Soldiering On

disasters after the 1994 genocide, today plays a dispro portionate role in regional efforts to prevent conflict and protect civilians. This landlocked nation of just over 11 million people is the second largest supplier of personnel from Africa to UN peacekeeping missions - and the fifth largest in the world.

The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Soldier:A Systematic Review

The objective of this systematic review is to examine the effectiveness of psychotherapy in treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD)in military personnel.PubMed,Web of Science,The Cochrane Library,EBSCO and CNKI databases were searched from 1 January,2000 to November 2022 for Randomized Controlled Trials(RCTs)on psychotherapeutic interventions for military PTSD.The physical Therapy Evidence Database(PEDro)scale was used to evaluate the quality of the literature.Two researchers conducted literature screening,data extraction,and risk bias assessment in accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria.Ultimately,49 RCTs were included,involving a total of 5073 veterans,retired and active military from four countries.The average score on the PEDro scale was 7.60.The primary psychotherapeutic modalities for military PTSD intervention include Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy,Exposure Therapy,Mindfulness interventions,psychotherapy based on new technological tools,and other emerging psychotherapeutic tools.The review highlights that Cognitive Processing Therapy(CPT)and Prolonged Exposure Therapy(PET)stand out as the primary psychotherapeutic modalities for treating PTSD in military personnel.In cases where CPT and PET yield limited benefits,Mindfulness interventions emerge as effective alternatives.Moreover,considering the diverse needs and high dropout rates in the military,population,the review suggests using web-based,computer,and virtual reality technology tools as supplements to first-line treatments(CPT/PET)to enhance overall intervention effectiveness.For the advancement of future psychotherapeutic initiatives,there is a pronounced emphasis on prioritizing proven first-line interventions,CPT and PET while also recognizing the potential of mindfulness-based interventions as credible alternatives.In tandem with this,the active integration of technological tools is advocated to amplify the therapeutic impact of conventional psychological treatment modalities.

Effects of positive psychological control intervention on sleep and psychology of officers and soldiers working at sea

BACKGROUND The working environment of submarine crews is also very special.They are in a closed,high-temperature,high-noise,high-vibration and narrow working and living space for a long time,and they suffer from physical discomfort caused by seasickness,which will affect the mental health of officers and soldiers.American psychologists have achieved positive results in psychological resilience training for officers and soldiers from the perspective of positive psychology.At present,there are few reports on the correlation between psychological resilience in the field of domestic research on submarine crew psychology,and it is necessary to conduct further research.METHODS A total of 121 soldiers working in a confined space of a large ship were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group.The 50 soldiers in the experimental group were given a training course intervention,while the 71 soldiers in the control group did not receive any intervention measures.The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,Psychological Resilience Scale,military Psycho-logical Stress Self-Assessment Questionnaire,and General Self-Efficacy Scale scores were compared before and 6 months after the intervention.RESULTS Under the positive psychological control intervention,except for sleep efficiency(P=0.05),the difference between the remaining dimensions of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores and the total scores of the experimental group compared with the control group was statistically significant(P<0.05);the assessment of the psychological condition showed that,in addition to the Psychological Stress Self-assessment Questionnaire for Military Personnel scores(P=0.05),the scores of the Mental Toughness Scale(Dispositional Resilience Scale Resilience II)in the experimental group,General Self-Efficacy Scale scores were statistically significant(P<0.05)compared to pre-intervention.CONCLUSION Positive psychological intervention and control can improve the sleep state and psychological state of officers and soldiers working in confined space at sea.

Trauma in The Lonely Soldier

Benedict is an award-winning novelist and non-fiction writer specializing in social injustice.Her non-fiction book The Lonely Soldier reflects the impact of war on violence against women.Female soldiers are always the victims of violence,before,during,and after serving in the Iraq War.This thesis aims to explore their trauma and illuminate the book’s meaning.

