Study on Solid Self-Lubricating Material for Plasma Facing Components in EAST

In this study, the friction performance of self-lubricating material with the counterpart steel ball-plate rubbing was investigated in vacuum conditions and the thermal distortion of the heat sink sample was tested. The analysis and test results show that the self-lubricating ma- terial has excellent anti-friction properties in high vacuum condition and can decrease the thermal stress and avoid damage to the PFCs during physical experiments.

Study on the Corrosion Properties of Several Kinds of High-temperature Solid Self-lubricating Material

In some adjusting mechanism,solid self-lubricating material that has hot-resistant and corrosion-resistant is need for adapting the work condition.In the present article,by the comparison study of mass loss and surface topography after corrosion in acid solution and vapour of the four kinds of material,graphite,polymer,BN composite and cermet,it was found that,graphite has good corrosion-resistant to acid solution and vapour under 200℃,but the corrosion-resistant will become worse dramatically under 400℃,polymer has worse corrosion-resistant behavior above 200℃.By comparison,BN self-lubricating composite has better hot-resistant and corrosion-resistant,which can meet the demand of the work condition.

Advancements and Challenges in Organic–Inorganic Composite Solid Electrolytes for All‑Solid‑State Lithium Batteries

To address the limitations of contemporary lithium-ion batteries,particularly their low energy density and safety concerns,all-solid-state lithium batteries equipped with solid-state electrolytes have been identified as an up-and-coming alternative.Among the various SEs,organic–inorganic composite solid electrolytes(OICSEs)that combine the advantages of both polymer and inorganic materials demonstrate promising potential for large-scale applications.However,OICSEs still face many challenges in practical applications,such as low ionic conductivity and poor interfacial stability,which severely limit their applications.This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent research advancements in OICSEs.Specifically,the influence of inorganic fillers on the main functional parameters of OICSEs,including ionic conductivity,Li+transfer number,mechanical strength,electrochemical stability,electronic conductivity,and thermal stability are systematically discussed.The lithium-ion conduction mechanism of OICSE is thoroughly analyzed and concluded from the microscopic perspective.Besides,the classic inorganic filler types,including both inert and active fillers,are categorized with special emphasis on the relationship between inorganic filler structure design and the electrochemical performance of OICSEs.Finally,the advanced characterization techniques relevant to OICSEs are summarized,and the challenges and perspectives on the future development of OICSEs are also highlighted for constructing superior ASSLBs.

The Friction and Wear Properties of the Spherical Plain Bearings with Self-lubricating Composite Liner in Oscillatory Movement

A test method based on the condition simulation and a friction and wear test machine featuring in oscillatory movement were set up for self-lubricating spherical plain bearings (SPB). In the machine the condition parameters such as load, angle and frequency of oscillation and number of test cycles can be properly controlled. The data relating to the tribological properties of the bearing, in terms of friction coefficient, linear wear amount, temperature near friction surface and applied load, can be monitored and recorded simultaneously during test process by a computerized measuring system of the machine. Efforts were made to improve the measurement technology of the friction coefficient in oscillating motion. In result, a well-designed bearing torque mechanism was developed, which could reveal the relation between the friction coefficient and the displacement of oscillating angle in any defined cycle while the curve of friction coefficient vs number of testing cycles was continuously plotted. The tribological properties and service life of four kinds of the bearings, i.e, the sampleⅠ-Ⅳ with different self-lubricating composite liners, including three kinds of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fiber weave/epoxy resin composite liners and a PTFE plastic/copper grid composite liner, were evaluated by testing, and the wear mechanisms of the liner materials were analyzed.

Effects of Friction Heat on the Tribological Properties of the Woven Self-lubricating Liner

In the dry-sliding process of the woven self-lubricating liner which is used in the self-lubricating spherical plain bearing, the friction heat plays an important role in the tribological performances of the liner. It has important value to study on the relationship between tribological performances of the liner and the friction heat. Unforttmately, up to now, published work on this relationship is quite scarce. Therefore, the effect of friction heat on the tribological performances of the liner was investigated in the present work. The tribological behaviors of the liner were evaluated by using the high temperature end surface wear tester. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） was utilized to examine the morphologies of worn surfaces of the liner and study the failure modes. Differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） measurement and X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis were performed to study the behaviors of the wear debris. The temperature rise on the worn surface was calculated according to classical models. SEM observation shows that the dominating wear mechanism for the liner is mainly affected by friction shear force, contact pressure and friction heat. Higher fusion heat for the wear debris than that for the pure polytetrafluroethylene （PTFE） indicates that the PTFE is the main portion of the wear debris, and, the PTFE in the wear debris shows a higher crystallisation degree owing to the effects of friction shear force and the friction heat. Combining the calculated temperature rise results with the wear rate of the liner, it can be concluded that the effects of temperature rise o n the tribological performances of the liner become more obvious when the temperature rise exceeds the glass transition temperature （Tg） of the PTFE. The wear resistance of the liner deteriorates dramatically when the temperature rise approaches to the melting point （Ton） of the PTFE. The tribological performances of the liner can be improved when the temperature rise exceeds Tg but is far lower than Ton- The present study on the relationship between the temperature rise and the tribological performances of the liner may provide the basis for further understanding of the wear mechanisms of the liner as well as the relationship between the formation of the PTFE transfer film and the friction heat during the dry-sliding of the Finer.

Tensile,compressive and wear behaviour of self-lubricating sintered magnesium based composites

The graphite （Gr）/MoS2 reinforced Mg self-lubricating composites were prepared through powder metallurgy. The composites were characterized for microstructure, physical, mechanical and wear properties. Gr/MoS2 phase in the composites was identified by XRD analysis. Microstructural observation showed that the Gr/MoS2 particles were homogeneously dispersed within the magnesium matrix. Micro-hardness was measured using an applied load of 5 g with a dwell time of 15 s at room temperature. Hardness of all the composites was measured to be in the range of VHN 29？34. The mechanical properties were studied using micro-hardness, tensile and compression tests. A fractographic analysis was performed using scanning electron microscope. The highest values of hardness, compressive strength and tensile strength were attained using Mg-10MoS2 composite. A pin-on-disk tribometer was used to measure the friction coefficient and the wear loss of the sintered composites. In addition to that, the friction and wear mechanism of the composites were systematically studied by worn surface characterization and wear debris studies using SEM analysis. The reduced friction coefficient and wear loss were achieved in MoS2 rather than Gr.

Effects of copper-coated MoS_(2) on friction performance of bronze-graphite-MoS_(2) self-lubricating materials

Two kinds of bronze-graphite-MoS_(2) self-lubricating materials with copper-coated MoS_(2) and uncoated MoS_(2) were prepared by powder metallurgy.Friction and wear experiments were carried out under 4 N and 10 N loads respectively,and the effects of copper-coated MoS_(2) on the friction performances of the materials were studied.Results showed that the way of copper-coated on the surface of MoS_(2) could reinforce the bonding between MoS_(2) and matrix,and inhibited the formation of MoO_(2).Moreover,both materials formed a MoS_(2) lubricating film on the surface during the friction process.While the lubricating film formed after copper coating on MoS_(2) was thicker and had uneven morphology,it was more conducive to improving the friction performance of the material.Compared with conventional materials,the wear rate of copper-coated materials was reduced by one order of magnitude,and the friction coefficient was also reduced by 22.44% and 22.53%,respectively,when sliding under 4 N and 10 N loads.It shows that copper-coated MoS_(2)can improve friction properties of bronze-graphite-MoS_(2)self-lubricating materials furtherly.

Self-lubricating behavior of Fe_(22)Co_(26)Cr_(20)Ni_(22)Ta_(10)high-entropy alloy matrix composites

Eutectic high entropy alloys(EHEAs)have high temperature stability,good mechanical properties,and are promising for tribological applications at high temperatures.To study the high temperature lubrication behavior,Fe_(22)Co_(26)Cr_(20)Ni_(22)Ta_(10)−(BaF_(2)/CaF_(2))x(x=3−20,wt.%)composites were prepared by spark plasma sintering(SPS),with BaF_(2)/CaF_(2) eutectic powder used as solid lubricant.The lubrication behavior and mechanical properties were studied at both room and high temperatures.With the increase of the content of BaF_(2)/CaF_(2) eutectic powder,the friction coefficients and the wear rates of the composites at 600 and 800℃ decrease significantly.The composites with eutectic powder content of 15 and 20 wt.%have the best lubricating performance at 600℃,with low friction coefficient and wear rates,mainly due to the good mechanical properties of EHEA matrix,the lubrication effect of BaF_(2)/CaF_(2) phase and the oxides formed on the worn surface.

