Heat-treated microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid forming Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid forming （LSF） Ti-6Al-4V alloy were investigated The influences of the temperature and time of solution treatment and aging treatment were analyzed. The results show that the microstructure of LSFed samples consists of Widmanstatten α laths and a little acicular in columnar prior β grains with an average grain width of 300 μm, which grow epitaxiaUy from the substrate along the deposition direction （27）. Solution treatment had an important effect on the width, aspect ratio, and volmne fraction of primary and secondary a laths, and aging treatment mainly affects the aspect ratio and volume fraction of primary α laths and the width and volume fraction of secondary a laths. Globular a phase was first observed in LSFed samples when the samples were heat treated with solution treatment （950℃, 8 h/air cooling （AC）） or with solution treatment （950℃, 1 h/AC） and aging treatment （550℃, above 8 h/AC）, respectively. The coarsening and globularization mechanisms of a phase in LSFed Ti-6Al-4V alloy during heat treatment were presented. To obtain good integrated mechanical properties for LSFed Ti-6Al-4V alloys, an optimized heat treatment regimen was suggested.

Effect of Intermediate Heat Treatment Temperature on Microstructure and Notch Sensitivity of Laser Solid Formed Inconel 718 Superalloy

Inconel 718 superalloys deposited by laser solid forming （LSF） were heat treated with solution treatment,intermediate heat treatment （IHT） and two-stage aging treatment in sequence （SITA heat treatment）.The effect of IHT temperature on microstructure,tensile property and notch sensitivity of LSFed Inconel 718 superalloy at 500 ℃ were investigated.As-deposited columnar grains have transformed to equiaxed grains and the grains were refined due to the recrystallization during the SITA heat treatment.It is found that the size and amount of δ phase dispersed at grain boundaries decreased with the increasing of IHT temperature,and δ phase disappeared when the IHT temperature reached 1 020 ℃.The ultimate tensile strength （UTS） and yield strength （YS） of smooth samples increased to a maximum when the IHT temperature reached 980 ℃ and then decreased slightly to a minimum when the IHT temperature was 1 000 ℃,and followed by slight increasing again till the IHT temperature reached 1 020 ℃,resulted from the competition of precipitation strengthening effect of γ″ and γ＇ phase and the grain boundary weakening effect caused by the gradual disappearance of δ phase with increasing the IHT temperature.The notch sensitivity factor （qe） decreased but still greater than 1 as the IHT temperature increased,which is attributed to the decrease of the size and amount of δ precipitation.

Medium performance effect on the high output energy from a xenon lamp-pumped pyrromethene-567 solid-state dye laser

In order to obtain a high output energy from a xenon lamp-pumped solid-state dye laser, homogeneities of laser mediums and flatnesses of medium faces with different processing treatments are discussed in the paper. The mediums without aging treatment, which are prepared by using a prepolymer process and have diamond-machined end faces to produce the required optical finish, give a highest laser output of 281.9 mJ with 0.215% slope efficiency at 2.0x 10^-4 mol/L. The best medium lifetime is 21 shots to 50% of original output equating 74.6 k J/liter.

New Progress on All Solid State Laser Technology in China

1 Significance of All Solid State Laser (DPL) Technology in Field of LaserBecause of the advantages of high conversion efficiency, good beam quality, small size and light weight, DPL becomes the hotspot and priority of development of laser technology. It may be the main body of laser in the future and replace gas laser and liquid laser. It is a great revolution of laser technology.The developed countries vie in developing DPL. China has achieved great success in this field, but there is a wide gap between the developed countries and us. We should attach great importance to it.

Self-Mixing Interference Effects in LD Pumped Multi-Mode Solid-State Laser

Based on the effective structure of the self-mixing interference effects,a general model for the self-mixing interference effects in the LD pumped solid-state laser has been established for the first time.The numerical simulation of the self-mixing interference signal has been done,the results show that when the external cavity length is integral times of 1/2,1/3,2/3,1/4,3/4 of the effective cavity length,the intensity of the self-mixing interference signals reach maximum in value.While that of single mode laser is integral times of half of the effective cavity length,the measuring precision of displacement of single mode laser is λ/2.A conclusion can be drawn from the above results that the measuring precision of displacement of multi-mode laser is higher than that of single mode laser.

Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of the impulse delivering from laser-produced plasma to solid target

A plasma is produced in air by using a high-intensity Q-switch Nd：YAG pulsed laser to irradiate a solid target, and the impulses delivering from the plasma to the target are measured at different laser power densities. Analysing the formation process of laser plasma and the laser supported detonation wave （LSDW） and using fluid mechanics theory and Pirri＇s methods, an approximately theoretical solution of the impulse delivering from the plasma to the target under our experimental condition is found. Furthermore, according to the formation time of plasma and the variation of pressure in plasma in a non-equilibrium state, a physical model of the interaction between the pulse laser and the solid target is developed. The plasma evolutions with time during and after the laser pulse irradiating the target are simulated numerically by using a three-dimensional difference scheme. And the numerical solutions of the impulse delivering from the plasma to the target are obtained. A comparison among the theoretical, numerical and experimental results and their analyses are performed. The experimental results are explained reasonably. The consistency between numerical results and experimental results implies that the numerical calculation model used in this paper can well describe the mechanical action of the laser on the target.

PM567-Doped solid dye lasers based on PMMA

Polymers are a kind of attractive hosts for laser dyes due to their high transparency in both pumping and lasing ranges and superior optical homogeneity. In this paper solid dye samples based on polymethyl methacrylate （PMMA） doped with different concentrations of 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 -pentamethyl-2, 6-diethylpyrromethene-BF2 （PM567） are prepared. The absorption, fluorescence and lasing spectra of the samples are obtained. Wide absorption and fluorescence bands are obtained and a red shift of the maxima of the lasing emission spectra is observed. With the second-harmonic generation of Q-switched Nd：YAC laser （532 nm, -20 ns） pumping the samples longitudinally, the slope efficiencies of the samples are obtained. There is an optimal dye concentration for the highest slope efficiency when the pumping energy is lower than some typical value （-250 mJ）, and the highest slope efficiency 35.6% is obtained in the sample with a dye concentration of 2 × 10^-4 mol/L. Pumping the samples at a rate of 10Hz with a pulse energy as high as 200 mJ （the fluence is 0.2 J/cm^2）, the output energy drops to one-half of its initial value after approximate 15500 pulses and the normalized photostability is 5.17CJ/mol. A kind of solid dye laser which could have some applications is built.

Infrared Laser Pumped Green and Blue Laser Emissions from a Single Solid State Material Doped by Rare Earth Ions

The possible ways and progress of infrared or red laser pumped green and blue laser emissions from a single solid state material doped by rare earth ions are outlined. The green and blue lasers realized from infrared laser pumped rare earth doped nonlinear laser crystals by means of self frequency conversion and from infrared laser pumped rare earth doped bulk, fiber and microsphere materials by means of frequency upconversion are introduced in detail. Other kinds of devices and methods are also compared. The typical nonlinear laser crystals such as YAl 3(BO 3) 4, GdAl 3(BO 3) 4, YCa 4O(BO 3) 3 , GdCa 4O(BO 3) 3, and the typical upconversion fluoride fibers are compared and analyzed. The major problems remaining to be solved and the developing trends in the area are also discussed.

Energy transfer in solid-state dye lasers based on methyl methacrylate co-doped with sulforhodamine B and crystal violet

Laser action in methyl methacrylate （MMA） co-doped with sulforhodamine B and crystal violet dyes was investi- gated. The dye mixture was incorporated into a solid polymeric matrix and was pumped by a 532-nm Nd：YAG laser. Distributed feedback dye laser （DFDL） action was induced in the dye mixture using a prism arrangement both in the donor and acceptor regions by an energy transfer mechanism. Theoretically, the characteristics of acceptor and donor DFDLs, and the dependence of their pulse widths and output powers on acceptor-donor concentrations and pump power, were studied. Experimentally, the output energy of DFDL was measured at the emission peaks of donor and acceptor dyes for different pump powers and different acceptor-donor concentrations. Tuning of the output wavelength was achieved by varying the period of the gain modulation of the laser medium. The laser wavelength showed continuous tunability from 563 nm to 648 nm.