书信中语篇人际意义的实现——从对“A Soldier’s Last Letter”语言的分析谈起

结合功能语言学理论,以"A Soldier’s Last Letter"中的部分段落为例进行分析,可以展示如何通过语气系统和情态系统来进行选择形成语篇,从而突显语言选择对语篇人际意义实现的重要性以及功能语言学在分析文学作品时的可行性。

武警新疆总队医院消化科为部队官兵开展卫勤保障工作实践

为部队官兵提供强有力卫勤保障工作是部队医院质量建设内涵发展的方向和根本原则。由于地域、环境、任务和心理等因素导致官兵消化道疾病高发[1-4],医院消化科作为卫勤保障工作的一线重点科室,承担了大量的收治和巡诊任务。消化科应提供高效、及时、有效的卫勤保障,达到保障官兵健康、提升战斗力的目的。武警新疆总队医院消化科全科医护人员始终牢记“官兵健康至上”的使命要求,紧扣提高战斗力保障力的新需求,

《英美文学选读》辅导(19)

I.文学常识1.The Lost Generation(迷惘的一代)—It is a term for the US writers of the post-WWI generation.It is coined in a remark by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway.Besides him they included F. Scott Fitzgerald,John dos Passos,e.e.cummings and others.Their ideals shattered by the war,they felt alienated from the materialism of America in the 1920s,and many lived bohemian expatriate lives in Paris.

Nutritional value of a partially defatted and a highly defatted black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) meal for broiler chickens: apparent nutrient digestibility,apparent metabolizable energy and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility

Background: The study aimed to determine the apparent total tract digestibility coefficients(ATTDC) of nutrients, the apparent metabolizable energy(AME and AMEn) and the amino acid(AA) apparent ileal digestibility coefficients(AIDC)of a partially defatted(BSFp) and a highly defatted(BSFh) black soldier fly larvae meal. The experimental diets were: a basal diet and two diets prepared by substituting 250 g/kg(w/w) of the basal diet with BSFp or BSFh, respectively.Results: Significant differences were found between BSFp and BSFh meals for ATTDC of the nutrients: BSFp resulted more digestible than BSFh, except for ATTDC of CP which did not differed between meals, while a statistical trend was observed for ATTDC of DM and EE. The AME and AMEn values were significantly(P < 0.05) different between the two BSF meals, with higher levels for BSFp(16.25 and 14.87 MJ/kg DM, respectively). The AIDC of the AA in BSFp ranged from 0.44 to 0.92, while in BSFh they ranged from 0.45 to 0.99. No significant differences were observed for the AA digestibility(0.77 and 0.80 for BSFp and BSFh, respectively), except for glutamic acid, proline and serine that were more digestible in the BSFh meal(P < 0.05).Conclusions: Defatted BSF meals can be considered as an excellent source of AME and digestible AA for broilers with a better efficient nutrient digestion. These considerations suggested the effective utilization of defatted BSF larvae meal in poultry feed formulation.

Nutritional effects of the dietary inclusion of partially defatted Hermetia illucens larva meal in Muscovy duck

Background: The present work is aimed at evaluating the effect of different inclusion levels of a partially defatted black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens,L.;HI) larva meal for ducks.A total of 192 female 3-day-old Muscovy ducklings(Cairina moschata domestica,Canedins R71 L White,Grimaud Freres Selection,France) were divided into 4 groups,assigned 4 different dietary treatments(6 replicates/treatment and 8 birds/replicate) and reared from 3 to 50 days of age.HI larva meal was included at increasing levels(0,3%,6% and 9%,HI0,HI3,HI6 and HI9,respectively) in isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets formulated for 3 feeding phases: starter(3–17 days of age),grower(18–38 days of age) and finisher(39–50 days of age).The growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility were evaluated during the trial using titanium dioxide as an inert marker(0.3% of inclusion).At 51 days of age,two birds per pen were slaughtered and histomorphological investigations were performed.Results: The live weight and average daily gain showed a quadratic response to increasing HI meal in the grower period(minimum corresponding to the HI6 group).No effects of dietary inclusion levels were observed for the daily feed intake or feed conversion ratio.The apparent dry matter and organic matter digestibility were not affected by the dietary treatment.A linear decrease was observed for the crude protein apparent digestibility in the starter period(minimum for the HI9 groups).The ether extract apparent digestibility increased linearly during the grower and finisher periods(minimum for the HI0 group).The morphometric indices were not influenced by the dietary treatments.Conclusions: The inclusion of up to 9% of HI partially defatted larva meal in the diet of ducks did not cause any effect on growth performance,as well as the apparent digestibility.Moreover,dietary HI inclusion preserved the physiological intestinal development.