基于Solid Works的针型阀虚拟设计与干涉检查

虚拟设计技术是以计算机仿真技术为前提,在产品设计阶段,实时、并行地模拟出产品开发全过程。以Solid Works软件为平台,以针型阀为例,详细论述了零件三维建模的方法和技巧,虚拟装配中的连接定位、干涉检查等常见问题和解决办法。从而缩短产品的开发周期、降低开发成本、优化设计质量,对产品设计开发人员具有较高的参考价值。

Tribological Behavior of Ni-based Self-lubricating Composites with the Addition of Ti3SiC2 and Ag2W2O7

The tribological properties of Nickel-based composites containing Ti3 SiC2 and Ag2 W2 O7 fabricated by spark plasma sintering against Si3 N4 balls were investigated using a ball-on-disk tribometer from room temperature to 600 ℃. The tribolayers formed on the friction surface and their effects on the tribological properties of composites at different temperatures were discussed based on the worn surface characterization. The results show that Ag2 W2 O7 is decomposed into metallic silver and CrWO4 during the high-temperature fabrication process. The composite with the addition of 20 wt% Ti3 SiC2 and 5 wt% Ag2 W2 O7 exhibits a friction coefficient of 0.33-0.49 and a wear rate of 7.07×10-5-9.89×10-5 mm3/（Nm） over a wide temperature range from room temperature to 600 ℃. The excellent tribological properties at a wide temperature range are attributed to the formation of a glaze layer at low temperature and a tribooxide layer at high temperature, which can provide a low shearing strength for the synergistic effects of Ag and tribooxides.

Tribological Properties of Self-lubricating Laminated Ceramic Materials

In order to improve the tribological properties of ceramic composites, Al2O3/TiC-Al2O3/ TiC/CaF2 self-lubricating laminated ceramic composites were prepared by vacuum hot pressing sintering. Experiments were conducted to get mechanical properties and the friction and wear properties were also measured with friction and wear tester. The worn surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscope （SEM） and energy dispersion spectrum （EDS）. The wear resistance properties and the self-lubricating effect of ceramic composites were analyzed. Results show that the Al2O3/TiC-Al2O3/TiC/CaF2 self-lubricating laminated ceramic composites layers are well-defined with a higher bonding strength and the mechanical performances are uniform enough to overcome the anisotropy of weak laminated ceramic composites. In addition, the fracture toughness of Al2O3/TiC layers is also improved. Its friction coefficient and wear rates decrease with the increase of rotation speed and load. Al2O3/TiC-Al2O3/TiC/CaF2 self-lubricating laminated ceramic composites have good wear resistance because of the tribofilm formed by the CaF2 solid lubricants. The wear mechanisms of Al2O3/TiC/ CaF2 layers are abrasive wear and Al2O3/TiC layers are adhesive wear.

Recent progresses in the development of tubular segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cells:Experimental and numerical study

Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs)have attracted a great deal of interest because they have the highest efficiency without using any noble metal as catalysts among all the fuel cell technologies.However,traditional SOFCs suffer from having a higher volume,current leakage,complex connections,and difficulty in gas sealing.To solve these problems,Rolls-Royce has fabricated a simple design by stacking cells in series on an insulating porous support,resulting in the tubular segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cells(SIS-SOFCs),which achieved higher output voltage.This work systematically reviews recent advances in the structures,preparation methods,perform-ances,and stability of tubular SIS-SOFCs in experimental and numerical studies.Finally,the challenges and future development of tubular SIS-SOFCs are also discussed.The findings of this work can help guide the direction and inspire innovation of future development in this field.

基于Solid Edge自动生成数控加工图的二次开发研究

基于Solid Edge软件平台,利用C#进行二次开发,设计出一款利用三维设计模型和组件图生成数控加工工艺图纸的批量设计软件,并详细展示了软件的工作流程、原理和关键技术。经应用验证,该软件具有出图快、信息匹配度高、适用模型范围广、操作灵活、界面友好等优点,以此实现了车间的无纸化高效数据传输和敏捷生产。

Highly Efficient Aligned Ion‑Conducting Network and Interface Chemistries for Depolarized All‑Solid‑State Lithium Metal Batteries

