Preparation of solid acid catalyst SO4^2-/TiO2/γ-Al2O3 for esterification: A study on catalytic reaction mechanism and kinetics

In this work, a series of SO4^2-/TiO2/γ-Al2O3 solid acid catalysts were synthesized by impregnation method, in which nano-TiO2 was prepared by sol–gel method, and then the nano-TiO2 sol was loaded on porous γ-Al2O3 supporter through impregnation. The structure and property of catalyst were characterized by XRD, N2-BET,SEM, TEM, XPS, NH3-TPD, Pyridine-IR and FT-IR. In addition, the catalyst of chelate bidentate coordination acid center model was established. The catalytic performance test was carried out in the esterification of n-butyl alcohol with lauric acid and the catalyst showed excellent activity. The experimental results showed that the medium strength acid sites were more dominant active sites than the strong and weak acid sites for the rapid esterification reaction. Its kinetic behaviors and activation energy were studied for the esterification under the catalytic reaction condition.

Preparation and Catalytic Application of Novel Water Tolerant Solid Acid Catalysts of Zirconium Sulfate/HZSM-5

Esterification of acrylic acid（AA） to produce AA esters has widespread application in the chemical industry. A series of water tolerant solid acid catalysts was prepared, and characterized by XRD, nitrogen adsorption, TGA-DTA, XPS, and ammonia adsorption FTIR. The effects of Si/Al ratio, zirconium sulfate（ZS） loading on HZSM-5 and calcination temperature on the esterification were investigated. When 20% （mass fraction） ZS is loaded on HZSM-5, the conversion of AA reaches 100%. XRD analysis indicates that ZS is highly dispersed on HZSM-5 because no crystalline structure assigned to ZS is found. Catalytic activity and hydrophobicity of ZS supported on HZSM-5 are higher compared with those of parent ZS or HZSM-5. Results show that this kind of novel catalysts is an efficient water tolerant solid acid catalyst for esterification reactions.

Construction of a Bronsted-Lewis solid acid catalyst La-PW-SiO_(2)/SWCNTs based on electron withdrawing effect of La(Ⅲ)onπbond of SWCNTs for biodiesel synthesis from esterification of oleic acid and methanol

A novel solid Bronsted-Lewis acid catalyst La-PW-SiO_(2)/SWCNTs(single-wall carbon nanotubes)was synthesized from the synergistic modification of H_(3)PW_(12)O_(40)(HPW)by single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with sidewall hydroxyl groups(SWCNTs–OH)and La^(3+) via sol–gel method.The freshly prepared catalyst was characterized by several methods,and the catalytic activity and stability of it were studied from the esterification of oleic acid and methanol.Results showed that the highest conversion of oleic acid was 93.1%(mass)and maintained as high as 88.7%(mass)after six cycles of La-PW-SiO_(2)/SWCNTs.The high catalytic activity and stability of La-PW-SiO_(2)/SWCNTs can be attributed to the strong electron withdrawing effect of La^(3+) on π bond of SWCNTs,because it can facilitate the formation of a large number of strong Lewis acid sites.Therefore,the reduction of catalytic activity of a solid acid catalyst due to the fact that hydration reaction of its Bronsted acid sites can be effectively reduced.La-PW-SiO_(2)/SWCNTs can be an efficient and economical catalyst,because it shows good catalytic activity and stability.

MESOPOROUS ACID SOLID AS A CARRIER FOR METALLOCENE CATALYST IN ETHYLENE POLYMERIZATION AND A CATALYST IN CATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF POLYETHYLENE

The possibility of mesoporous acid solid as a carder for metallocene catalyst in ethylene polymerization and catalyst for polyethylene （PE） catalytic degradation was investigated. Here, HMCM-41 and AIMCM-41, and mesoporous silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves （SAPO1 and SAPO2） were synthesized and used as acid solid. Much more gases were produced during catalytic degradation in PE/acid solid mixtures via in situ polymerization than those via physical mixing. The particle size distribution results exhibited that the particle size of SAPO1 in the PE/SAPOI mixture via in situ polymerization was about 1/14 times of that of the original SAPO1 or SAPO1-supported metallocene catalyst. This work shows a novel technology for chemical recycling of polyolefin.

Preparation, Characterization and Catalytic Activity of Alkyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid Carbon-Based Acid Catalyst

Based on starch and series of alkyl benzene sulfonic acid as the materials, a novel carbon-based solid acid catalyst is synthesized using hydrothermal method. This catalyst exhibits much higher catalytic activity in the reaction of esterification of Mono-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene maleate esters with 1,4-butanediol. The structure of carbon-based solid acid catalyst was charactered by IR and XRD, characterizations showed that this catalyst exhibited high –SO3H loading. Reusability of the carbon-based solid acid catalyst for esterification showed that after recycling five times the activity remained unchanged.