Absorption of ultrashort intense lasers in laser–solid interactions

With the advent of ultrashort high intensity laser pulses, laser absorption during the laser–solid interactions has received significant attention over the last two decades since it is related to a variety of applications of high intensity lasers,including the hot electron production for fast ignition of fusion targets, table-top bright X-ray and gamma-ray sources,ion acceleration, compact neutron sources, and generally the creation of high energy density matters. Normally, some absorption mechanisms found for nanosecond long laser pulses also appear for ultrashort laser pulses. The peculiar aspects with ultrashort laser pulses are that their absorption depends significantly on the preplasma condition and the initial target structures. Meanwhile, relativistic nonlinearity and ponderomotive force associated with the laser pulses lead to new mechanisms or phenomena, which are usually not found with nanosecond long pulses. In this paper, we present an overview of the recent progress on the major absorption mechanisms in intense laser–solid interactions, where emphasis is paid to our related theory and simulation studies.

Superplastic solid state welding of steel and copper alloy based on laser quenching of steel surface

Based on the feasibility of isothermal superplastic solid state welding of steel and copper alloy, the welded surface of steel surface was ultra-fined through laser quenching, and then the welding process tests between different base metals of 40Cr and QCr0.5 were made under the condition of non vacuum and non shield gas. The experimental results show that, with the sample surface of steel after laser quenching and that of copper alloy carefully cleaned, and under the pre-pressed stress of 56.684.9 MPa, at the welding temperature of 750800 ℃ and at initial strain rate of （2.57.5）×10-4 s-1, the solid state welding can be finished in 120180 s so that the strength of the joint is up to that of QCr0.5 base metal and the expansion rate of the joint does not exceed 6%. The plastic deformation of the joint was further analysed. The superplastic deformation of the copper alloy occurs in welding process and the deformation of steel are little.

An all-solid-state high power quasi-continuous-wave tunable dual-wavelength Ti：sapphire laser system using birefringence filter

This paper describes a tunable dual-wavelength Ti：sapphire laser system with quasi-continuous-wave and high-power outputs. In the design of the laser, it adopts a frequency-doubled Nd：YAG laser as the pumping source, and the birefringence filter as the tuning element. Tunable dual-wavelength outputs with one wavelength range from 700 nm to 756.5 nm, another from 830 nm to 900mn have been demonstrated. With a pump power of 23 W at 532 nm, a repetition rate of 7 kHz and a pulse width of 47.6 ns, an output power of 5.1 W at 744.8 nm and 860.9 nm with a pulse width of 13.2 ns and a line width of 3 nm has been obtained, it indicates an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 22.2%.

Analytical modelling of end thermal coupling in a solid-state laser longitudinally bonded by a vertical-cavity top-emitting laser diode

The intrinsic features involving a circularly symmetric beam profile with low divergence, planar geometry as well as the increasingly enhanced power of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers （VCSELs） have made the VCSEL a promising pump source in direct end bonding to a solid-state laser medium to form the minimized, on-wafer integrated laser system. This scheme will generate a surface contact pump configuration and thus additional end thermal coupling to the laser medium through the joint interface of both materials, apart from pump beam heating. This paper analytically models temperature distributions in both VCSEL and the laser medium from the end thermal coupling regarding surface contact pump configuration using a top-emitting VCSEL as the pump source for the first time. The analytical solutions are derived by introducing relative temperature and mean temperature expressions. The results show that the end contact heating by the VCSEL could lead to considerable temperature variations associated with thermal phase shift and thermal lensing in the laser medium. However, if the central temperature of the interface is increased by less than 20 K, the end contact heating does not have a significant thermal influence on the laser medium. In this case, the thermal effect should be dominated by pump beam heating. This work provides useful analytical results for further analysis of hybrid thermal effects on those lasers pumped by a direct VCSEL bond.

Stimulated Emission of Gamma Photon from Ultrashort Pulse Intense Laser—Solid—Target Interaction

The efficient production of energetic γ photons is a significant physical process in the relativistic ultrashortpulse laser-plasma inducing photonuclear action. Based on the interaction of laser-solid-target, an analytical theory onstimulated γ photon emission from a hot electron firing the target-nucleus is developed by a relativistic full quantummethod. The emitting power or probability of γ photon in arbitrary space direction can be calculated for laser irradiatingsolid-target normally. It is valid only if the scatter-centre is immovable or its motion can be neglected compared withthat of the scattered electrons.