Models to predict injury, physical fitness failure and attrition in recruit training: a retrospective cohort study

Background:Attrition rate in new army recruits is higher than in incumbent troops.In the current study,we identified the risk factors for attrition due to injuries and physical fitness failure in recruit training.A variety of predictive models were attempted.Methods:This retrospective cohort included 19,769 Army soldiers of the Australian Defence Force receiving recruit training during a period from 2006 to 2011.Among them,7692 reserve soldiers received a 28-day training course,and the remaining 12,077 full-time soldiers received an 80-day training course.Retrieved data included anthropometric measures,course-specific variables,injury,and physical fitness failure.Multivariate regression was used to develop a variety of models to predict the rate of attrition due to injuries and physical fitness failure.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to compare the performance of the models.Results:In the overall analysis that included both the 28-day and 80-day courses,the incidence of injury of any type was 27.8%.The 80-day course had a higher rate of injury if calculated per course(34.3%vs.17.6%in the 28-day course),but lower number of injuries per person-year(1.56 vs.2.29).Fitness test failure rate was significantly higher in the 28-day course(30.0%vs.12.1%).The overall attrition rate was 5.2%and 5.0%in the 28-day and 80-day courses,respectively.Stress fracture was common in the 80-day course(n=44)and rare in the 28-day course(n=1).The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the course-specific predictive models were relatively low(ranging from 0.51 to 0.69),consistent with"failed"to"poor"predictive accuracy.The course-combined models performed somewhat better than the course-specific models,with two models having AUC of 0.70 and 0.78,which are considered"fair"predictive accuracy.Conclusion:Attrition rate was similar between 28-day and 80-day courses.In comparison to the 80-day full course,the 28-day course had a lower rate of injury but a higher number of injuries per person-year and of fitness test failure.These findings suggest fitness level at the commencement of training is a critically important factor to consider when designing the course curriculum,particularly short courses.

Investigation of the effect of military stress on the prevalence of functional bowel disorders

AIM: To investigate the morbidity of functional bowel disorders (FBD) under military stress conditions in order to lay foundations for the prevention and treatment of this disease. METHODS: Four hundred and fifty-seven soldiers who were assigned to specified services and 471 soldiers who were assigned to routine services were enrolled using cluster sampling, with the latter as a control group. They were surveyed using the Rome Ⅲ FBD standard questionnaire. The FBD symptom question-naire included FBD-related symptoms, severity, dura- tion or attack time, and accompanying symptoms. RESULTS: The morbidity of the military stress group (14.6%) was significantly higher than in the control group (9.98%) ( 2 = 4.585, P < 0.05). The incidence of smoking, abdominal pain and acid regurgitation ( 2 = 4.761, P < 0.05) as well as the ZUNG anxiety/depression scores ( 2 = 7.982, P < 0.01) were also sig- nificantly higher in the military stress group compared with the control group. ZUNG anxiety ( 2 = 11.523, P < 0.01) and depression ( 2 = 5.149, P < 0.05) scores were higher in the FBD group compared with the non-FBD group. The differences in the ZUNG self-rated anxiety and depression scales between the 2 groups were statistically significant ( 2 = 14.482, P < 0.01 and 2 = 6.176, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The morbidity of FBD was higher under military stress conditions.

Black soldier fly:A new vista for livestock and poultry manure management

The number of intensive livestock and poultry farms is expected to increase substantially in future because of consumer demand.Unfortunately,such demand also results in a great deal of manure being generated,which threatens the environment if it is not properly managed.Concurrent developments in biotransformation of these wastes with the black soldier fly(BSF),Hermetia illucens(L.)(Diptera:Stratiomydiae),demonstrates such concerns can be abated,while also producing products(e.g.,protein,chitin,biodiesel,and fertilizer)of value.In this review,we analyzed the factors influencing black soldier fly larvae(BSFL)conversion processes,the role of microorganisms,and the mechanisms used by BSFL when converting livestock and poultry manure into these valuable products.The effects of BSFL conversion technology on reducing the hazards of such materials and their associated pathogens are reviewed,and the economics of livestock and poultry manure conversion by BSF larvae is discussed.

