Numerical Simulations of the Flow Field around a Cylindrical Lightning Rod

As an important lightning protection device in substations,lightning rods are susceptible to vibration and potential structural damage under wind loads.In order to understand their vibration mechanism,it is necessary to conduct flow analysis.In this study,numerical simulations of the flow field around a 330 kV cylindrical lightning rod with different diameters were performed using the SST k-ωmodel.The flow patterns in different segments of the lightning rod at the same reference wind speed(wind speed at a height of 10 m)and the flow patterns in the same segment at different reference wind speeds were investigated.The variations of lift coefficient,drag coefficient,and vorticity distribution were obtained.The results showed that vortex shedding phenomena occurred in all segments of the lightning rod,and the strength of vortex shedding increased with decreasing diameter.The vorticity magnitude and the root mean square magnitudes of the lift coefficient and drag coefficient also increased accordingly.The time history curves of the lift coefficient and drag coefficient on the surface of the lightning rod exhibited sinusoidal patterns with a single dominant frequency.For the same segment,as the wind speed increased in a certain range,the root mean square values of the lift coefficient and drag coefficient decreased,while their dominant frequencies increased.Moreover,there was a proportional relationship between the dominant frequencies of the lift coefficient and drag coefficient.The findings of this study can provide valuable insights for the refined design of lightning rods with similar structures.

Numerical simulation of low-Reynolds number flows past two tandem cylinders of different diameters

The flow past two tandem circular cylinders of different diameters was simulated using the finite volume method. The diameter of the downstream main cylinder （D） was kept constant, and the diameter of the upstream control cylinder （d） varied from 0.1D to D. The studied Reynolds numbers based on the diameter of the downstream main cylinder were 100 and 150. The gap between the control cylinder and the main cylinder （G） ranged from 0.1D to 4D. It is concluded that the gap-to-diameter ratio （G/D） and the diameter ratio between the two cylinders （d/D） have important effects on the drag and lift coefficients, pressure distributions around the cylinders, vortex shedding frequencies from the two cylinders, and flow characteristics.

Unsteady Numerical Simulation of Flow around 2-D Circular Cylinder for High Reynolds Numbers

在这份报纸， 2-D 计算分析在 supercritical 和上面转变的流动政体在光滑的圆形的柱体附近为不稳定的高级雷纳兹数字流动被进行，即 8.

Numerical simulation of flow interference between four cylinders in in-line square arrangement

In the present paper,two-and three-dimensional numerical simulations of the flow interference between four cylinders in an in-line square arrangement at Re = 200 are performed.Assisted with the two-dimensional(2-D) numerical simulation,the mean and fluctuating forces,Strouhal number(St) and vortex shedding pattern in the wake for each cylinder were analyzed with the spacing ratio(L /D) ranging from 1.5 to 6.0.It was found that,four different vortex modes(viz.,flip-flopping,shielding anti-phase-synchronized,in-phasesynchronized and anti-phase-synchronized) gradually appear with the increase of the L/D ratio.The average drag coefficient of the upstream cylinders is larger than that of the downstream cylinders,while the downstream cylinders usually undergo serious fluctuating forces.When the L/D ratio ranges from 3.0 to 4.0,the dominant frequency of the drag coefficient is equal to the value of St of upstream cylinders.This indicates that a simultaneous resonance in the in-flow and cross-flow directions may occur for some single structures of a multi-body oscillating system.For the 3-D numerical simulation,the L/D and aspect ratios are kept constant as 5.0 and 10,respectively.It was found that some vortices are formed in the wake of the upstream cylinders.Besides,with the same spacing ratio,the calculated drag coefficient and lift coefficient fluctuation are slightly larger than the 2-D results,but with a phase difference.

压气机内部旋转不稳定的研究综述

旋转不稳定是压气机工作在高负荷近失速工况时的一种常见现象。研究旋转不稳定在降低压气机工作噪声、减小流致振动以及保障航空发动机稳定工作等方面具有重要意义。首先对旋转不稳定现象进行了回顾,详细讨论了旋转不稳定的特征。其次,重点调研了旋转不稳定的起源和机理,将旋转不稳定产生的原因归纳为叶尖泄漏流、涡脱落以及流动剪切等类别。此外,回顾了模拟旋转不稳定的数值方法,讨论了多种流动控制手段对旋转不稳定的作用效果。最后,对旋转不稳定的研究现状进行了总结,对未来的研究趋势进行了展望。