A new solid acid SO_4^(2-)/TiO_2 catalyst modified with tin to synthesize 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate

A new solid acid catalyst,SO4^2-/TiO2 modified with tin,was prepared using a sol-gel method and its physicochemical properties were revealed by nitrogen adsorption-desorption,X-ray powder diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine,temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia and thermal gravimetric analysis.The structure,acidity and thermal stability of the SO4^2-/TiO2-SnO2 catalyst were studied.Incorporating tin enlarged the specific surface area and decreased crystallite size of the SO4^2-/TiO2 catalyst.The total acid sites of the modified catalyst increased and Bronsted acid strength remarkably increased with increasing tin content.The decomposition temperature of sulfate radical in the modified catalyst was 100 ℃ greater and its mass loss was more than twice that of the SO4^2-/TiO2 catalyst.The SO4^2-/TiO2-SnO2 catalyst was designed to synthesize 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate by esterification of 1,6-hexanediol with crylic acid.The yield of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate exceeded 87% under the optimal reaction conditions：crylic acid to 1,6-hexanediol molar ratio = 3.5,catalyst loading = 7%,reaction temperature = 130 ℃ and reaction time = 3 h.The modified catalyst exhibited excellent reusability and after 10 cycles the conversion of 1,6-hexanediol was above 81%.

Reaction Kinetics of Biodiesel Synthesis from Waste Oil Using a Carbon-based Solid Acid Catalyst

The kinetics of simultaneous transesterification and esterification with a carbon-based solid acid catalyst was studied.Two solid acid catalysts were prepared by the sulfonation of carbonized vegetable oil asphalt and petroleum asphalt.These catalysts were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis,acidity site concentration,the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller（BET）surface area and pore size.The kinetic parameters with the two catalysts were determined,and the reaction system can be described as a pseudo homogeneous catalyzed reaction.All the forward and reverse reactions follow second order kinetics.The calculated concentration values from the kinetic equations are in good agreement with experimental values.

Catalytic Hydrolysis of CFC-12 over MoO_(3)/ZrO_(2)-TiO_(2)

Solid acid MoO_(3)/ZrO_(2)-TiO_(2)catalysts were prepared by impregnation method,and catalytic hydrolysis of difluorodichloromethane(CFC-12)over the catalyst was studied.The presence of MoO_(3)/ZrO_(2)-TiO_(2)catalyst in polycrystalline state could be clearly observed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Mesopores were detected by N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms which further confirmed the MoO_(3)/ZrO_(2)-TiO_(2)structural characteristics of catalyst.The results of NH_(3)-TPD showed that the calcination temperatures had a great influence on the acidity of the catalyst,and the weak acidic site had a strong catalytic activity for the catalytic hydrolysis of CFC-12.Moreover,ZrO_(2)-TiO_(2)was highly dispersed in the MoO_(3)framework,suggested by powder X-ray diffraction(XRD)and N_(2)adsorption-desorption results.The effects of the catalyst calcination temperatures on the conversion rate of CFC-12 were studied.The effects of catalytic hydrolysis temperatures and water vapor concentration on the catalytic hydrolysis rate of CFC-12 were also studied.The solid acid MoO_(3)/ZrO_(2)-TiO_(2)was calcined at 500℃for 3 h at a catalytic hydrolysis temperature of 400℃and water vapor concentration of 83.18%,and catalytic hydrolysis rate of CFC-12 reached 98.65%.The hydrolysis rate of CFC-12 remained above 65.34%after 30 hours continuous reaction.

聚乙烯聚吡咯烷酮负载Bronsted酸性离子液体固体酸催化剂的制备与应用

传统无机酸催化剂存在对设备腐蚀严重、环境危害、催化剂可重复使用性困难等问题,亟需开发催化活性高、可循环性能好的绿色固体酸催化剂。本文将离子液体通过共价键接枝负载于聚乙烯聚吡咯烷酮载体表面,并进一步通过硫酸酸化制备了一种新型的负载型Bronsted酸性离子液体固体酸催化剂([PVPP-PS]HSO4)。研究表明,离子液体和磺酸根被成功地接枝到聚乙烯聚吡咯烷酮载体表面,为酯化反应提供了丰富的催化活性位点,催化剂的热稳定性和结构稳定性得到了进一步提高。[PVPP-PS]HSO4催化剂用于催化酯化反应合成乙酸乙酯,乙酸乙酯的收率可达到83%,并且催化剂在循环使用6次后乙酸乙酯收率仍能保持在80%以上,是一种高效、环保、可重复使用的新型固体酸催化剂。

