Research on Performance Optimization of Liquid Cooling and Composite Phase Change Material Coupling Cooling Thermal Management System for Vehicle Power Battery

The serpentine tube liquid cooling and composite PCM coupled cooling thermal management system is designed for 18650 cylindrical power batteries,with the maximum temperature and temperature difference of the power pack within the optimal temperature operating range as the target.The initial analysis of the battery pack at a 5C discharge rate,the influence of the single cell to cooling tube distance,the number of cooling tubes,inlet coolant temperature,the coolant flow rate,and other factors on the heat dissipation performance of the battery pack,initially determined a reasonable value for each design parameter.A control strategy is used to regulate the inlet flow rate and coolant temperature of the liquid cooling system in order to make full use of the latent heat of the composite PCM and reduce the pump’s energy consumption.The simulation results show that the maximum battery pack temperature of 309.8 K and the temperature difference of 4.6 K between individual cells with the control strategy are in the optimal temperature operating range of the power battery,and the utilization rate of the composite PCM is up to 90%.

Bifunctional Liquid Metals Allow Electrical Insulating Phase Change Materials to Dual-Mode Thermal Manage the Li-Ion Batteries

Phase change materials(PCMs)are expected to achieve dual-mode thermal management for heating and cooling Li-ion batteries(LIBs)according to real-time thermal conditions,guaranteeing the reliable operation of LIBs in both cold and hot environments.Herein,we report a liquid metal(LM)modified polyethylene glycol/LM/boron nitride PCM,capable of dual-mode thermal managing the LIBs through photothermal effect and passive thermal conduction.Its geometrical conformation and thermal pathways fabricated through ice-template strategy are conformable to the LIB’s structure and heat-conduction characteristic.Typically,soft and deformable LMs are modified on the boron nitride surface,serving as thermal bridges to reduce the contact thermal resistance among adjacent fillers to realize high thermal conductivity of 8.8 and 7.6 W m^(−1) K^(−1) in the vertical and in-plane directions,respectively.In addition,LM with excellent photothermal performance provides the PCM with efficient battery heating capability if employing a controllable lighting system.As a proof-of-concept,this PCM is manifested to heat battery to an appropriate temperature range in a cold environment and lower the working temperature of the LIBs by more than 10℃ at high charging/discharging rate,opening opportunities for LIBs with durable working performance and evitable risk of thermal runaway.

Model-based optimal design of phase change ionic liquids for efficient thermal energy storage

The selection of phase change material(PCM)plays an important role in developing high-efficient thermal energy storage(TES)processes.Ionic liquids(ILs)or organic salts are thermally stable,non-volatile,and non-flammable.Importantly,researchers have proved that some ILs possess higher latent heat of fusion than conventional PCMs.Despite these attractive characteristics,yet surprisingly,little research has been performed to the systematic selection or structural design of ILs for TES.Besides,most of the existing work is only focused on the latent heat when selecting PCMs.However,one should note that other properties such as heat capacity and thermal conductivity could affect the TES performance as well.In this work,we propose a computer-aided molecular design(CAMD)based method to systematically design IL PCMs for a practical TES process.The effects of different IL properties are simultaneously captured in the IL property models and TES process models.Optimal ILs holding a best compromise of all the properties are identified through the solution of a formulated CAMD problem where the TES performance of the process is maximized.[MPyEtOH][TfO]is found to be the best material and excitingly,the identified top nine ILs all show a higher TES performance than the traditional PCM paraffin wax at 10 h thermal charging time.

Synthesis and Characterization of Liquid Crystal with Lower Temperature of Phase Change of meso-tetra-(4-n-lauroyloxyphenyl)porphyrin

The synthesis and characterization of meso-tetra (4-n-lauroyloxy phenyl) porphyrin with long ester chains are reported. The domains of stability and the structure of the liquid crystalline phases are determined by optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimerials (DSC).

