Study of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Concentrations Factor of SWCC Al-Khobar Plant Seawater Intakes

This study presents a significant contribution to the field of water quality assessment and sustainable water management practices. By evaluating the levels of total dissolved solids (TDS) in seawater intakes within Al-Khobar desalination production system, the study addresses a crucial aspect of water treatment and environmental impact assessment. The findings provide valuable insights into the variations and trends of TDS levels across different phases of the system, highlighting the importance of monitoring and management strategies. The study provided both gravimetric total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) measurements to analyze TDS calculation factor and evaluate measurement accuracy. Results revealed significant variations in TDS levels across the sampling locations, with phase-2 exhibiting higher levels and greater fluctuations. Phase-3 displayed similar trends but with lower TDS levels, while phase-4 showed slightly different behavior with higher average TDS levels. EC measurements demonstrated a strong correlation with TDS, providing a reliable estimation. However, additional methods such as gravimetric analysis should be employed to confirm TDS measurements. The findings contribute to understanding water quality in the Al-Khobar desalination system, aiding in monitoring, management, and decision-making processes for water treatment and environmental impact assessment. The study enhances the credibility of water quality assessments and supports sustainable water management practices.

Impacts of Climate Change on Seawater Temperature and Total Dissolved Solids: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions for Reverse Osmosis Desalination in the Arabian Gulf Region

This article examines the influence of seawater temperature and total dissolved solids (TDS) on reverse osmosis (RO) desalination in the Arabian Gulf region, with a focus on the impact of climate change. The study highlights the changes in seawater temperature and TDS levels over the years and discusses their effects on the efficiency and productivity of RO desalination plants. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring TDS levels and controlling seawater temperature to optimize water production. The article also suggests various solutions, including intensive pre-treatment, development of high-performance membranes, exploration of alternative water sources, and regulation of discharges into the Gulf, to ensure sustainable water supply in the face of rising TDS levels and seawater temperature. Further research and comprehensive monitoring are recommended to understand the implications of these findings and develop effective strategies for the management of marine resources in the Arabian Gulf.

The migration of total dissolved solids during natural freezing process in Ulansuhai Lake

High total dissolved solids （TDS） content is one of the most important pollution contributors in lakes in arid and semiarid areas. Ulansuhai Lake, located in Urad Qianqi, Inner Mongolia, China, was selected as the object of study. Temperatures and TDS contents of both ice and under-ice water were collected together with corresponding ice thickness. TDS profiles were drawn to show the distribution of TDS and to describe TDS migration. The results showed that about 80% （that is 3.602x108 kg） of TDS migrated from ice to water during the whole growth period of ice. Within ice layer, TDS migration only occurred during initial ice-on period, and then perished. The TDS in ice decreased with increasing ice thickness, following a negative exponential-like trend. Within un- der-ice water, the TDS migrated from ice-water interface to the entire water column under the effect of concentra- tion gradient until the water TDS content was uniform. In winter, 6.044x 107 kg （16.78% of total TDS） TDS migrated from water to sedirnent, which indicated that winter is the best time for dredging sediment. The migration effect gives rise to TDS concentration in under-ice water and sediment that is likely to affect ecosystem and water quality of the Yellow River. The trend of transfer flux of ice-water and water-sediment interfaces is similar to that of ice growth rate, which reveals that ice growth rate is one of the determinants of TDS migration. The process and mechanism of TDS migration can be referenced by research on other lakes with similar TDS content in cold and arid areas.

RARE EARTH DISSOLVED IN SOLID SOLUTION OF STEEL AND ITS EFFECT ON MICROSTRUCTURE

The amounts of rare earth in the solid solution in steel 16Mn were determined by means of inductive coupling plasma(ICP)spectroscopy.While the RE/S ratio was less than 1.9,the amounts of rare earth in solid solution were not more than 8 ppm,which rised slightly with the increase of the rare earth content in the steel.While the RE/S was more than 1.9,MnS disappeared completely in the steel and the amounts of rare earth in solid solution increased rapidly with the increasing of the rare earth content.The solubility of cerium in steel 16 Mn(St 52)is less than 0.011 wt% at room temperature.The results also indicate that rare earth in solid solution can reduce the amount of pearlite and increase that of ferrite and its mierohardness.The rela- tionship between microhardness(Hv)and the amount of rare earth in solid solution can be expressed by the equation of Hv=117+7 RE(ppm).

Influence of Groundwater Hypothetical Salts on Electrical Conductivity Total Dissolved Solids

A relationship between electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) was tested for solutions of same salinity levels with respect to different artificial salts with their combinations. Results showed remarkable jumping at the order of the artificial salt sequence specially that of the magnesium type. A computer model is designed with an input of EC and TDS. The output will be the possible prevailing artificial salts. The accuracy of the model was tested by using the groundwater data of Safwan-Zubair area south of Iraq and it proved to be significant at 95% matching. The 5% unmatched results are due to the possibility of having more than one type of prevailing salt.

Variability in Quantity and Salinity of Produced Water from an Oil Production in South Kuwait

Produced water (PW) is the largest waste stream in the oil and gas industry. Water remains trapped for millions of years in the reservoir with oil and gas. When a hydrocarbon reservoir is infiltrated by a production well, the produced fluids commonly contain water. The understanding of this water’s constituents and volumes is vital for the sustainable continuity of production operations, as PW has a number of negative impacts on the infrastructure integrity of the operation. On the other hand, PW can be an alternative source of irrigation water as well as of industrial salt. Interestingly, both the quantity as well as the quality of PW do not remain constant but can vary, both progressively and erratically, even over short periods of time. This paper discusses such a situation of variable PW in an oil and gas operation in the State of Kuwait.

Study of Calculation of Reserves and Scale for Low–grade Solid Potassium Deposits of Chaerhan Salt Lake

Analyzes on solid potassium mineral reserves calculation methods and existing problems of chaerhan salt lake,t with many parameters comparison solid potassium mineral reserves calculation results are reliable,the

Features and factors of radium isotopes in Tianjin’s typical estuaries

In order to characterize the features of radium isotopes in estuaries of Tianjin,a continuous survey and sampling of typical estuaries were conducted from 2013 to 2017 in this study.The activities of natural radioactive radium isotopes(^(223)Ra,^(224)Ra,and ^(228)Ra)in groundwater and surface water were measured by the radium-delayed coincidence counting(RaDeCC)system.The non-conservative behavior of the radium isotopes was investigated under hydrogeochemical conditions and urbanization.The results indicated that in terms of horizontal distribution,the activities of radium in groundwater(Hangu,Tanggu,and Dagang)showed an upward trend from north to south and demonstrated a higher figure than surface water(Haihe River and Duliujian River).Concerning the vertical distribution,the activitives of radium at a 15 m burial depth was higher than that at a 30 m burial depth in all measurements.The activities of radium isotopes in the study area increased with the increase of total dissolved solids,and their desorption behavior on Fe-Mn oxides was constrained by the redox intensity.Different hydrogeological conditions resulted in variations in the vertical profile of radium activities.The activity of radium was regulated by seasonal variation and precipitation in groundwater and surface water.In addition,the rapid urbanization has caused a significant impact on the features of radium isotopes in typical estuaries of Tianjin.Meanwhile,radium isotopes can be applied to reflect the impact of urbanization on surface watergroundwater systems.Clarifying and cleverly utilizing the relationship between behavior of radium isotopes and urbanization will promote the development of the Tianjin Binhai New Area in a healthy way.

Experimental Study of Effluent Salty Wastewater Treatment from a Solar Desalination Pond

In this research, the quality of the wastewater discharged into the environment has been investigated. The effluent from solar desalination pond contains large amounts of TDS (3.68 grams per liter) and TH (6.50 grams per liter). Since the use of filter is not economical in this case, three types of commercial coagulants such as aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride and ferric sulfide have been used in this study. The main parameters such as effectiveness of three inorganic coagulants, ammonium sulfate, ferric sulfate, and ferric chloride, which separately help to remove hardness, have been studied. According to the results, using laboratory test, 25/g of ferric sulfate as coagulant is best coagulant mass and the ratio of 4 to 3 for auxiliary coagulant (sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide) to coagulant will be best ratio. Also, the mixing rate of 120 rpm in the first reactor will give the best mixing speed. These conditions will lead to 0.348 grams per liter of TDS, 0.345 grams per liter of TH and 0.195 grams per liter of calcium hardness and 300 micro Siemens electrical conductivity of the purified sample.

The relationship between groundwater and natural vegetation in Qaidam Basin

To accurately evaluate ecological risks trigged by groundwater exploitation,it must be clarified the relationship between vegetation and groundwater.Based on remote sensing data sets MOD13Q1,groundwater table depth(WTD)and total dissolved solids(TDS),the relationship between groundwater and natural vegetation was analyzed statistically in the main plain areas of Qaidam Basin.The results indicate that natural vegetation is groundwater-dependent in areas where WTD is less than 5.5 m and TDS is less than 7.5 g/L.Aquatic vegetation,hygrophytic vegetation and hygrophytic saline-alkali tolerant vegetation are mainly distributed in areas with WTD<1.1 m.Salt-tolerant and mesophytic vegetation mainly occur in areas with WTD of 1.4-3.5 m,while the xerophytic vegetation isprimarily present in areas where WTD ranges from 1.4 m to 5.5 m.Natural vegetation does not necessarily depend on groundwater in areas with WTD>5.5 m.For natural vegetation,the most suitable water TDS is less than 1.5 g/L,the moderately suitable TDS is 1.5-5.0 g/L,the basically suitable TDS is 5.0-7.5 g/L,and the unsuitable TDS is more than 7.5 g/L.

Monitoring of TDS and conductivity in groundwater in the seismically active region in NW Himalayas,India

The earthquake precursors and earthquake prediction are the burning issue among the community of earth scientists and engineers. Studies of earthquake precursory phenomena since the last several decades have shown that significant geophysical and geochemical changes may occur prior to intermediate and large earthquakes （Hartmann and Levy, 2005; Yang et al, 2005; Einarsson et al, 2008; Italiano et al, 2008; Kumar et al, 2009）. Among the more intensely investigated geochemical phenomena there have been changes in the concentrations of dissolved ions and gases in groundwater as well as variations in the concentrations of crustal and mantle volatiles in ground gases.

Case Study of Evaluation RO Desalination Systems for Potable Water in Safwan, Iraq

Iraq faces water scarcity due to a shortage of surface water resources. People in Safwan (Basrah, Iraq) and its environs use brackish groundwater as alternative resource. To improve water quality, small reverse osmosis (RO) plants have been established. The water selling price is (1.3 $/m3)* which does not cover the product cost which is (2.4 $/m3)*. Data were collected from eight plants, and a techno-economic assessment was conducted to explore the ideal cost. The known effective factored considered in this case, recovery ratio, temperature and total dissolved solids (TDS). From the other side, membrane replacement and energy cost were significantly effect, when their portions of the total production cost were 30.98%* and 48.38%* respectively as shown in Figure 10. In addition, software analysis was used to predict the scaling potential in raw water samples. Its results showed a high inorganic fouling (scaling) potential. Scaling has a permanent influence on operations and maintenance costs. These identified major cost influencers will be incorporated into the experimental design of the next phase of this ongoing research programme.

The Effect of Gold Salt Concentration in the Production of Gold Nanospheres

The optical, electrical and chemical properties of the gold nanospheres synthesized by different gold concentrations in deionized water through a simple chemical reduction method (Turkevich method) were studied. They were dependent on the variation of the gold salt concentration. The peaks of the surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band and their wavelengths were detected by a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The diameters of the spherical gold nanoparticles were measured theoretically using UV-visible absorption spectrum analysis of the synthesized gold nanoparticles in colloidal form by calculating the ratio of the absorbance at the surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) peak to the absorbance at the lowest peak closed to SPR peak. The values of the gold nanoparticles diameters were (23 nm) and decreased to (13 nm) as the function of molarity changed in the range (0.1 - 0.3 mM). They were compared with the results of the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which was about (15 - 20 nm) measured by the reference images of Sigma-Aldrich values. The conductivity measurements showed increasing the conductivity with molarity increased. The total dissolved solids (TDS) exhibited increase by linear relation with molarity increasing. The pH-value of the gold nanoparticles solutions varied with the molarity and recorded a bowing value of pH-value at (0.2 mM).

Aeration optimization through operation at low dissolved oxygen concentrations:Evaluation of oxygen mass transfer dynamics in different activated sludge systems

In wastewater treatment plants（WWTPs）using the activated sludge process,two methods are widely used to improve aeration efficiency — use of high-efficiency aeration devices and optimizing the aeration control strategy. Aeration efficiency is closely linked to sludge characteristics（such as concentrations of mixed liquor suspended solids（MLSS）and microbial communities）and operating conditions（such as air flow rate and operational dissolved oxygen（DO）concentrations）. Moreover,operational DO is closely linked to effluent quality. This study,which is in reference to WWTP discharge class A Chinese standard effluent criteria,determined the growth kinetics parameters of nitrifiers at different DO levels in small-scale tests. Results showed that the activated sludge system could meet effluent criteria when DO was as low as 0.3 mg/L,and that nitrifier communities cultivated under low DO conditions had higher oxygen affinity than those cultivated under high DO conditions,as indicated by the oxygen half-saturation constant and nitrification ability. Based on nitrifier growth kinetics and on the oxygen mass transfer dynamic model（determined using different air flow rate（Q′air）and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids（MLVSS）values）,theoretical analysis indicated limited potential for energy saving by improving aeration diffuser performance when the activated sludge system had low oxygen consumption; however,operating at low DO and low MLVSS could significantly reduce energy consumption. Finally,a control strategy coupling sludge retention time and MLVSS to minimize the DO level was discussed,which is critical to appropriate setting of the oxygen point and to the operation of low DO treatment technology.

Dynamics of Potable Well Water Quality in Key Mining Chiefdoms in Kono District, Eastern Sierra Leone

Groundwater is increasingly being used due to its universal availability and generally good quality. However, the risk of contamination of groundwater due to various human activities such as mining is equally increasing across the globe. In this study, the physical parameters of potable well waters in the key mining areas in Nimikoro and Tankoro Chiefdoms in Kono District were analyzed for compliance with drinking water quality standard. To do this, both unpurged and purged well water samples were collected once every month for a period of one year. Some of the well water properties like temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) were measured on site and others determined in the laboratory. The data collected from the laboratory analyses were statistically analyzed in MS Excel, SPSS and ArcGIS environments for quality trends in time-space fabric. The results showed that well water quality in the study area generally fell short of drinking water quality standards of Sierra Leone and WHO. There were high temperature and turbidity during the dry season and then high TDS and EC during the rainy season. Temperature and turbidity also significantly influenced well water quality in the study area, much more than TDS and EC. The implications for drinking water of lower quality than the standard could be huge for the local population and therefore needs the attention of stakeholders in the study area and decision makers in the country.

Evaluation of groundwater quality in the Xinjiang Plain Area

Groundwater is the main source of drinking water for the urban and rural residents in the plain area of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China.The quality of groundwater has a direct relationship with human health.Thus,386 groundwater samples collected from April to August in 2003 were analyzed.The samples were collected in basic evaluation units which are determined on the basis of watersheds.Total dissolved solids,total hardness,pH value,NH3–N,C6H5OH,Chemiluminescence detection of permanganate index(CODMn)and intestinal germ group were evaluated according to the guidelines of Groundwater Quality Standard(GB/T14848-93).The quality of the groundwater in each evaluation unit was classified by using the One Veto Method(a unified approach stipulated by the Ministry of Water Resources).The results indicate that the groundwater in the mainstream area of the Tarim Basin and the Yerqiang River Sub-basin belongs to Category V;the groundwater in the Wulungu River Sub-basin,the KaiduKongque River Sub-basin,the Kashgar River Sub-basin,the Cherchen River Sub-basin and the Hotan River Subbasin belongs to Category IV;the groundwater in the Aibi Lake System belongs to Category II,and the groundwater of other evaluation units belongs to Category III.The causes of water quality formation were concisely analyzed.The results can be useful for the evaluation and management of water resources in the Xinjiang Plain Area.