旋风分离器环形空间顶灰环的流动特性

旋风分离器环形空间内由于二次涡的作用在上部存在一个旋转的顶灰环,不仅会降低分离效率,而且会造成冲蚀磨损。采用有机玻璃制造的PV型旋风分离器(筒体直径D=160 mm)以及丙烯腈待生催化剂和铁矿粉,在入口气速(v_(in))为12~20 m/s、入口气流颗粒质量浓度(C_(in))为10~100 g/m^(3)条件下进行实验,利用高速摄像机考察顶灰环的流动特性。实验结果表明:顶灰环存在周期性脱落现象;脱落周期与入口气速和入口气流颗粒质量浓度有关,且随入口气速增大而增大,随入口气流颗粒质量浓度增大而减小。为进一步分析顶灰环的形成机理,利用Fluent模拟了环形空间的气相流场。结果表明,二次涡对颗粒群的夹带形成了顶灰环,顶灰环颗粒的积累导致顶灰环发生周期性脱落。在模拟分析基础上建立了基于准数关联的顶灰环脱落周期的预测模型。

气氧/甲烷液体火箭发动机纵向不稳定燃烧机理研究

为研究同轴剪切喷嘴液体火箭发动机的高频不稳定燃烧诱发机理,针对单喷嘴气氧/甲烷缩尺火箭发动机开展了热试车试验和基于URANS/LES的高保真数值模拟。热试车试验得到了可重复的一阶纵向高频不稳定燃烧,数值模拟再现了试验中的不稳定燃烧,数值结果与试验结果符合良好。数值结果表明:燃烧室突扩面处的周期性涡脱落是引发、维持不稳定燃烧的激励源。整个热声振荡过程中,压力与释热率保持同步振荡,不断有能量从燃烧过程进入声场以维持纵向热声振荡,形成“燃烧-声学-流动”的能量反馈回路。周期性涡脱落本质上起到了释热相位延迟的作用,成为“燃烧-声学-流动”能量反馈回路的驱动源。

浅埋黄土隧道管棚加固支护效果数值模拟分析

基于通定高速公路某浅埋黄土隧道工程,采取三维数值模拟和现场监测等手段,对浅埋段渗流黄土隧道的加固支护方案进行研究,分析对黄土隧道浅埋段施行超前管棚加固支护的可行性。针对不同的加固支护措施进行数值模拟分析,结果发现:超前管棚支护下拱顶沉降量减小16.2%,初期支护的轴力最大值减小19.8%。监测结果表明:超前管棚支护与超前管棚+超前小导管支护两种工法并用所能减小的竖向位移的百分比(27.8%、28.1%)非常接近,但超前管棚支护能大大节省额外施作超前小导管的费用和时间,有效地控制了拱顶范围内的围岩变形,验证了超前管棚加固支护工法的经济性和有效性。

管棚超前预支护力学计算的改进梁模型

为防止隧道孔洞坍塌、控制围岩变形、保障掌子面的稳定和施工安全,计算了管棚的真实力学行为。基于掌子面前方扰动岩土的支撑作用和初支变形及其滞后效应,推导了管棚梁计算模型和挠度计算公式,并对比分析了公式推导值、现场实测值和数值模拟值。分析结果表明:与数值模拟值相比,推导的新型梁模型计算值与现场实测值更加接近,表明其具有一定的合理性。综合各方面因素后认为,钢管直径为114 mm+围岩注浆时控制围岩变形的效果最好。由推导的新型梁模型计算的钢管最大挠度值为11 mm,满足施工要求,验证了新型梁模型的可靠性。

NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF WAKE VORTICES BEHIND A SEMICIRCULAR-SECTION CYLINDER

Using boundary-fitted coordinate system, the Navier-Stokes equations in terms of stream function and vorticity are solved for the flow across a semicircular-sectioncylinder. The flow structure is analyzed for the Reynolds number Re=100. Vortex shedding behind the cylinder wake can be observed clearly.

Evaluation of the Impact Force of Dry Granular Flow onto Rock Shed

In the design of rock sheds for the mitigation of risk due to rapid and long landslides, a crucial role is played by the evaluation of the impact force exerted by the flowing mass on the rock sheds. This paper is focused on the influencing factors of the impact force of dry granular flow onto rock shed and in particular on the evaluation of the maximum impact force. The coupled DEM-FEM model calibrated with small-scale physical experiment is used to simulate the movement of dry granular flow coupled with impact forces on the rock-shed. Based on the numerical results, three key stages were identified of impact process, namely startup streams slippery, impact and pile-up. The maximum impact force increases linearly with bulk density, and the maximum impact force exhibits a power law dependence on the impact height and slop angle respectively. The sensitivities of bulk density, impact height, and slope angle on the maximum impact force are: 1.0, 0.496, and 2.32 respectively in the benchmark model. The parameters with high sensitivity should be given priority in the design of the rock shed. The results obtained from this study are useful for facilitating design of shed against dry granular flow.

浅埋黏质黄土隧道变形控制机制及措施研究

为弥补当前超长管棚研究经验及模拟精度的不足,以黏质黄土地层中高铁隧道下穿运营铁路的变形控制方法为研究对象,针对以超长管棚+临时仰拱组成的“纵横支撑”体系的结构受力特征和变形规律开展研究。首先,采用实体单元进行超长管棚的精细化建模,分析地层变形及管棚应力分布规律;其次,运用光栅光纤测试技术实时监测管棚纵向应力,揭示隧道开挖对超长管棚纵向应力的影响范围;最后,分析“纵横支撑”体系的作用机制。研究结果表明:1)整体性好的超长管棚将竖向应力沿纵向大范围转移,减少了掌子面附近钢架应力;2)临时仰拱与开挖后的支护结构形成闭环结构,提升了钢架整体承载能力,有效控制了黄土隧道的变形;3)管棚和支护结构形成的纵横支撑体系中,管棚的最小距离应大于2倍掌子面到支护结构闭合的距离;4)隧道开挖对超长管棚纵向应力的影响范围为掌子面前30 m至后20 m,强影响范围为掌子面前方10 m至掌子面后方5 m,管棚的长度越大,其承载效果越好。

落石冲击作用下棚洞-拦石墙顶板及缓冲层的动力响应

以黔张常铁路(黔江—张家界—常德)为例,采用离散元软件PFC3D与有限差分软件FLAC 3D进行耦合计算,研究落石冲击棚洞-拦石墙顶板及缓冲层的动力响应,优化棚洞-拦石墙顶板及缓冲层设计,并对掺有轮胎颗粒的缓冲层进行研究。结果表明:可适当减小棚顶厚度,达到减轻结构自重与节省原料的目的,但棚顶厚度不宜小于0.4 m;适当增加缓冲层厚度可以减小落石冲击力,从而减小顶板挠度与应力,且缓冲层厚度不宜低于0.50 m;缓冲层添加20%~30%轮胎颗粒能有效提升缓冲层防护效果。

隧道下穿既有桥墩矿山法施工变形控制研究

地铁隧道下穿既有桥梁基础时,围岩变形会导致上部桥墩柱的沉降和侧移,预通过比较衬砌支护、小导管注浆、超前管棚支护对围岩及上部结构的变形控制效果。以某市地铁隧道下穿立交桥墩柱为研究对象,采用数值模拟计算的方法,对比分析了普通衬砌支护、超前小导管注浆、单一施作管棚支护以及超前小导管注浆+管棚支护的4种工况下,下穿桥墩桩基开挖引起的隧道拱顶沉降和桩基沉降。结果表明,小导管注浆+管棚超前支护工况隧道的围岩变形以及上部基础的沉降均满足规范要求,且相对仅衬砌支护工况隧道的拱顶变形量减少了30.1%、上部桩体沉降减少了24.78%;说明小导管+管棚支护能够有效控制上部围岩变形,确保了上部结构的安全运营,所选开挖支护方案满足安全性、适用性和耐久性的要求。

架空输电导线不均匀脱冰跳跃高度计算

输电线覆冰在升温、自然风或人为外力作用下会发生覆冰整档或一档内部分位置脱冰,引起输电线跳跃,导致导线相间或导地线间闪络、线路跳闸、断股断线以及输电塔失稳倒塌等事故,严重威胁电力系统安全。参照实际750 kV输电线路工程,建立连续档分裂导线有限元模型,分析档数、档距、高差、覆冰厚度、风速、脱冰率和绝缘子串长度等因素对导线均匀和不均匀脱冰跳跃高度的影响;讨论均匀和不均匀两种脱冰方式下导线脱冰跳跃高度之间的联系,定义不均匀脱冰时发生脱冰的导线长度为换算档距;对比现有导线冰跳高度计算公式的准确性,提出不均匀脱冰跳跃高度系数。结果表明:当脱冰荷载相同时,不均匀脱冰引起的脱冰跳跃高度更大;不均匀脱冰时冰跳高度与换算档距下完全脱冰的冰跳高度存在一定比例关系;建立了导线均匀脱冰和不均匀脱冰跳跃高度计算公式,所提均匀脱冰跳跃高度计算公式的最大相对误差为11.8%,不均匀脱冰跳跃高度计算公式相对误差大于10%的结果仅占结果总数的13.2%,计算精度较高,有助于线路设计时确定相地或相间安全间隙。