Microscale Infrared Observation of Liquid-Vapor Phase Change Process on the Surface of Porous Media for Loop Heat Pipe

Loop Heat Pipe (LHP) performance strongly depends on the performance of a wick that is porous media inserted in an evaporator. In this paper, the visualization results of thermo-fluid behavior on the surface of the wick with microscopic infrared thermography were reported. In this study, 2 different samples that simulated a part of wick in the evaporator were used. The wicks were made by different two materials: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and stainless steel (SUS). The pore radii of PTFE wick and SUS wick are 1.2 μm and 22.5 μm. The difference of thermo-fluid behavior that was caused by the difference of material was investigated. These two materials include 4 different properties: pore radius, thermal conductivity, permeability and porosity. In order to investigate the effect of the thermal conductivity on wick’s operating mode, the phase diagram on the q-keff plane was made. Based on the temperature line profiles, two operating modes: mode of heat conduction and mode of convection were observed. The effective thermal conductivity of the porous media has strong effect on the operating modes. In addition, the difference of heat leak through the wick that was caused by the difference of the material was discussed.

Thermal comfort in a building with Trombe wall integrated with phase change materials in hot summer and cold winter region without air conditioning

Trombe wall and phase change materials(PCMs)are two effective ways to regulate indoor thermal comfort.However,Trombe wall surfers from overheating in summer and PCMs suffer from low heat transfer rate caused by the limited thermal conductivity.To compensate the shortcomings of the two methods,this paper proposed a Trombe wall system integrated with PCMs.Based on a light-weight building envelope in Changsha,China,the thermal comfort of 10 kinds of Trombe wall systems with PCMs with a melting temperature of 18-28℃ were studied.Taking the integrated indoor discomfort duration(I_(D)),integrated indoor discomfort degree-hour(I_(DH)),indoor air temperature(T_(in)),PCM liquid fraction(γ)and heat flux across wall(q)as evaluation indexes,the indoor thermal comfort was assessed in hot summer and cold winter region.Results show that the Trombe wall helped PCMs complete the phase change process effectively.Trombe wall with PCM25 next to the wall inner surface possessed the lowest annual I_(D) and I_(DH),as 2877 h and 12,974℃·h,respectively.Compared with the values in a traditional building,the I_(D) and I_(DH) were reduced by 7.01% and 14.14%.In order to give full play to the heat storage and heat release of the Trombe wall with PCMs,PCMs with phase change temperature 7℃ lower than the peak ambient temperature in summer or 8℃ higher than the winter night temperature was recommended according to regional climate conditions.

固–液相变含水率区间松散土石体中细粒组分抗剪特性试验

松散土石体在泥水作用下易引发地质灾害,其中细粒组分在高含水率下的抗剪性能骤然劣化是触发相变失稳的重要因素之一。基于环剪试验,对三峡库区某滑坡松散土石体试样设计试验方案,研究细组构由软塑~流塑发展的固-液相变全过程抗剪特性演化规律。结果表明:松散土石体试样为粗细组分二元特征较强的级配不良土体介质,其中,细粒组分在原状干密度条件下的饱和含水率为23.6%,液塑限分别为27.2和18.1,据此选定含水率23.6%~29.0%范围中的5个取值制定试验方案,可完整覆盖细粒组分的软塑~流塑相变;含水率为25.0%、26.0%和27.0%时,试样处软塑状态,在低法向压力下均可顺利开展环剪试验;其中,含水率25.0%试样恰进入软塑态,较含水率23.6%试样的峰值和残余内摩擦角分别降低23.5%和18.6%,峰值和残余黏聚力均降低超过80%。含水率为28.0%和29.0%时,试样已处于流塑状态,仅在无法向压力时可顺利开展环剪试验,且抗剪强度极低,其物理意义贴近于高黏稠泥浆的黏滞性;根据试样的黏聚力c在进入软塑状态时基本丧失,而内摩擦角φ表现为在软塑区间随含水率增加而逐步降低,进而触及液限骤然丧失的特性分析,c和φ劣化过程异步;经单元体受力模式和概化分析认为,相变前软塑状态试样静止侧压力系数K0的激增缓解了φ值的大幅骤降。

