The Principle of Interaction between Plastic Volumetric and Shear Strains for Unsaturated Soils

The principle of interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains for rock and soil has been extended to the field of unsaturated soils.Two new interactions of suction-plastic volumetric strain and pore air pressure-plastic volumetric strain appear in the unsaturated state of a soil except the interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains.It is very important to find that the suction possesses a dual property,which is the origin of generating its special functions.Thereby the effect of the suction on volumetric strain includes two opposite aspects.By means of this property of suction,the physical significance of effective stress parameter,effects of suction on volume change and preconsolidation pressure,and the mechanism of collapse upon wetting all can be explained.In addition,it is theoretically proved by application of this principle of interaction that the critical state line for unsaturated soils exists,and is unique and independent of the stress history.

Principle of Interaction between Plastic Volumetric and Shear Strains and the Constitutive Model for Geotechnical Materials

Here is proposed the principle of interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains, revealing the main origin of generating the complexity and variety of deformations for geotechnical materials. Here are also explained the manners of the interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains and the conditions of generating shear dilatancy. It is demonstrated that dependency of the stress path exists and is a combination of effects of this interaction. According to this principle, it is theoretically proved that the space critical state line exists, and is unique and independent of the stress history. Based on this principle, the constitutive models that are able completely and accurately to characterize the basic behavior features for geotechnical materials have been constructed within the framework of thermodynamics. What is determined is a general expression of the constitutive relation as well as the inequality of the dissipative potential increment for obeying the second law of thermodynamics.

Use of the Cam-Clay Model in Finite Element Calculations after Identification of Soils from Simple Mechanical Tests

In order to make the use of complex elasto-plastic behavior models more accessible, we attempted to identify the Cam-Clay model in two samples of tropical and lateritic soils (from Senegal/West Africa) from casagrande box shear and oedometric tests. This methodology was used as a substitute for triaxial trials. In this article, we first verify the test results by the finite element method with the Optum software. We use a simulation of the tests with the modified Cam Clay model as the behavior model. Then, we simulate the oedometric test on tropical soils with the Castem software and also use the modified Cam Clay model. These calculations make it possible to write the criterion of plasticity of the material starting from the expression of the surface of load while passing by the calculation of the volumetric and deviatoric stresses.

Effects of different inputs of organic matter on the response of plant production to a soil water stress in Sahelian region

The aim was to study the effects of organic management like the application of organic matters on crop production. This research is placed in the context of climate change impact mitigation. A field experiment was conducted during the dry season. Rainfall inputs were simulated by irrigation to study the effects of water stress during the flowering period of a grain on the agronomic and the physiological behavior of the plant. The measurements were made on the volumetric soil moisture, stomatal conductance, and leaf area index (LAI), grain yield, straw and weight of 100 grains. The water use efficiency (WUE) and yield losses were evaluated. The results of the volumetric soil moisture showed that the use of localized input under water stress (STR-T1) recorded the lowest moisture in the surface horizons. Treatment with localized input under water stress with or without fertilization (STR-T1, STR-T1 + N) showed an ability of stomatal regulation compared to the control (STR- T0) and the input application by spreading (STR- T2). (STR-T1 + N) has initiated an early stomatal closure of the plant because of the effect of nitrogen. However, despite a more pronounced water stress with stomatal closure, the LAI and the grain yield were greater with (STR-T1) and (STR-T1 + N). The results showed that the inputs of localized organic fertilization with or without nitrogen grain yields were the highest regardless of the hydric regime applied. However the losses of grain yield were higher in treatments with organic inputs in spreading and localized under water stress. The WUE by the crop was reduced compared to the control with organic inputs under STR. In this study we show that the use of organic matter increases de farmers risk and this notion of risk is high and it is necessary to consider this risk in the proposals of technical innovations.