改性磷钨酸催化剂制备及其高效催化加成酯化制丙烯酸叔丁酯

丙烯酸叔丁酯是一种重要的有机酸酯,通过丙烯酸与异丁烯加成酯化制备丙烯酸叔丁酯是典型的原子经济性反应,具有重要的应用前景。本文成功制备了一种改性磷钨酸催化剂Ce_(3/1)-HPW-F并将其应用于丙烯酸与异丁烯加成酯化制备丙烯酸叔丁酯的反应中,结果表明:在45℃反应4 h,即可实现丙烯酸的完全转化,且丙烯酸叔丁酯的选择性高达99%。

催化法制备三乙二醇二异辛酸酯及其性能

采用沉淀-浸渍法制备SO_(4)^(2-)/ZrO_(2)-γ-Al_(2)O_(3)固体酸催化剂,以三乙二醇和2-乙基己酸的酯化反应为探针反应催化法制备三乙二醇二异辛酸酯(TGDE),确定SO_(4)^(2-)/ZrO_(2)-γ-Al_(2)O_(3)固体酸催化剂的最佳制备条件。考察焙烧温度、焙烧时间、硫酸浸渍浓度、硫酸浸渍时间、陈化温度对催化活性的影响,并进一步考察催化剂的循环使用性能。结果表明,焙烧温度为600℃、焙烧时间为5 h、硫酸浸渍浓度为0.6 mol·L^(-1),酸浸渍时间为9 h、陈化温度-20℃时,制备的SO_(4)^(2-)/ZrO_(2)-γ-Al_(2)O_(3)固体酸催化剂具有较好的催化活性,三乙二醇的酯化率达到99.06%,催化剂循环使用5次后,酯化率降至90.54%。目的产物TGDE进行气相色谱、FT-IR、^(1)HNMR和^(13)CNMR分析检测,各项性能指标都达到了国家标准。

用于生产针状焦的优质芳烃原料制备技术研究进展

针状焦的生产原料性质直接影响针状焦的品质,由此提出将催化裂化柴油(LCO)中双环芳烃定向转化为三、四环芳烃,以制备针状焦的优质生产原料为目的,推进“油转化”。详细介绍了现有双环芳烃的缩聚技术,对萘的催化缩聚反应机理进行了全面的分析,并对不同萘缩聚催化剂的应用及研究进展进行总结和探讨,包括催化剂性质对催化活性、产物选择性、回收方式的影响。同时,对实现LCO定向转化的工业化应用进行分析,提出未来应深入研究固体超强酸的催化萘缩聚机理,并基于理论指导制备高活性、高选择性的萘缩聚催化剂。

碳基固体酸催化剂的制备及其催化合成生物柴油的性能研究

采用磷酸浸渍后进行炭化-磺化法,研究得到了以竹粉为代表的活性炭原料,优化合成碳基固体酸的方法。实验结果表明,以竹炭基固体酸为催化剂,在350℃,炭化时间2 h,磺化温度1 059℃,磺化时间4 h的情况下,所制备的催化剂性能最好。而该催化剂用量为10.1%(质量分数),醇酸物质的量比为10,酯化温度为65.5℃,酯化时间为2 h的酯化效率最高,可达98.2%。研究以竹粉为原料,利用生物质制备固态酸催化剂,其在生物柴油的合成中更有前景和竞争力。

生物质磁性固体酸催化剂的制备、表征及催化合成生物柴油的性能研究

为了寻找一种以生物质废弃物为原料,低成本、高效率、温和地合成固体酸催化剂的方法,以废弃生物质橘子皮为原料,合成了磁性多孔碳质(MPCs)固体酸催化剂。采用XRD、IR和TGA等手段对其进行分析表征,并以油酸和乙醇酯化反应为模型,研究其催化性能。结果表明:在80℃、乙醇与油酸的物质的量比值为20%、催化剂与油酸的质量比值为7%的条件下反应8 h,MPCs-0.4-SO3H和MPCs-0.6-SO3H的酯化率分别达到77.9%和70.2%,显著高于商用催化剂Amberlyst-15的酯化率;在含水量为油酸质量的5%以及重复使用3次的酯化率与TOFs值也较Amberlyst-15的高;故实验制得的催化剂在酯化动力学、酯化率、耐水性与热稳定性等方面均优于商用催化剂Amberlyst-15,特别是其优越的磁性易分离特性使得酯化反应更方便、简单。

稀土复合固体超强酸SO_(4)^(2-)/ZrO_(2)-MoO_(3)-Yb_(2)O_(3)催化合成乙酸异龙脑酯的研究

通过沉淀-浸渍方法制备稀土复合固体超强酸SO_(4)^(2-)/ZrO_(2)-MO_(3)-Yb_(2)O_(3),加入稀土元素Yb以改良固体超强酸的性能,通过Hammett酸指示剂法检测固体酸的酸强度。以莰烯和乙酸为原料,由自制的固体超强酸催化合成乙酸异龙脑酯。通过CG-MS对酯含量进行测定,研究了催化剂用量、MoO_(3)/ZrO_(2)、焙烧温度、反应时间和反应温度等对酯化率的影响。结果表明:经600℃焙烧的MoO_(3)/ZrO_(2)为8%的催化剂,在其用量占总反应物的质量分数为3%,反应温度80℃,反应时间6 h的条件下,酯化率可达到76%。