相变腔冷凝现象对沸腾-凝结共存相变传热的影响

针对平板热管均热器内部狭小空间存在着强烈的沸腾与凝结相互作用,以去离子水为工质,可视化实验研究了冷凝面上发生的凝结现象及其对相变腔传热性能的影响。通过分析冷凝面上液滴的形成、长大、汇聚成液膜、滴落,以及气液界面产生气泡随气流运动对冷凝液膜的冲刷作用,揭示了不同热流密度和充液率时相变腔冷凝面传热传质特性对沸腾-凝结共存相变传热影响的内在机理。实验结果表明:受重力影响,水蒸气在冷凝面上凝结有液滴和液膜共存并相互转化的特性,冷凝面热阻在相变腔总热阻中占比65%~88%,适宜的充液率有利于沸腾气泡冲刷冷凝壁面,加快冷凝液的回流,改善冷凝面及相变腔的传热性能;随着热流密度的增大,沸腾过程变得剧烈,冷凝面受沸腾气泡的冲刷频率提高,冷凝液回流速度加快,冷凝面热阻减小,传热性能得到提高。

射流参数对双孔液态CO_(2)相变冲击岩石裂纹扩展的影响

液态CO_(2)相变作用时的射流形状与冲击方向影响着破岩效果。基于自行构建的试验系统,结合LS-DYNA数值模拟,研究了双孔液态CO_(2)在不同气流释放方向组合下的岩石裂纹扩展规律。结果表明:双孔X方向相背冲击时,岩石裂纹并不能在两孔之间扩展贯通。双孔X方向相对冲击时,两孔之间形成贯穿裂纹。双孔Y方向同向冲击时,裂纹沿初始冲击方向扩展,并在孔周围扩展形成多条裂纹。数值模拟结果表明:在不同释放口组合冲击作用下,X方向相对冲击时裂纹在两孔之间形成贯穿,初始裂纹继续扩展贯穿至前后侧面。X方向相背冲击下的试样裂隙主要向预留孔四周扩展。Y方向同向冲击下试样内部裂隙沿初始气流冲击方向的反方向扩展,并未形成贯穿裂纹。从裂纹定向扩展效果而言,双孔X方向相对冲击效果最好,Y方向同向冲击次之,X方向相背冲击最差。从顶面主裂纹扩展数量而言,X方向相背冲击最多,Y方向同向冲击次之,X方向相对冲击最少。研究结果可为CO_(2)冲击致裂技术应用提供指导。

微重力条件下PCM液桥内固液相变过程及热毛细对流数值模拟

为揭示微重力条件下PCM液桥相变过程流动特征及相变演化规律,建立PCM液桥数理模型,采用数值模拟的方法系统研究了不同工况下PCM液桥相变过程中固液界面的演化过程,分析不同高径比和温差对液桥形状、固液界面演化规律、相变速度和热毛细流动的影响.研究结果显示,在大温差条件下热毛细流动更加强烈,处于外部壁面处的相变材料的相变速度也会更快,外壁处的相变界面与壁面的夹角会更小.大高径比条件下会有同样的效果,同时也会产生更多的涡胞结构,热毛细对流效果更明显.结果表明,微重力条件下通过流体界面热毛细效应强化PCM相变是一种有效的方法.

化工用低温液氢泵密封相变性能分析及验证

低温液氢泵在石油、空分等装置中起着输送低温产品的作用,低温泵用机械密封是确保低温泵安全运转、影响低温泵工作性能的关键因素。为满足低温泵用机械密封长期可靠使用的要求,采用动压型非接触式机械密封方案,建立考虑相变的流固热耦合数值分析模型,对低温液氢泵密封的相变和密封特性进行分析,给出密封端面结构的推荐值;并通过试验验证数值模型的正确性。

餐厨垃圾相变液制备小球藻饲料对罗氏沼虾生长性能及营养成分的影响

为探究餐厨垃圾耦合培养的小球藻饲料对罗氏沼虾生长性能、基础营养成分和品质的影响,以大塘养殖罗氏沼虾为试验对象,在基础饲料中添加0.1%小球藻饲料,进行30 d的养殖试验,测定其生长性能、基础体成分和肌肉营养成分。试验结果显示,添加0.1%小球藻饲料能够提高罗氏沼虾的终末平均体重、终末平均体长、质量增加率和特定生长率,差异不显著(P>0.05)。添加小球藻饲料有助于提高虾体的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、Ca、P等含量,差异不显著(P>0.05);此外,添加小球藻饲料能提高虾体的部分必需氨基酸含量和不饱和脂肪酸含量,其中单不饱和脂肪酸含量是对照组的2倍,多不饱和脂肪酸含量比对照组提高了25.6%,油酸、花生一烯酸和亚油酸含量分别达1 131.10、24.87和768.91μg·mL^(-1),显著高于对照组(P<0.05),具有较高的食用价值与保健作用。