Enhanced laser characteristics of pyrromethene 650 using modified PMMA as solid hosts

Solid-state samples based on modified polymethyl methacrylate （MPMMA） with methanol doped with the dye pyrromethene 650 （PM650） axe prepared. The effects of a volume percentage of methanol on the laser characteristics of the sample, including spectra properties, slope efficiency, photostability and tunable properties, are investigated. The broadband dye laser output wavelength is around 655 nm and a highest slope efficiency of 32.23% is achieved. Pumping the samples at a repetition rate of 5 Hz with a pulse energy of as high as 100 mJ （the fluence is 0.26 J/cm2）, the longest lifetime （168000 shots） is obtained in the sample （MMA：methanol=18：2）, and the corresponding normalized photostability reaches 109.19 GJ/mol. When the sample （MMA：methanol=18：2） is placed in a Shoshan-type oscilla- tor, the naxrow-linewidth operation is a continuous tuning range （up to 64 nm）. The results indicate that the laser characteristics of solid-state dyes can be greatly enhanced by using modified PMMA with methanol serving as the solid host.

Research on All-solid-state Laser and Its Industrial Development in China

Some typical applications of solid-state laser are described, and its industrial development in China are also introduced in detail.

Development and Research on All-solid-state Intracavity Sum-frequency laser

Generation of intracavity multi-wavelength and the basic principle of sum-frequency lasers are discused, and the current research status and development of laser diode pumped lasers are introduced in detail.

Thermal Analysis of Blue Laser Diode for Solid State Lighting Application

Solid-state light sources based on laser diode are becoming great alternative for LEDs. Improvement of the thermal characteristics of InGaN LD is very important for realizing reliable devices. In this investigation the influence of the temperature of diode on light parameters was studied. White light was obtained by coupling blue light of diode with yellow phosphors: YAG:Ce3+ and GYAG:Ce3+ with nitride. For three values of the temperature of LD’s stem, regulated by Peltier module, CCT, CRI and chromaticity coordinates were measured by spectroradiometer. The importance of emission characteristics of materials was shown. Subsequently, the influence of temperature on laser diode intensity was investigated for 120 hours. This experiment was repeated for different levels of current and temperature. Finally, the steady state of thermal finite element analysis was performed to reveal the distribution of the temperature. The analysis showed the importance of heat sink and also temperature control.

利用非线性损耗提升全固态单频激光器输出功率研究进展(特邀)

全固态单频连续波激光器因其噪声低、线宽窄、光束质量好、功率稳定性高等优点已经被广泛应用于产生非经典光场、冷原子物理研究、引力波探测等诸多领域。随着科学技术的不断发展,传统的全固态激光器的输出功率已经不能满足前沿领域的需求,因此亟需在保持全固态激光器整体性能的同时进一步提升激光器的输出功率。为此首先需要更高的泵浦功率,而这将使激光器内部增益提高,在腔内损耗不变的情况下,原非振荡模式也将满足起振条件,从而使激光器在跳模或多模状态下运转。此外,激光晶体的热效应和损伤阈值也限制了输出功率的提高。本文介绍了一种利用非线性损耗大幅度提升全固态单频连续波激光器的输出功率的技术和方法。通过在谐振腔中引入非线性损耗,使主模经受的非线性损耗是次模的一半。在模式竞争的作用下,谐振腔内的模式被更进一步的选择,从而允许全固态单频激光器在更高的增益下保持单纵模运转。通过在谐振腔内插入多块增益晶体可以有效缓解由于激光增益晶体热效应的限制,从而实现更高功率的单频激光输出。目前高功率全固态连续波激光器的输出功率已经达到了一百瓦的量级,且还在进一步提高。通过在谐振腔内引入非线性损耗,全固态单频连续波激光器的整体性能在得以保障和提高的同时,其应用范围也得到了进一步的推广。

固体激光器涡旋光束产生实验系统设计与实现

高质量的涡旋光束在量子信息、激光雷达、激光通信等领域有着广泛的应用前景。为了用固体激光器直接产生涡旋光束,该文基于谐振腔模式与激光介质作用的速率方程,阐述了在二极管端面泵浦固体激光器中通过环形光泵浦产生拉盖尔-高斯涡旋光的原理。设计了环形光泵浦固体激光器产生涡旋光的实验方案并搭建了实验系统。实验产生了角向阶次为1阶、2阶的涡旋光束,相位涡旋手性可通过微调谐振腔输出镜调节。该实验能够使学生利用固体激光器直接产生涡旋光束并观察涡旋光束的相位特性,有助于学生加深对激光谐振腔模式理论及涡旋光束相位特性的理解,为相关专业学生的课程教学提供有力支撑。