Growth efficiency,intestinal biology,and nutrient utilization and requirements of black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)larvae compared to monogastric livestock species:a review

In recent years,interest in the larvae of black soldier fly(BSF)(Hermetia illucens)as a sustainable protein resource for livestock feed has increased considerably.However,knowledge on the nutritional and physiological aspects of this insect,especially compared to other conventional farmed animals is scarce.This review presents a critical comparison of data on the growth potential and efficiency of the BSF larvae(BSFL)compared to conventional monogastric livestock species.Advantages of BSFL over other monogastric livestock species includes their high growth rate and their ability to convert low-grade organic waste into high-quality protein and fat-rich biomass suitable for use in animal feed.Calculations using literature data suggest that BSFL are more efficient than broilers,pigs and fish in terms of conversion of substrate protein into body mass,but less efficient than broilers and fish in utilization of substrate gross energy to gain body mass.BSFL growth efficiency varies greatly depending on the nutrient quality of their dietary substrates.This might be associated with the function of their gastrointestinal tract,including the activity of digestive enzymes,the substrate particle characteristics,and their intestinal microbial community.The conceived advantage of BSFL having an environmental footprint better than conventional livestock is only true if BSFL is produced on low-grade organic waste and its protein would directly be used for human consumption.Therefore,their potential role as a new species to better close nutrient cycles in agro-ecological systems needs to be reconsidered,and we conclude that BSFL is a complementary livestock species efficiently utilizing organic waste that cannot be utilized by other livestock.In addition,we provide comparative insight into morpho-functional aspects of the gut,characterization of digestive enzymes,gut microbiota and fiber digestion.Finally,current knowledge on the nutritional utilization and requirements of BSFL in terms of macro-and micronutrients is reviewed and found to be rather limited.In addition,the research methods to determine nutritional requirements of conventional livestock are not applicable for BSFL.Thus,there is a great need for research on the nutrient requirements of BSFL.

Changes in speciation,mobility and bioavailability of Cd,Cr and As during the transformation process of pig manure by black soldier fly larvae(Hermetia illucens)

The black soldier fly larvae(BSFL)(Hermetia illucens)are a good candidate for poultry and livestock manure treatment.The harvested insect bodies and feces can be used as animal feed and organic fertilizer.However,heavy metals have a negative impact on the transformation process of the manure by BSFL.Here we evaluated the effects of Cd,Cr and As in pig manure on the growth of BSFL,as well as the mobility and changes in speciation of the metals during the transformation process.The results showed that As significantly reduced the weight of BSFL,but Cr and Cd had no significant effects on BSFL growth.The bioaccumulation factors(BAFs)at various concentrations of Cd(2.8–3.7)were significantly higher than those of Cr(0.44–0.62)and As(0.43–0.45).The heavy metals in pig manure were mainly transferred to BSFL feces,and the distribution percentages of Cd,Cr and As in the BSFL feces were 52.6–62.0%,90.3–94.2%and 93.0–93.3%,respectively.Cd concentrations in BSFL feces were significantly lower than those in the pig manure,while there were no significant differences in the concentrations of Cr and As between BSFL feces and pig manure(except for the treatment with the addition of 150 mg Cr kg^(–1)).The metal speciation(weak acid soluble,reducible,oxidizable and residual fractions)in BSFL feces obviously changed when compared with pig manure.In BSFL feces,the reducible proportion of Cr decreased while the oxidizable proportion increased.Cd mainly existed in the weak acid soluble and reducible states in pig manure and BSFL feces.For As,the proportions of weak acid soluble and reducible states decreased in BSFL feces.After the BSFL transformation process,the bioavailable fraction of Cr decreased by 17.3–23.1%,but those of Cd and As did not change significantly,except for As in the CK group.These findings contribute to our understanding of the roles of BSFL during the biotransformation process of livestock manure as well as the safe utilization of transformed products.