液态金属在电子热控中的应用进展与挑战

液态金属作为当下科学和工业前沿的璀璨明珠,不仅是实际应用中不可或缺的重要组成部分,更是一个充满未知奇迹的探索领域。其独特的物理性质使得它在电子热控方面备受瞩目。文中剖析了热控应用中至关重要的典型液态金属的物理参数和性能,深入挖掘了液态金属在电子热控中的应用场景,介绍了它作为热界面材料、相变储能材料和循环工质的现状和研究进展,并进一步阐述了液态金属在电子热控应用中面临的主要技术挑战,提出了应对这些技术挑战的技术途径,指出了液态金属未来的研究方向。

面向短时/断续工作制的电机系统固–液相变热管理技术及应用发展

固–液相变现象表现出的潜热特性可有效平抑瞬时温升,将其应用于航天航空、奔越式机器人、新能源汽车、数控机床等电机热管理系统,可有效提高短时工作制或断续周期性工作制(S2—S8)下运行的伺服电驱动系统的瞬态性能。为了总结归纳固–液相变材料的电机系统热管理技术及其应用现状,该文针对固–液相变材料特性、系统数值计算与仿真模拟、样机实验测试方法、相变热管理系统结构等4个方面开展调研,并提出亟待解决的关键技术问题。研究发现:目前阶段石蜡和低温熔盐是适合电机系统的最佳相变介质,但仍存在导热系数较低的问题,需通过改性强化解决;通过机壳灌注相变材料,可有效实现温升平抑,但尚缺乏有针对性的热路拓扑设计;采用焓–多孔方法是模拟相变过程的理想手段,但糊状区参数的取值缺乏理论指导;最后,固–液相变过程的测试中侵入式传感器易对电磁、热、流场的自然演变过程产生干扰。

相变材料和液冷结合的锂离子电池热管理性能优化

相变材料因其良好的控温能力在电池热管理中得到了广泛的研究,但在高温环境和高放电倍率下,单纯依靠相变材料很难满足热管理的要求。设计了相变材料和冷却板混合的电池热管理方式并对其进行数值模拟,与采用纯相变冷却进行了对比。分析了电池间距、冷却液入口速度对电池最高温度以及相变材料液化率的影响,并对充放电循环过程进行了探究。结果表明,在高温和高放电工况下,液冷的引入解决了因相变材料完全液化导致的电池温度恶化和中间电池热量累积的问题。相比于纯相变冷却,当冷却液速度为0.5 m/s时,混合冷却可将电池的间距减小至3 mm,继续增大冷却液的速度对热管理性能提升较小。同时,液冷板的加入可以减少首次充放电循环对后续循环过程的影响,增加电池的使用寿命。

Marangoni流动对液滴撞击过热液池影响的数值模拟

对液滴撞击过热液池的动态过程进行数值模拟,着重关注由液池表面不均匀温度引起的马兰戈尼效应(Marangoni effect)对液池内的流场和温度场演化过程的影响。当乙醇液滴落入过热油池后,液池表面温度随着液滴的靠近而迅速下降,从而在径向上产生很大的温度梯度。由此引发的沿径向向内的Marangoni力会与沿径向向外的蒸汽剪切应力相抗衡,进而在蒸汽层最薄的位置形成一个“热射流”结构。随着时间的推进,占据主导地位的Marangoni力逐渐将“热射流”向内推动,直至在液滴下方形成下沉羽流。此外,随着液池黏度的增加,液池内由表面蒸汽应力引起的流动将被抑制,进而导致界面附近的换热效率大幅下降。

硅基微柱簇阵列微通道流动沸腾实验研究

为实现硅基微通道流动沸腾换热强化,分别设计并加工了具有并联微通道、稀疏微柱簇和致密微柱簇结构的微通道换热器,以丙酮为工质开展热通量200~650 kW·m^(-2)的流动沸腾实验。结果表明,相较于并联微通道,稀疏微柱簇和致密微柱簇微通道具有更强的两相换热性能;在质量流速43 kg·m^(-2)·s^(-1)的条件下,稀疏微柱簇微通道与致密微柱簇微通道的平均传热系数分别可达到18.6和17.8 kW·m^(-2)·K^(-1),稀疏微柱簇微通道PEC最大可达到1.49。微柱簇阵列随热通量的增加呈现出三种不同流型,可视化研究表明,稀疏微柱簇内产生的汽相更倾向发生微柱簇绕流,而致密微柱簇内产生的汽相更倾向包裹住微柱簇,这使得前者表现出更强的两相换热性能。

微多孔铜表面参数对自驱射流强化池沸腾的影响

为强化池沸腾性能,本文基于一种适用于实际池沸腾强化的自驱射流冲击装置,使用R1336mzz(Z)作为工质,微多孔铜表面为加热表面,实验研究了自驱射流装置对沸腾性能的影响,并参数化研究了微多孔表面制备特征对池沸腾性能的影响,如烧结过程中的铜粉粒径尺寸(43µm、66µm、101µm)以及微多孔层厚度与粒径尺寸之比(4、6、10)。研究结果表明,自驱射流装置的置入确保了液体对表面的持续供给以及促进了气泡的脱离,从而有效增强了微多孔铜表面的临界热流密度(CHF)。然而,自驱射流的存在会对沸腾产生抑制作用,从而造成换热性能的轻微恶化,且抑制程度强弱与铜粉粒径尺寸大小呈正相关、与厚度与粒径之比大小呈负相关。参数化研究结果显示,沸腾换热性能随粒径增大而增大、随厚度与粒径之比增大先增大后降低。微多孔铜表面吸液能力均随铜粉粒径以及厚度与粒径之比的增加而提升,并且大部分情形下,搭配自驱射流装置与否,均不会影响其与CHF的线性正相关。但是,当粒径尺寸为101µm时,自驱射流装置会放大其过小的毛细力所带来的润湿劣势,进而造成CHF的偏低。与非微多孔铜表面的标准池沸腾性能相比,本研究的CHF和hNB@CHF提升幅度分别可达189.2%和337.5%,最佳为CHF=72.0W/cm^(2)和hNB@CHF=87.5kW/(m^(2)·K)。

基于电池冷却用新型脉动热管性能的实验研究

提出一种电池冷却用C形脉动热管(pulsating heat pipe,PHP),具有较好的散热性和包裹特性。选择甲醇、丙酮、去离子水、乙醇和甲醇-丙酮混合物为PHP工质,实验研究了不同加热功率和充液率(filling rate,FR)工况下PHP的性能。结果表明,FR过高或过低均不利于C形PHP稳定运行,实际应用中需综合考虑热阻、传热极限等指标,选取合适的FR。实验研究范围内,C形PHP最佳FR在45%左右。综合考虑蒸发温度与热阻,甲醇-丙酮混合物C形PHP具备更好的性能,能够满足第二代Mirai电池冷却需求,可将其表面温度控制在84℃以下,允许的电池最大体积功率密度为6 kW/L。依据应用场合选择工质和布置方式后,PHP能保证受控对象的安全运行。相关结论为电池热控制系统设计提供了重要的参考和借鉴。

相变材料耦合微通道液冷的锂电池热管理研究

针对圆柱形锂离子电池组恶劣工况下的散热问题,设计了一种复合相变材料(PCM)耦合液冷冷却的电池组热管理系统。试验得出PCM中最佳碳化硅(SIC)质量分数为5%。设计了一种PCM耦合波浪形微通道液冷的电池热管理系统。在40℃环境温度、2 C放电倍率下,所设计的热管理系统的电池最高温度为49.88℃,最大模块温差为5.14℃,最大单体温差4.34℃。设计的PCM耦合液冷冷却方式相较于自然对流和PCM单一冷却方式,电池组最高温度分别下降了26.95和3.55℃。结果表明:所设计的PCM耦合液冷的电池热管理系统可以保证电池组在恶劣工况下正常工作。