固体酸催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯的研究进展

柠檬酸三丁酯是一种新型绿色无毒环保型增塑剂,被认为是传统非环保、有毒增塑剂—邻苯二甲酸酯的替代品,已经被广泛应用在高分子材料和石油化工等行业.我们综述了近年来固体酸催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯的研究进展,涉及到的催化剂包括固体超强酸、酸性分子筛、固载化杂多酸、碳基固体酸、离子液体,对它们的催化性能和催化机理进行了概述.固体酸克服了传统液体酸腐蚀性强、分离困难、后处理复杂等缺陷.并对固体酸催化剂的发展方向及前景进行了展望.

固体酸催化乙二醇和硬脂酸反应

乙二醇和硬脂酸在酸催化下可发生酯化反应生成乙二醇硬脂酸酯,传统的催化剂常采用浓硫酸、磷酸等液体酸,这种液体酸催化制得的产物颜色深,分离不完全,还会造成环境污染,不符合绿色化学的理念,因而人们开始不断研制各种新型催化剂,如固体酸、酸性离子液体等。探讨了固体酸为催化剂时乙二醇和硬脂酸的酯化反应,通过正交实验法研究了反应条件对产物的颜色和产率的影响,最终获得了最佳反应条件。研究发现:这种固体酸催化制备的产物颜色浅,产率高,副反应少,催化剂可重复利用;在最佳反应条件(反应温度为160℃、反应物配比为1∶1.06、反应时间为4 h、催化剂用量为1.6 g)下,产率可达95.23%。

平台化合物乙酰丙酸酯的合成研究进展

生物质被认为是世界上最丰富的可再生资源,对其进行高值化利用有助于绿色能源发展。生物质可高效转化为生物质基平台化合物——乙酰丙酸酯,并进一步制备高附加值化学品。本文详细介绍了传统的乙酰丙酸酯化法及生物质直接催化醇解法、糠醇醇解法制备乙酰丙酸酯的最新研究进展,指出催化剂的性能、反应原料、反应物物质的量比、反应时间和温度等都是影响反应的重要参数。详细综述了液体酸催化剂、固体酸催化剂、混酸催化剂及金属盐催化剂等不同体系催化制备乙酰丙酸酯的最新研究进展。总结比较了3种制备方法的优势和不足,并根据现有转化方法中仍存在着的原料的选择和预处理、反应过程复杂且副产物难控制以及催化剂成本较高、催化效率低、腐蚀设备、难回收等问题,对未来研究方向提出展望。

新型介孔SO_4^(2-)/TiO_2固体酸的制备及其催化酯化性能

以无定形高比表面积水合钛酸(H2Ti2O5·xH2O)为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了新型晶须状介孔SO42-/TiO2固体酸催化剂,利用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、扫描电镜、红外光谱、热重和氨程序升温脱附等技术考察了催化剂的结构特征和表面酸性及其对乙酸与正丁醇液相酯化反应的催化活性.结果表明,SO42-/TiO2固体酸催化剂不仅具有纳米级晶粒、晶须状形貌、高比表面积和介孔结构,还保持了完善的锐钛矿晶型、较强的酸性和较高的热稳定性;当焙烧温度高于500oC时,催化剂表面结合的SO42-逐渐流失,酸中心数逐渐减少.在m(催化剂)=0.2g、n(正丁醇)/n(乙酸)=1.5和反应时间3h条件下,500oC焙烧的催化剂活性最高,正丁醇转化率达94%,乙酸正丁酯选择性为100%,且催化性能和分离沉降性能均优于SO42-/P25催化剂.

固体酸改质生物油的研究

利用乙酸和乙醇生成乙酸乙酯的酯化反应为模型反应,筛选得到催化活性最好的固体酸催化剂40%S iO2/TiO2-SO42-。在一定的反应条件下,添加固体酸催化剂和溶剂,生物油的品质得到提高,热值提高了50.7%,运动黏度降低到原来的10%,密度降低了22.6%。生物油改质前后的GC-MS分析表明,固体酸可以将生物油中含有的有机羧酸转化为酯类,如甲酸酯、乙酸酯等,使生物油中的羧酸组分发生了催化酯化反应,改善了生物油的品质,生物油物理化学性能得到明显的提高。3A分子筛对生物油的脱水作用不显著,对酸性、密度、黏度等方面影响较小。