Improving the long-term cycling stability and energy density of all-solid-state lithium(Li)-metal batteries(ASSLMBs)at room temperature is a severe challenge because of the notorious solid–solid interfacial contact loss and sluggish ion transport.Solid electrolytes are generally studied as two-dimensional(2D)structures with planar interfaces,showing limited interfacial contact and further resulting in unstable Li/electrolyte and cathode/electrolyte interfaces.Herein,three-dimensional(3D)architecturally designed composite solid electrolytes are developed with independently controlled structural factors using 3D printing processing and post-curing treatment.Multiple-type electrolyte films with vertical-aligned micro-pillar(p-3DSE)and spiral(s-3DSE)structures are rationally designed and developed,which can be employed for both Li metal anode and cathode in terms of accelerating the Li+transport within electrodes and reinforcing the interfacial adhesion.The printed p-3DSE delivers robust long-term cycle life of up to 2600 cycles and a high critical current density of 1.92 mA cm^(−2).The optimized electrolyte structure could lead to ASSLMBs with a superior full-cell areal capacity of 2.75 mAh cm^(−2)(LFP)and 3.92 mAh cm^(−2)(NCM811).This unique design provides enhancements for both anode and cathode electrodes,thereby alleviating interfacial degradation induced by dendrite growth and contact loss.The approach in this study opens a new design strategy for advanced composite solid polymer electrolytes in ASSLMBs operating under high rates/capacities and room temperature.

Solid Bi_(2)O_(3)-derived nanostructured metallic bismuth with high formate selectivity for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO_(2)

CO_(2) electrochemical reduction(CO_(2)ER)is an important research area for carbon neutralization.However,available catalysts for CO_(2) reduction are still characterized by limited stability and activity.Recently,metallic bismuth(Bi)has emerged as a promising catalyst for CO_(2) ER.Herein,we report the solid cathode electroreduction of commercial micronized Bi2O3as a straightforward approach for the preparation of nanostructured Bi.At-1.1 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode in a KHCO3aqueous electrolyte,the resulting nanostructure Bi delivers a formate current density of~40 mA·cm^(-2) with a current efficiency of~86%,and the formate selectivity reaches97.6% at-0.78 V.Using nanosized Bi2O3as the precursor can further reduce the primary particle sizes of the resulting Bi,leading to a significantly increased formate selectivity at relatively low overpotentials.The high catalytic activity of nanostructured Bi is attributable to the ultrafine and interconnected Bi nanoparticles in the nanoporous structure,which exposes abundant active sites for CO_(2) electrocatalytic reduction.

How Does Stacking Pressure Affect the Performance of Solid Electrolytes and All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries?

All-solid-state lithium metal batteries(ASSLMBs)with solid electrolytes(SEs)have emerged as a promising alternative to liquid electrolyte-based Li-ion batteries due to their higher energy density and safety.However,since ASSLMBs lack the wetting properties of liquid electrolytes,they require stacking pressure to prevent contact loss between electrodes and SEs.Though previous studies showed that stacking pressure could impact certain performance aspects,a comprehensive investigation into the effects of stacking pressure has not been conducted.To address this gap,we utilized the Li_(6)PS_(5)Cl solid electrolyte as a reference and investigated the effects of stacking pressures on the performance of SEs and ASSLMBs.We also developed models to explain the underlying origin of these effects and predict battery performance,such as ionic conductivity and critical current density.Our results demonstrated that an appropriate stacking pressure is necessary to achieve optimal performance,and each step of applying pressure requires a specific pressure value.These findings can help explain discrepancies in the literature and provide guidance to establish standardized testing conditions and reporting benchmarks for ASSLMBs.Overall,this study contributes to the understanding of the impact of stacking pressure on the performance of ASSLMBs and highlights the importance of careful pressure optimization for optimal battery performance.

Toluene Processed All-Polymer Solar Cells with 18%Efficiency and Enhanced Stability Enabled by Solid Additive:Comparison Between Sequential-Processing and Blend-Casting

The emergence of polymerized small molecule acceptors(PSMAs)has significantly improved the performance of all-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs).However,the pace of device engineering lacks behind that of materials development,so that a majority of the PSMAs have not fulfilled their potentials.Furthermore,most high-performance all-PSCs rely on the use of chloroform as the processing solvent.For instance,the recent highperformance PSMA,named PJ1-γ,with high LUMO,and HOMO levels,could only achieve a PCE of 16.1%with a high-energy-level donor(JD40)using chloroform.Herein,we present a methodology combining sequential processing(SqP)with the addition of 0.5%wt PC_(71)BM as a solid additive(SA)to achieve an impressive efficiency of 18.0%for all-PSCs processed from toluene,an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent.Compared to the conventional blend-casting(BC)method whose best efficiency(16.7%)could only be achieved using chloroform,the SqP method significantly boosted the device efficiency using toluene as the processing solvent.In addition,the donor we employ is the classic PM6 that has deeper energy levels than JD40,which provides low energy loss for the device.We compare the results with another PSMA(PYF-T-o)with the same method.Finally,an improved photostability of the SqP devices with the incorporation of SA is demonstrated.

Advancements,strategies,and prospects of solid oxide electrolysis cells(SOECs):Towards enhanced performance and large-scale sustainable hydrogen production

Solid oxide electrolysis cells(SOECs)represent a crucial stride toward sustainable hydrogen generation,and this review explores their current scientific challenges,significant advancements,and potential for large-scale hydrogen production.In SOEC technology,the application of innovative fabrication tech-niques,doping strategies,and advanced materials has enhanced the performance and durability of these systems,although degradation challenges persist,implicating the prime focus for future advancements.Here we provide in-depth analysis of the recent developments in SOEC technology,including Oxygen-SOECs,Proton-SOECs,and Hybrid-SOECs.Specifically,Hybrid-SOECs,with their mixed ionic conducting electrolytes,demonstrate superior efficiency and the concurrent production of hydrogen and oxygen.Coupled with the capacity to harness waste heat,these advancements in SOEC technology present signif-icant promise for pilot-scale applications in industries.The review also highlights remarkable achieve-ments and potential reductions in capital expenditure for future SOEC systems,while elaborating on the micro and macro aspects of sOECs with an emphasis on ongoing research for optimization and scal-ability.It concludes with the potential of SOEC technology to meet various industrial energy needs and its significant contribution considering the key research priorities to tackle the global energy demands,ful-fillment,and decarbonization efforts.

Unique double-layer solid electrolyte interphase formed with fluorinated ether-based electrolytes for high-voltage lithium metal batteries

Li metal batteries using high-voltage layered oxides cathodes are of particular interest due to their high energy density.However,they suffer from short lifespan and extreme safety concerns,which are attributed to the degradation of layered oxides and the decomposition of electrolyte at high voltage,as well as the high reactivity of metallic Li.The key is the development of stable electrolytes against both highvoltage cathodes and Li with the formation of robust interphase films on the surfaces.Herein,we report a highly fluorinated ether,1,1,1-trifluoro-2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methoxy]ethane(TTME),as a cosolvent,which not only functions as a diluent forming a localized high concentration electrolyte(LHCE),but also participates in the construction of the inner solvation structure.The TTME-based electrolyte is stable itself at high voltage and induces the formation of a unique double-layer solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)film,which is embodied as one layer rich in crystalline structural components for enhanced mechanical strength and another amorphous layer with a higher concentration of organic components for enhanced flexibility.The Li||Cu cells display a noticeably high Coulombic efficiency of 99.28%after 300 cycles and Li symmetric cells maintain stable cycling more than 3200 h at 0.5 mA/cm^(2) and 1.0m Ah/cm^(2).In addition,lithium metal cells using LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2) and Li CoO_(2) cathodes(both loadings~3.0 m Ah/cm^(2))realize capacity retentions of>85%over 240 cycles with a charge cut-off voltage of 4.4 V and 90%for 170 cycles with a charge cut-off voltage of 4.5 V,respectively.This study offers a bifunctional ether-based electrolyte solvent beneficial for high-voltage Li metal batteries.

Design of low-alloying and high-performance solid solution-strengthened copper alloys with element substitution for sustainable development

Solid solution-strengthened copper alloys have the advantages of a simple composition and manufacturing process,high mechanical and electrical comprehensive performances,and low cost;thus,they are widely used in high-speed rail contact wires,electronic component connectors,and other devices.Overcoming the contradiction between low alloying and high performance is an important challenge in the development of solid solution-strengthened copper alloys.Taking the typical solid solution-strengthened alloy Cu-4Zn-1Sn as the research object,we proposed using the element In to replace Zn and Sn to achieve low alloying in this work.Two new alloys,Cu-1.5Zn-1Sn-0.4In and Cu-1.5Zn-0.9Sn-0.6In,were designed and prepared.The total weight percentage content of alloying elements decreased by 43%and 41%,respectively,while the product of ultimate tensile strength(UTS)and electrical conductivity(EC)of the annealed state increased by 14%and 15%.After cold rolling with a 90%reduction,the UTS of the two new alloys reached 576 and 627MPa,respectively,the EC was 44.9%IACS and 42.0%IACS,and the product of UTS and EC(UTS×EC)was 97%and 99%higher than that of the annealed state alloy.The dislocations proliferated greatly in cold-rolled alloys,and the strengthening effects of dislocations reached 332 and 356 MPa,respectively,which is the main reason for the considerable improvement in mechanical properties.