Experimental study on unsaturated soil water diffusivity in different soils in Hebei Piedmont Plain

Horizontal soil column method was used to determine the horizontal diffusion rate of sandy loam, loam and clay loam under the same bulk density. The results showed that the migration rates of different lithological wet fronts were different. The sandy loam had the fastest migration rate, the loam followed, and the clay loam was the slowest, but the law of change is the same among the three lithologies. The volumetric water content affects the change of Boltzmann parameter λ. When the volumetric water content is between 0.35-0.45 cm^3/cm^3,λ approaches stability. When the volumetric water content is less than 0.35 cm^3/cm^3, the λ value decreases rapidly with the decrease of water content. The water diffusion rate is related to the volumetric water content and particle size. The greater the moisture content is, the greater the diffusion rate will be. The larger the particle size, the larger the diffusion rate. The diffusivity of sandy loam is 10-30 times larger than that of loam and clay loam. The relationship between water content and diffusion rate is in accordance with the exponential function .

The Stability of Unsaturated Soil Slope Affected by Rainfall Seeping

Because rainfall seeping makes losing stability of unsaturated soil slope, and arouses great loss to production and human being safety, the stability of unsaturated soil slope has been researched by many scholars recently. This article mainly uses the model for the prediction of shear strength with respect to soil suction, developed by Vanapalli and Fredlund to formulate rainfall seeping how to affect the stability of unsaturated soil slope. Firstly, volumetric water content of unsaturated soil slope changes with rainfall duration, and effective saturation changes with its volumetric water content. Secondly, soil volume weight changes with its volumetric water content. Thirdly, matric suction also changes with its volumetric water content. According to these causes, this article researches how much they make the contribution to the minimum safety coefficient respectively. At last, these factors roundly considered, this article gets the rule of minimum safety coefficient of unsaturated soil slope with rainfall duration that is minimum safety coefficient gradually increasing firstly, then decreasing that is composed of two sectors, first is slowly decreasing, then is fast decreasing after some value.

基于离散元方法的混合砂土剪切特性细观分析

目的为研究不同成分的砂土剪切破坏时的抗剪强度和体积变形差异。方法采用室内试验与离散元模拟结合的方法,通过建立剪切带PFC2D模型,对剪切过程中单一质砂土和混合砂土细观参数的变化规律进行了研究。结果发现粗砂、细砂、标准砂与混合砂土的剪切带形态、体积应变率等细观参数存在明显差异。结论研究表明:砂土剪切应力大小受颗粒组成影响,表现为砂土剪切应力随粗颗粒含量的增加而增大,混合砂土剪切应力高于与其成分相同的单一质砂土;砂土中颗粒运动以上跨和下跨式为主,颗粒粒径越大运动位移越大,表现为体积应变率越大。砂土剪切时体积应变率受颗粒组成影响,表现为粗砂体积应变率高于标准砂和细砂;混合砂土体积应变率高于与其成分相同的单一质砂土。研究结果可为此类砂土地质结构破坏问题提供理论借鉴。

砂砾土振动体变评价方法与离心机模型试验验证

2008汶川地震出现了砂砾土大范围液化致灾现象,现场震害调查表明砂砾土场地存在砾石效应影响,现有砂土场地的震后沉降评价方法不适用于砂砾土场地。对此,在“张-社本”振动体变评价方法的基础上进一步发展了考虑砾石含量的砂砾土振动体变评价方法,然后开展动三轴试验确定评价方法中的相关参数,最后开展3组典型砾石含量的砂砾土地基离心机振动台模型试验对评价方法的可靠性进行验证。试验结果表明,砾石含量越高,振动引起的场地沉降变形越小;砂砾土振动体变评价方法可以较为准确地预测新近沉积砂砾土场地的震后沉降,但对存在地震历史影响的砂砾土场地,本文提出的评价方法较为保守,建议进一步发展考虑地震历史效应的砂砾土振动体变评价方法。

大河村房基遗址可溶盐与含水率的相关性研究

【目的】通过分析红烧土中可溶盐与含水率的相关性,找出引起大河村遗址房基红烧土表层病害原因。【方法】采用称重法、原子吸收光谱仪、滴定法检测样品的含水率、阳离子、阴离子含量,通过变异系数分析得到房基红烧土不同部位的可溶盐组分及含水率的差异性,通过Pearson相关性分析,得到可溶盐组分与含水率存在的相关性。【结果】研究表明:①红烧土不同位置含水率差异显著,含水率最低值为1.98%,最高值为5.86%,最高值为最低值的2.96倍,变异系数为24.12%;②红烧土不同位置可溶盐含量差异显著,可溶盐各组分的差异性由大到小依次为:Cl->SO_(4)^(2-)>CO_(3)^(2-)>Mg^(2+)>Ca^(2+)>Na^(+)>K^(+);③不同位置样品的含水率与Cl-和K^(+)含量显著相关,大河村遗址红烧土的含水率会随着Cl-和K^(+)含量增加而升高。【结论】房基遗址的高可溶盐含量是引起表层病害的主要因素。

断层虚位错模式揭示的2022年1月8日青海门源M_(S)6.9地震前的地电阻率变化

选取2022年1月8日青海门源M_(S)6.9地震震中400 km范围内四个地电阻率观测台站的观测精度高、具有稳态年变、震前无显著干扰的地电阻率ρ_(s)观测数据,结合ERA5同化数据集中的多层土壤温度和土壤水分含量,在利用多项式拟合获取各台站(或测道)地电阻率正常年动态的基础上,分析了门源地震前地电阻率的异常变化。结果显示:金银滩台EW测道、武威台NS测道和山丹台EW测道、N45°W测道震前存在超阈值的异常变化,并呈现各向异性特征。基于断层虚位错模式分析了地电阻率异常变化与孕震过程之间的联系,结果表明:金银滩台震前处于压缩区并受到NNE方向的挤压,与主压应变近似正交的EW测道于震前10个月出现负异常;同样位于压缩区的武威台,受到了ENE向的挤压,NS测道的地电阻率在孕震早期(震前13个月)以负异常为主,孕震中晚期(震前3个月)出现了正异常;山丹台,位于膨胀区,受到近似NS向的拉张,与主张应变平行的NS测道未发现异常,但EW测道震前一年地电阻率出现正异常,N45°W测道的地电阻率也在震前半年左右出现超阈值并呈正异常。此外,金银滩台、山丹台和武威台距离门源地震震中的距离分别为92 km,113 km和139 km,相应的地电阻率异常最大变化幅值分别为−3.0σ,2.2σ和−2.1σ。此外,门源地震前地电阻率异常变化的时空特征与岩石实验结果及理论模型一致,也符合震源区应力应变积累程度较高、向外围方向逐渐衰减的分布特征。由此推断,2022年门源M_(S)6.9地震前地电阻率的时空变化可能与区域介质变形及应力变化有关。

下蜀土降雨入渗光纤感测及渗透系数估算研究

下蜀土中裂隙较为发育,在降雨时入渗能力强,因此容易诱发浅层滑坡等灾害。为了研究下蜀土的降雨入渗特征,本文采用主动加热光纤光栅(AH-FBG)法开展了地基土水分分布及其动态变化的原位监测研究。基于监测数据,掌握了冬季和夏季土体体积含水率的时空分布特征,并计算得到降雨事件的降雨入渗量及入渗补给系数。在此基础上,通过稳态法计算获取了原位下蜀土的非饱和渗透系数,并与间接法估算值进行比较。结果表明:将AH-FBG法应用于下蜀土含水率的原位监测具有可行性,其中5 cm深度的均方根误差较大,为0.0252 m^(3)·m^(-3),主要受到浅层土体和空气的热量交换作用以及土体裂隙的影响,其余深度均不超过0.01 m^(3)·m^(-3)。原位监测系统对降雨入渗和蒸发作用引起的含水率变化均具有良好的响应。无论是冬季还是夏季,由稳态法计算得到的原位非饱和渗透系数均大于间接法估算值,表明下蜀土中的裂隙为降雨入渗提供了优先渗流通道。

基于相对结构度的水泥固化压实土力学与变形特性研究

由于胶结作用和孔隙结构的影响,结构性土的力学与变形特性显著区别于重塑土.为了解结构性土的特性,采用人工制备水泥固化压实土,并通过固结试验和固结排水剪切试验对其相对结构度及其衰变规律展开研究.详细分析了胶结作用和初始孔隙比对水泥固化压实土压缩特性与剪切特性的影响,并根据压缩试验结果建立了适用于水泥固化压实土的相对结构度发展式,最后采用所提出的相对结构度发展式对水泥固化压实土的剪切特性进行分析.研究结果表明,相对结构度的衰变速率随着水泥掺量的增大而减小,但初始孔隙比并不影响水泥固化压实土变形过程中相对结构度随塑性体应变的衰变速率;水泥固化压实土的峰值应力与相对结构度有关,并随着相对结构度的降低而减小.

9种介电类水分传感器对风沙土含水率的测定精度及校准模型比较

【目的】比较不同水分传感器对风沙土含水率的测定精度,并建立校准模型,为旱区农业水土资源的高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】以METER、Acclima和Truebners三大制造商生产的9种介电类水分传感器为对象,以典型风沙土为供试土壤,通过室内校准试验比较各种传感器对土壤含水率的测定精度,评估其在风沙土上的适用范围、准确度、精密度及其影响因素,并构建不同传感器测定风沙土含水率的校准模型,比较不同校准模型的精度。【结果】(1)默认模型下,与其他传感器相比,MAS-1和EC-5的测定精度较高,其均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.020和0.027,平均偏差误差(MBE)分别为0.016和0.024,斜率(k值)分别为0.9433和0.9403,决定系数(R^(2))分别为0.926和0.938。(2)土壤含水率范围影响传感器的测定精度。各传感器在低含水率下的RMSE平均值比中、高含水率分别减小了40.9%和42.6%,MBE平均值减小了61.8%和59.9%,而R2平均值提高了0.7%和11.3%。其中,低含水率时EC-5和TDR-315H的精度较高,而中、高含水率下MAS-1的精度均较高。对于含水率相同的土壤,各传感器的测定结果差异较大,且含水率越高差异越大。(3)与默认模型相比,校准模型的RMSE和MBE平均减小了48.8%和72.6%,纳什系数(NSE)和R2提高了70.7%和4.5%。经模型校准后,5TE和TEROS-12测定精度的增幅最大,而TDR-315H的测定精度相对最高。此外,传感器测定的风沙土含水率默认值与校准值具有较高的拟合精度,通过模型转换可实现对默认值的二次校准。【结论】综合评估测定精度、使用寿命和售价,MAS-1、EC-5和TDR-315H可作为风沙土含水率监测的优先传感器备选,且利用风沙土的校准模型对传感器进行标定十分重要。

西南季节性干旱区农田土壤水分对降雨的动态响应

【目的】探明西南季节性干旱区不同作物下农田土壤含水率对不同降雨事件的动态响应。【方法】基于田间原位观测,结合2023年4—10月降水和土壤含水率原位连续监测数据,对比分析水稻田和玉米地土壤含水率对不同强度降雨的响应规律。【结果】①不同强度降雨对农田土壤水分补给深度影响不同,小降雨事件(降雨强度<2mm/h)对土壤补给深度为0~20cm,强降雨事件(降雨强度>8mm/h)对土壤补给深度为0~50cm;②不同作物下农田土壤水分对降雨事件的响应存在显著差异,研究期间水稻田和玉米地的土壤水分补给速率均值分别为0.72、1.07%/h,有效补给滞后时间均值分别为0.88、5.38 h,消退速率均值分别为0.04、0.02%/h;③与玉米地相比,水稻对降雨响应更敏感且响应效应更强烈,这可能与作物的冠状叶片截留、根系保水能力有关,同时土壤初始含水率影响土壤水分对降雨事件的响应效应。【结论】强降雨事件能够有效补给农田土壤水分,雨强较小或无降雨时,应根据土壤墒情及时补充地面灌溉。

中亚热带不同演替阶段森林土壤水分时空异质性

【目的】探究典型中亚热带区不同演替阶段森林群落土壤体积含水量的时间(年、干湿季)与空间(土层)异质性特征,分析森林群落演替进程中引起土壤不同土层体积含水量异质性的主要因素,为区域林水资源管理及森林生态系统服务功能评估提供基础数据。【方法】选取云南玉溪磨盘山的典型森林,包括演替初期的云南松林(PF)、演替中期的云南松阔叶混交林(PBMF)和顶级群落常绿阔叶林(EBF),应用时域反射法与经典统计学分析法,于2021年5月至2022年4月测量样地0~60 cm土层内每10 cm土层的土壤体积含水量,探析森林土壤水分的时空异质性及影响因素。【结果】1)在气候干湿分明、干旱频繁的中亚热带地区,森林土壤储水量在时间上呈中等变异且与降水变化趋势一致。随演替进行,年均土壤储水量为EBF最大,MPBF次之,PF最小。EBF与PBMF全年土壤储水量较PF分别平均增加31.24%和15.22%。2)3种演替阶段森林的土壤体积含水量均随土层加深而增大,0~10 cm土层土壤体积含水量平均比50~60 cm土层低45.22%,土壤体积含水量变异系数与土壤体积含水量呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。3)土壤体积含水量与林分密度、树高、胸径、土壤密度、土壤砂粒含量均极显著负相关(P<0.01),与叶面积指数、郁闭度、土壤孔隙度、黏粒含量、粉粒含量、有机质含量和有机碳含量均极显著正相关(P<0.01),叶面积指数、土壤孔隙度、粉粒含量、有机质含量和有机碳含量与土壤含水量的关联程度最高。【结论】云南玉溪磨盘山不同演替阶段森林的年、干湿季和0~60 cm土层的土壤体积含水量变异系数均值分别为19.86%、17.31%、14.06%和20.58%,均表现出中等强度异质性,随演替进行森林土壤储水能力不断增强。叶面积指数、土壤孔隙度、砂粒含量、有机质含量和有机碳含量是土壤不同土层体积含水量产生空间异质性的主导因素。

温州城市绿地的土壤呼吸特征及影响因素

[目的]城市绿地面积逐年增加,城市绿地土壤呼吸对准确评估绿地碳源汇功能至关重要,本文旨在阐明不同绿地类型的土壤呼吸变化特征及影响因素,为实现低碳减排目标提供理论依据。[方法]本文以温州城市森林(香樟)和绿化景观(马尼拉草和银杏)为研究对象,于2021年1-12月使用静态箱-气相色谱法对城市绿地土壤呼吸速率(Rs)进行跟踪观测。[结果](1)Rs年排放量大小依次为香樟(892.01 gC·m^(-2)·a^(-1))>马尼拉草(735.30 gC·m^(-2)·a^(-1))>银杏(500.15 gC·m^(-2)·a^(-1)),且Rs年排放量与土壤有机碳含量显著正相关,与土壤容重显著负相关;(2)指数函数拟合表明,土壤温度(T)对马尼拉草、银杏和香樟Rs的月份动态变化解释能力较高,分别为57.4%、59.0%和51.1%;而土壤含水量(VWC)对香樟Rs月份动态的解释能力远高于其他2种植被,达到55.6%;且香樟Rs对T和VWC变化的敏感性高于2种绿化景观;(3)双因素模型进一步表明,VWC对预测香樟林Rs变化的重要性略高于T,而T对2个绿化景观Rs变化的重要性远高于VWC。[结论]温州城市森林土壤呼吸高于绿化景观,且月份动态受T和VWC的共同影响,绿化景观土壤呼吸主要受T影响,不同绿地Rs年排放量的差异归因于土壤的有机碳和容重差异。

基于介电频谱特征参数的红壤干旱指标评价研究

为获取红壤含水量对电磁波介电频谱的响应特征,探讨介电频谱特征参数作为红壤干旱评价指标的可行性,以红壤为研究对象,开展不同体积含水量红壤的频域介电谱(FDS)试验,提取介电谱特征曲线积分值,分析介电频谱特征参数与体积含水量的相关性,结合国家《农业干旱等级》标准提出基于介电频谱特征参数的红壤干旱评价指标。结果表明:红壤介电常数实部和虚部均随着介电频谱频率的增大而逐渐减小,两者与体积含水量均呈正相关关系;介电损耗因数随频率变化具有波动性,且体积含水量越小波动性越强,总体呈现出先减小后增大的趋势;通过最小二乘法拟合得到介电频谱特征参数与体积含水量的量化关系,采用细菌觅食算法确定最优的模型系数,拟合精度均大于0.95;基于介电谱特征参数建立红壤干旱指标评价模型,预测值与标准值之间的误差均为±1%左右。该模型能有效地评价红壤干旱程度,可为红壤区域性农业干旱调查、评估及预警提供参考指标。

青藏苔草叶片解剖结构对生境干旱化的响应

叶片是暴露在外界环境条件下最大且可塑性较敏感的营养器官。为探讨生境干旱化对湿地植物叶片解剖结构的影响,该文以青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii)叶片为研究对象,沿生境干旱化梯度设置样地,并分析了青藏苔草叶片解剖结构对生境干旱化的响应。结果表明:(1)叶尖和叶基部位远轴面的表皮细胞、泡状细胞和气腔面积,以及叶基部位的叶片厚度和机械组织厚度均与土壤体积含水率呈显著正相关(R^(2)=0.06~0.34,P<0.01);叶尖、叶中和叶基部位近轴面角质层厚度、细胞面积、维管束数量,叶中部位维管束直径均与土壤体积含水率呈显著负相关(R^(2)=0.08~0.53,P<0.01)。(2)青藏苔草叶片解剖结构具有较大的可塑性(0.53~0.94)和变异性(18%~63%),泡状细胞、气腔、近轴面表皮细胞的可塑性和变异性最大,叶基解剖结构可塑性指数与变异系数显著高于叶尖和叶中部位(P<0.05)。当生境干旱化时,青藏苔草叶片近轴面角质层加厚、表皮细胞面积增大、气腔面积减小、分化出泡状细胞等特征适应干旱生境,主要采取保护型和节约型策略适应干旱生境。该研究结果有助于揭示青藏苔草叶片解剖结构应对干旱生境的响应策略,为高寒草甸的保护和植被恢复提供理论参考。

Shear strength features of soils developed from purple clay rock and containing less than two-millimeter rock fragments

Soil shear strength is an important indicator of engineering design and an essential parameter of soil precision tillage and agricultural machinery and equipment design. Although numerous studies have investigated the characteristics of different soil shear strengths, only a few of these works have paid attention to soils containing considerable quantities of rock fragments. To date, most studies on the effects of rock fragments on the shear strength have paid attention to the role of rock fragments with sizes 〉2 mm. The effects of rock fragments 〈2 mm in soil are generally ignored. Similar to rock fragments 〉2 ram, the presence of rock fragments 〈2 mm could also change the mechanical properties of soils. Thus, in the present study we evaluated the potential influence of 〈2 mm rock fragments on soil shear strength via an unconsolidated undrained （UU） triaxial compression test. Our results were as follows： （1） A certain quantity of 〈2 mm rock fragments presented in purple soils developed from clay rocks; and an appropriate quantity of 〈2 mm rock fragments could improve the shear strength of soils. （2） The different PSDs of soils containin 〈2 mm rock fragment mainly caused variations in the internal friction angle of soils. （3） The shear strengths of the two mudstone-developed red-brown and gray-brown purple soils was more sensitive to water than that of the shale-developed coarse-dark purple soil. As the soil water content increased from 9% to 23%, the changes in the cohesion, internal friction angle, shear strength, and the maximum principal stress difference were smaller in the coarse dark purple soil than in the two other soils. We therefore concluded that 〈2 mm rock fragments in purple soils exerted important effects on soil shear strength. A better understanding of the differences among the shear strength features of purple soils could help improve the design of agricultural machinery and equipment.

Stability Analysing of Unsaturated Soil Slope

The stability of unsaturated soil slope has been the hot point recently. Especially, the seeping rainfall makes losing stability of unsaturated soil slope, and causes enormous loss to the producation and safety of other people. The seeping rainfall makes volumetric water content of unsaturated soil slope changing, and the volumetric water content has directly relationship with matric suction. And matric suction also has directly relationship with the stability of unsaturated soil slope. So the change of matric suction influence the stability changing, that is, safety coefficient has decided relationship with volumetric water content. The profile of dangerous volumetric water content curves of unsaturated soil slope has been obtained. If a volumetric water content curve of some unsaturated soil slope belongs to one of these dongerous curves, the unsaturated soil slope could be in danger. So this is called DVWCCP(dangerous volumetric water content curves profile). By monitoring the volumetric water content curves can obtain the stability information of some soil slope to serve producing and safety.