750kV输电导线不均匀覆冰弧垂变化与脱冰跳跃研究

采用有限元方法分析了750 kV超高压输电线路不均匀覆冰状态下导线的弧垂变化规律和脱冰跳跃响应规律。建立了“绝缘子串-六分裂导线”模型,对比分析了均匀覆冰、三段覆冰、线性覆冰和高处覆冰等工况下导线弧垂变化形态及其脱冰动力响应,分析了高处覆冰工况下档数、档距、高差、覆冰厚度、脱冰率等因素对导线的形态变化及其脱冰跳跃高度的影响。结果表明,导线的变形和脱冰跳跃高度随着档数、档距、覆冰厚度的增大而增大;中间档高差增大时,导线沿水平方向的偏移增大,而脱冰跳跃高度表现出减小的趋势;在均匀覆冰下中间档档距为1000 m时,导线脱冰跳跃高度出现峰值,为25.627 m。

相继甩负荷工况最不利间隔时刻点

基于双机一洞布置型式的抽水蓄能电站输水系统水流动力方程和机组动量方程推导了先甩机组的尾水管进口最小压力解析公式,利用该解析公式分析并推测了尾水管进口压力最小值对应的相继甩负荷最不利间隔时刻点,并基于瞬变流理论和特征线法对某抽水蓄能电站工程实例进行了水力过渡过程数值模拟计算,计算结果验证了该分析和推测的准确性.结果表明:无论是同时甩负荷或是相继甩负荷,尾水管进口最小压力所在的机组运行轨迹点均极靠近机组特性曲线“反S”区间下弯点,且在下弯点以上;当尾水管进口最小压力出现在先甩机组时,对于先甩机组尾水管进口压力而言的最不利相继甩负荷间隔时刻点出现在先甩机组运行轨迹点第一次行至特性曲线“反S”区间Ⅱ区范围内.研究结果为抽水蓄能电站机组尾水管进口压力最小值计算以及控制工况选取提供了参考.

隧道群间遮光棚的设计及简化计算

文章结合工程实际介绍了隧道群间钢结构遮光棚的设计要点,并对设计方案进行了三维模拟计算,得出在不同荷载组合作用下的内力状态,并进行了强度验算和稳定性验算,通过计算分析可知,案例工程的遮光棚构件截面强度、整体稳定性和构件变形均能满足规范要求,旨在为同类遮光棚结构的设计和验算提供参考。

NUMERICAL STUDY OF VORTEX SHEDDING FROM A SQUARE CYLINDER AND ITS EFFECTS ON HEAT TRANSFER OF MIXED CONVECTION

The influence of buoyancy on vortex shedding from a heated square cylinderand its effects on the heat transfer of mixed convection were simulated. The flow equations, basedon the velocity and the pressure, were solved along with the energy equation by a modified SIMPLERalgorithm - the Quick Scheme and small Control Volume (QSCV) algorithm developed by the authors ofthe present paper. A set of optimized computational domain and artificial lateral boundaryconditions were used along with the QSCV algorithm. Several cases were simulated for the Grashofnumbers up to 1. 8 X 10~5, the Reynolds numbers up to 500, and a range of angles between free streamvelocity and gravity from 0 to 1.5π. In opposing flow, the results distinguish two different flowpatterns: periodic flow for Gr < Gr_c and steady flow with attached twin vortices for Gr > Gr_c, anda precise correlation between Gr_c and Re expressed as Gr_c = 0. 00166(Re)^(2.97795) for Re up to500 was firstly obtained. In cross flow, it could be seen that the Ri = Gr/Re^2 plays a great rolein the wake vortex patterns and the temperature fields. In aiding flow, it is found that the mainflow currents cause a large expansion of the streamlines and isotherms in the direction normal tothe free stream velocity. These changes in the wake vortex patterns and the temperature fieldsgreatly modify the heat flux along the surface of the square cylinder and consequently, the heattransfer rate is strongly dependent upon the Reynolds numbers, the Grashof numbers, and the gravitydirection.

支护结构对千枚板岩隧道围岩稳定性的影响研究

隧道支护结构对控制围岩变形、保障施工安全至关重要。为研究支护结构参数对围岩稳定性的影响,文中以九绵高速桂溪隧道为依托,使用midas GTS建立隧道模型,针对支护结构参数对千枚板岩隧道围岩稳定性影响进行研究,研究初期支护喷射混凝土厚度、锚杆尺寸、排距和环形间距,以及管棚支护布设范围和注浆厚度等支护参数。结果表明,在一定范围内,增加喷射混凝土厚度、提高锚杆长度、减小锚杆布设排距、减小锚杆环形间距、增大管棚支护施作范围,以及合理选择注浆厚度均能提高隧道围岩稳定性。