试验结论更接近,可更准确地应用于开挖面最小支护压力参数的确定。

降雨条件下层状土坡三维边坡稳定性分析

降雨是诱发滑坡的重要因素之一,在降雨型滑坡的研究中,关于土壤水分剖面形状动态变化对三维边坡稳定性的影响有待进一步考虑。鉴于此,在前人工作的基础上,本文采用含修正形状系数的形状曲线描述土壤水分剖面的变化,结合非饱和土的水力特性,计算等效渗透系数,推导出改进入渗模型并拓展至双层土体入渗。利用GRASS GIS建立三维边坡模型,选取椭球面作为三维滑动面,通过蒙特卡洛法模拟椭球面参数,确定试算滑动面,采用Hovland三维极限平衡法计算考虑雨水入渗影响的三维边坡安全系数。根据湿润锋面、土层间界面和潜在滑动面三者的相对位置关系,将栅格单元柱分为5种情况考虑。通过算例分析验证所提出的降雨条件下三维边坡稳定性分析方法的可行性,结果表明:蒙特卡洛模拟试算样本数的最佳取值可定为2500次;最小三维边坡安全系数随着降雨历时的增加而减小,减小幅度为0.055~0.126。

聚丙烯纤维加固膨胀土边坡稳定性分析

为提高膨胀土边坡稳定性,改善膨胀土力学性能,使用聚丙烯纤维对膨胀土进行改性。通过直剪试验计算出不同围压、不同聚丙烯纤维掺量改性膨胀土边坡的抗剪强度变化规律,并应用Geostudio软件中的极限平衡法对不同聚丙烯纤维掺量的膨胀土边坡进行分析。研究发现,聚丙烯纤维含量在一定范围内可有效提高膨胀土边坡抗剪强度,掺量0.14%的纤维土在直剪试验中表现出较好的抗剪性能,Geostudio极限平衡法分析结果显示,0.14%纤维土边坡稳定系数为2.431,较素膨胀土边坡稳定性系数提高0.591。建议采用掺量0.14%的纤维土加固膨胀土边坡。

模块式空心面板加筋土挡墙面板连接稳定性研究

为揭示预制模块式空心面板加筋土挡墙的面板连接稳定性影响规律,基于极限平衡理论,深入研究了模块式空心面板加筋土挡墙面板连接稳定性。考虑了模块面板的空心率和倾斜角度,计算了筋材连接拉力和面板连接抵抗力,并建立了相应的稳定性分析方法。通过与已有文献结果对比验证了该方法的有效性。进一步对不同因素开展了参数分析。结果表明,增加模块空心率、减小填土内摩擦角和增加加筋间距会降低面板连接稳定性,对挡墙中下部的影响尤为显著;倾斜的加筋土挡墙面板连接稳定性显著降低,对挡墙中上部影响更为显著。

含软弱土层边坡失稳机制与稳定性分析

采用有限元强度折减法和刚体极限平衡法,研究某含软弱土层边坡的失稳机制和稳定性,分析软弱土层对边坡失稳模式及稳定性的影响。结果表明:随着边坡中软弱土层的强度逐渐减小,边坡稳定性随之降低;当软弱土层强度分别大于、小于0.6倍周围土体强度时,边坡分别为圆弧形失稳机制、折线形失稳机制;采用刚体极限平衡法进行稳定性分析时,若边坡软弱土层与周围土层性质差异较大时应先分析边坡的失稳机制,然后进行边坡稳定性分析;采用有限元强度折减法时无须事先分析边坡失稳机制,相比刚体极限平衡法优势明显。以某二级公路含软弱土层边坡为例,采用折线形滑动计算方法对其稳定性进行分析,并采用有限元强度折减法进行验证。

土质边坡稳定的破裂函数分析法

土质边坡稳定性对黄土高原地区工程建设的安全性具有重要影响,其中,极限平衡法的应用最为广泛。传统的边坡稳定分析方法一般都将滑动破裂面视为圆曲线,但实际上,大多数土质边坡的破裂面更接近抛物线而非圆曲线。基于以上认识,依据极限平衡理论,利用微积分方法,求解了四种基本边坡的滑动破裂面曲线——破裂函数,并确立了相应的滑动比函数,共建立9组基本公式,对求解的破裂函数进行了黄土滑坡的实例验证,结果表明抛物线型破裂函数分析法及其计算公式具有普遍的合理性和准确性。

基于极限平衡法和强度折减法的危岩稳定性分析

为了分析评价陡倾结构面相互组合切割形成的危岩体的稳定性,本文以龙寺CIV-1边坡危岩体为例,根据地质调查数据,建立了危岩体的简化地质模型、失稳概化理论模型以及在冻胀、地震、水力等因素影响下的力学分析模型,利用极限平衡理论推导出了危岩体的滑移稳定性系数和倾覆稳定性系数的无量纲表达式,重点分析了不同工况下危岩体的稳定性,并借助UDEC强度折减法对危岩体的形成、破坏机理进行分析研究。结果表明:不同工况下的危岩稳定性为天然工况>地震工况>暴雨工况>组合工况;层面与陡倾结构面的组合关系以及陡倾结构面的贯通程度直接控制着危岩体的稳定性和破坏模式。通过极限平衡法和UDEC强度折减法相结合的危岩体稳定性评价方法,不仅可以通过简单的数学公式高效地获取危岩体的稳定性,还可以通过力与变形的信息,直观的辨别出危岩体易失稳的部位,为陡倾结构面切割形成的危岩提供防治参考。

Classification and rating of disintegrated dolomite strata for slope stability analysis

Although disintegrated dolomite,widely distributed across the globe,has conventionally been a focus of research in underground engineering,the issue of slope stability issues in disintegrated dolomite strata is gaining increasing prominence.This is primarily due to their unique properties,including low strength and loose structure.Current methods for evaluating slope stability,such as basic quality(BQ)and slope stability probability classification(SSPC),do not adequately account for the poor integrity and structural fragmentation characteristic of disintegrated dolomite.To address this challenge,an analysis of the applicability of the limit equilibrium method(LEM),BQ,and SSPC methods was conducted on eight disintegrated dolomite slopes located in Baoshan,Southwest China.However,conflicting results were obtained.Therefore,this paper introduces a novel method,SMRDDS,to provide rapid and accurate assessment of disintegrated dolomite slope stability.This method incorporates parameters such as disintegrated grade,joint state,groundwater conditions,and excavation methods.The findings reveal that six slopes exhibit stability,while two are considered partially unstable.Notably,the proposed method demonstrates a closer match with the actual conditions and is more time-efficient compared with the BQ and SSPC methods.However,due to the limited research on disintegrated dolomite slopes,the results of the SMRDDS method tend to be conservative as a safety precaution.In conclusion,the SMRDDS method can quickly evaluate the current situation of disintegrated dolomite slopes in the field.This contributes significantly to disaster risk reduction for disintegrated dolomite slopes.

多频次爆破扰动对倾倒式危岩体稳定性影响分析

危岩体主控结构面岩桥段岩石有效发挥其抗拉或抗剪性能是维系倾倒式危岩体稳定的关键,而岩桥段岩石力学性能常因工程爆破扰动而劣化,导致危岩体稳定性持续降低。首先,基于极限平衡理论考虑衰减后的爆炸应力波对危岩体稳定性影响,构建倾倒式危岩体稳定性评价方法;其次,通过Lemaitre等效原理得到爆破荷载作用下岩桥段岩石细观累积损伤变量,根据岩石有效抗拉面积弱化得到抗拉强度劣化方程并通过试验结果进行验证;最后,根据抗拉强度劣化方程对危岩体稳定性评价方法进行修正,依托工程算例分析相关敏感参数对危岩体稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:频繁的爆破扰动会使主控面的力学性能劣化,危岩体随爆破强度的增大、爆炸应力波传播距离的减小,岩桥段岩石力学性能劣化加剧,其自身的稳定性系数衰减趋势增大且爆炸产生对危岩体的倾倒荷载相较于岩体力学性能劣化更为敏感。

软土地基沟渠开挖诱发远处围堰失稳的实例分析

以福建滨海软土地基上因地基处理需要修建的临时围堰局部失稳垮塌的工程为例,通过围堰破坏段与远处沟渠施工段的时间、空间对应关系,推断远处沟渠开挖是造成围堰失稳的主要因素。然而围堰与沟渠间隔相对较远,且沟渠开挖规模较小,两者间的相互影响在施工期间没有得到关注。为了验证事故原因,分别采用考虑偏心荷载的条形基础圆弧滑动解析解、极限平衡条分法和数值分析法计算了沟渠开挖前后的最危险滑动面安全系数,同时分析了沟渠开挖对总位移场的影响。结果显示:3种方法在最危险滑动面安全系数计算结果上具有一致性。沟渠开挖对围堰整体稳定性有显著影响,沟渠开挖后位移场出现贯通,最危险滑动面呈现圆弧+长直线组合滑动形态。由于上覆土无法有效发挥抗滑作用力,安全系数明显小于常规圆弧滑动面。结果表明:尽管围堰与沟渠间的净距达20 m,净距与围堰平均宽度比达3.3倍,但从围堰失稳的现场特点和计算分析两方面,均证实远处沟渠开挖是造成围堰失稳的根本原因。本案例围堰失稳垮塌值得软土地区工程界重视。

房建深基坑边坡安全稳定性评估方法对比研究

在探究房建深基坑边坡稳定性分析的双重手段中,本文深入探讨了极限平衡法与有限元法在加固过程中的显著差异。研究着重于45°和60°两种坡度的探讨,并在0°、15°以及30°的倾斜角度下采用钉子加固措施。结果表明,在安全系数、临界滑动面及土钉轴力等方面,极限平衡法展现出较有限元法更高的安全指标。两种方法在揭示的破坏面上展现出显著的分歧:在45°坡度下,极限平衡法揭示了土钉承受更大的轴力;而60°坡度时,有限元法却指出土钉轴力的增强。此外,钉长、土钉相互作用以及抗弯刚度等因素对稳定性分析结果产生了不可忽视的影响。

某锰矿露天废石场边坡稳定性评价及高陡边坡防治

矿山开采工作的地质变化容易导致地质灾害的发生,进而影响周边人们的生产生活。针对锰矿露天废石场的高陡边坡问题,利用极限平衡分析法对岩土体进行物理力学参数的分析,以分析滑坡面的受力状况及边坡稳定性因素。再使用三维快速拉格朗日分析法,并结合废石场设计图纸的数值,生成三维集合建模以分析滑坡面的边坡角和堆置高度。结果显示,圆弧形滑坡面在自重和地震作用中,整体安全系数下降20.21%~20.48%,沿基底接触面滑动安全系数降低18.56%~19.75%。废石场堆置高度的不断变化和边坡临界值的计算,得出合理边坡角为29°。为高陡边坡防治的治理方案提供技术参考。

经典朗肯土压力墙后土体滑裂面机制研究

朗肯土压力理论至今仍是计算土压力的重要方法。由于朗肯主动土压力分布是根据墙后土体应力达到极限状态而得到的,根据极限应力状态认为墙后极限土体的滑动面为一簇平面,由此计算墙后极限土体与土压力的力学平衡不能满足。从极限平衡理论出发,针对朗肯主动土压力下墙后土体极限滑动面问题,明确提出墙后极限土体边界为滑动平面和开裂面的组合,提出的滑裂面(包含滑动面和开裂段)从力学平衡、土压力分布、土压力合力大小等方面完全符合朗肯主动土压力的理论解,可认为是朗肯主动土压力所对应的墙后土体真实滑裂面。同时对朗肯理论的墙后拉应力问题也作出了相应解释,并论证了被动土压力的墙后土体滑动面为一簇平面。研究结论对朗肯土压力理论是一个补充和完善。

非均质土体稳定性分析的广义极限平衡法及其应用

非均质土体稳定性分析是岩土工程中十分重要且非常复杂的课题，目前既缺乏严密的理论公式，也无统一的实用方法。本文运用拉格朗日乘子法，有机地将传统的极限平衡法与极限分析上限定理相结合，建立了一种既能考虑土料强度非线性特征，又适用于非均质剖面等的土建筑物及地基稳定性统一分析方法即广义极限平衡法，并比较严密地阐明了方法的物理基础与解答的性质。最后简要介绍了这种方法在非均质土坡稳定性、层状地基承载力与挡土墙土压力等方面应用所取得的一些数值结果与结论。