Syncope as a health risk for soldiers: Influence of medical history and clinical findings on the sensitivity of head-up tilt table testing

Background: Syncope is a relevant health problem in military environments. Reliable diagnosis is challenging. Tilt table testing is an important tool for syncope diagnosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether signs such as prodromal symptoms, co-morbidity, frequency of syncopal events, body length, body mass index, and electrocardiography(ECG) abnormalities can be used to predict the success of tilt table testing at diagnosing syncope.Methods: Data from 100 patients with histories of syncope or pre-syncope, who were diagnosed using head-up tilt table testing, were retrospectively analyzed in a cross-sectional analysis. The diagnostic procedure was based upon a modified version of the Westminster protocol without any pharmacological provocation. Results: Patients showing pathological reaction patterns during tilt table testing suffered from prodromal symptoms, such as dizziness and sweating, significantly more often. The patients reported more injuries resulting from syncopal events and more previous syncopal events, and the prevalence of co-morbidity was greater among patients presenting negative findings during tilt testing. An asthenic-leptosomal physique was not confirmed as a risk factor for syncopal events as is the case for idiopathic arterial hypotension. However, patients with pathological reaction patterns during tilt table testing were significantly taller. This finding was detected for both females and males. No significant predictors were found in the ECG patterns of patients showing syncope during tilt table testing.Conclusions: Frequency of prior syncope and prodromal symptoms, and increased body length with an otherwise good state of health influence the predictive value of tilt table testing for syncope diagnosis. In particular, if these factors are present, tilt table testing should be considered part of the diagnostic algorithm for soldiers with recurrent syncope.

Friendly enemies--Character analysis of Guests of the nation by Frank O＇Conner

The paper focuses on the four soldiers away from the battle field depicted in the short story Guests oftke nation written by Frank O＇Conner. The character analysis is achieved by the reflection of the human nature when the soldiers were temporarily living peacefully and their painful conflicts between duty as soldiers and human nature as men. Through the tragic fate of both the two executed Englishmen and the executors--two Irish men, the cruelty of the war is strongly condemned. The war mercilessly defeated the human nature cultivated through the friendship and knowing with each other.

Immature Development Time of <i>Hermetia illucens</i>L. in Different Varieties of Feed

Larvae of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (Black Soldier Fly) are voracious feeders which consume a wide range of organic materials. Thus, they can be used in simple mechanical systems to reduce organic waste and also as a nutritional factor for animal livestock, in the context of recycling the organic matter. In the present study we investigated the effect of two combinations of nutrient substrates on the immature development time of H. illucens. Poultry feed and urban bio-waste (catering organic waste) were used as nutritional substrates in two rates, 150 and 250 mg/larva. Results showed that both the food source and the quantity affected the BSF immature development time significantly. In total, significantly shorter immature development was recorded in poultry feed treatment compared with the catering waste. Moreover, immature development time in the 250 mg/larva/day treatment was significantly shorter compared with the 150 mg/larva/day treatment. Results of the present study could be useful and offer optimal solutions for BSF larvae cultivations, especially in large commercial scale units.

试谈before的各种译法

一般情况下,连词before在从句中译成“在……以前”,但由于语言的灵活性,在不同的场合,会有不同的译法。我们在翻译汉语时,必须注意汉语的习惯表达方式。木文就一些常见的译法作一初步归纳,仅供参考。一、然后 1.She would let him rest a little longer before she told him. 她要让他再休息一会儿,然后才告诉他。

海明威与詹姆斯短篇小说语言特色浅析

海明威(Ernest Heming Way1899—1961)和亨利·詹姆斯(Henry James)是两个风格迥异的美国作家。对于他们的语言风格,评论界一致认为:海明威用词通俗,口语化,造句简约精炼,具有“直接性”(directness)的特点,而詹姆斯则选词典雅,组句精细复杂,具有“非直接性”(或“间接性”)(indirectness)的特点。不过,他们语言风格上的“

表示“强迫”的动词的用法

英语中表示“强迫”的动词有 foree,com-pel,coerce,constrain,oblige,obligate 等,但它们不是完全相同的,具体意义和用法分述如下:1.force 在表示强迫、迫使时,是本组词中最常用、词义较强的词,指通过施加强力、权力、重力、压力等,迫使某人做某事或使某事发生变化。被强迫者常带有不情愿的意味,暴力或威胁的含义较本组其它词强。例如: