This review gives first a brief view of the potential availability of sustainable energy.It is clear that over 100 times more solar photovoltaic energy than necessary is readily accessible and that practically availab...This review gives first a brief view of the potential availability of sustainable energy.It is clear that over 100 times more solar photovoltaic energy than necessary is readily accessible and that practically available wind alone may deliver sufficient energy supply to the world.Due to the intermittency of these sources,effective and inexpensive energy-conversion and storage technology is needed.Motivation for the possible electrolysis application of reversible solid-oxide cells(RSOCs),including a comparison of power-to-fuel/fuel-to-power to other energy-conversion and storage technologies is presented.RSOC electrochemistry and chemistry of H_(2)O,CO_(2),H_(2),CO,CnHm(hydrocarbons)and NH3,including thermodynamics and cell performance,are described.The mechanical strength of popular cell supports is outlined,and newly found stronger materials are mentioned.Common cell-degradation mechanisms,including the effect of common impurities in gases and materials(such as S and Si),plus the deleterious effects of carbon deposition in the fuel electrode are described followed by explanations of how to avoid or ease the consequences.Visions of how RSOCs powered by sustainable energy may be applied on a large scale for the transportation sector via power-to-fuel technology and for integration with the electrical grid together with seasonal storage are presented.Finally,a brief comparison of RSOCs to other electrolysis cells and an outlook with examples of actions necessary to commercialize RSOC applications are sketched.展开更多
Combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP)systems are characterized by a substantially higher energy-utilization efficiency compared to standalone systems.In this study,an integrated system comprising a solid-oxide fuel...Combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP)systems are characterized by a substantially higher energy-utilization efficiency compared to standalone systems.In this study,an integrated system comprising a solid-oxide fuel cell(SOFC),hot-water storage tank(HWST)and absorption refrigeration(AR)cycle is considered.The SOFC model was developed in Aspen Plus®.It was used to determine the thermodynamic properties of the exhaust gas that was then used to provide heat for the HWST and to drive the AR cycle.Thermodynamic models for the AR cycles were developed in Engineering Equation Solver,considering LiBr-H2O and NH3-H2O as working fluids.The sensitivity analysis of a number of SOFC output parameters has been carried out.The most optimal case was characterized with the coefficient of performance(COP)and CCHP efficiency of 0.806 and 85.2%for the LiBr-H2O system,and 0.649 and 83.6%for the NH3-H2O system,respectively.Under such optimal operating conditions,the SOFC was characterized by the net electrical efficiency of 57.5%and the net power output of 123.66 kW.Data from the optimal solution were used to perform the thermodynamic study and sensitivity analysis to assess the influence of different absorption cycle operating conditions and to identify possible applications for the considered integrated systems.展开更多
Epitaxial growth of SmFeO3/SrRuO3 was achieved on SrTiO3 substrates by the pulsed laser deposition(PLD)method at 973 K under oxygen partial pressure of 12.5 Pa.No Fe2+leakage was detected in our SmFeO3 film.The remane...Epitaxial growth of SmFeO3/SrRuO3 was achieved on SrTiO3 substrates by the pulsed laser deposition(PLD)method at 973 K under oxygen partial pressure of 12.5 Pa.No Fe2+leakage was detected in our SmFeO3 film.The remanent polarization and coercive electric field of the thin film with a higher degree of orientation along(110)were 1.97μC/cm2 and 0.89×104 V/cm at room temperature,respectively.This film showed enhanced canted antiferromagnetism spin ordering compared with its corresponding powder materials.展开更多
文摘This review gives first a brief view of the potential availability of sustainable energy.It is clear that over 100 times more solar photovoltaic energy than necessary is readily accessible and that practically available wind alone may deliver sufficient energy supply to the world.Due to the intermittency of these sources,effective and inexpensive energy-conversion and storage technology is needed.Motivation for the possible electrolysis application of reversible solid-oxide cells(RSOCs),including a comparison of power-to-fuel/fuel-to-power to other energy-conversion and storage technologies is presented.RSOC electrochemistry and chemistry of H_(2)O,CO_(2),H_(2),CO,CnHm(hydrocarbons)and NH3,including thermodynamics and cell performance,are described.The mechanical strength of popular cell supports is outlined,and newly found stronger materials are mentioned.Common cell-degradation mechanisms,including the effect of common impurities in gases and materials(such as S and Si),plus the deleterious effects of carbon deposition in the fuel electrode are described followed by explanations of how to avoid or ease the consequences.Visions of how RSOCs powered by sustainable energy may be applied on a large scale for the transportation sector via power-to-fuel technology and for integration with the electrical grid together with seasonal storage are presented.Finally,a brief comparison of RSOCs to other electrolysis cells and an outlook with examples of actions necessary to commercialize RSOC applications are sketched.
文摘Combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP)systems are characterized by a substantially higher energy-utilization efficiency compared to standalone systems.In this study,an integrated system comprising a solid-oxide fuel cell(SOFC),hot-water storage tank(HWST)and absorption refrigeration(AR)cycle is considered.The SOFC model was developed in Aspen Plus®.It was used to determine the thermodynamic properties of the exhaust gas that was then used to provide heat for the HWST and to drive the AR cycle.Thermodynamic models for the AR cycles were developed in Engineering Equation Solver,considering LiBr-H2O and NH3-H2O as working fluids.The sensitivity analysis of a number of SOFC output parameters has been carried out.The most optimal case was characterized with the coefficient of performance(COP)and CCHP efficiency of 0.806 and 85.2%for the LiBr-H2O system,and 0.649 and 83.6%for the NH3-H2O system,respectively.Under such optimal operating conditions,the SOFC was characterized by the net electrical efficiency of 57.5%and the net power output of 123.66 kW.Data from the optimal solution were used to perform the thermodynamic study and sensitivity analysis to assess the influence of different absorption cycle operating conditions and to identify possible applications for the considered integrated systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(90922034,21131002,and 21201075)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(20110061130005)
文摘Epitaxial growth of SmFeO3/SrRuO3 was achieved on SrTiO3 substrates by the pulsed laser deposition(PLD)method at 973 K under oxygen partial pressure of 12.5 Pa.No Fe2+leakage was detected in our SmFeO3 film.The remanent polarization and coercive electric field of the thin film with a higher degree of orientation along(110)were 1.97μC/cm2 and 0.89×104 V/cm at room temperature,respectively.This film showed enhanced canted antiferromagnetism spin ordering compared with its corresponding powder materials.
