NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF STRESS-STRAIN DISTRIBUTIONS FOR WELD METAL SOLIDIFICATION CRACKING IN STAINLESS STEEL

This paper analyzed the characteristics of welding solidification crack of stainless steels,and clearly re- vealed the the of the deformation in the molten - the pool and the solidification shrinkage on the stress - strain fields in the trail of molten - weld pool.Moreover, rheologic properties of the alloys in solid - liquid zone were also obtained by measuring the hading and unloading deform curves of the steels.As a result, a numerical model for simulation of stress - strain distributions of welding solidifi- cation crack was developed. On the basis of the model,the thesis simulated the driving force of solidifi- cation crack of stainless steels, that is, stress - strain fields in the trail of molten-weld pool with fi- nite element method.

Stress/strain distributions for weld metal solidification crack instain less steels

This paper has simulated the driving force of solidification crack of stainless steels, that is, stress/strain field in the trail of molten pool. Firstly, the effect of the deformation in the molten pool was eliminated after the element rebirth method was adopted. Secondly, the influence of solidification shrinkage was taken into account by increasing thermal expansion coefficients of the steels at elevated temperatures. Finally, the stress/strain distributions of different conditions have been computed and analyzed. Furthermore, the driving force curves of the solidification crack of the steels have been obtained by converting strain time curves into strain temperature curves, which founds a basis for predicting welding solidification crack.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TEMPERATURE FIELDS FOR WELD METAL SOLIDIFICATION CRACKING IN STAINLESS STEELS

This paper has analyzed the influences of the heat input of welding arc, the latent heat of solidifica- tion,fluid flow of liquid metal on the heat conductivity pertaining to welding solidification crack of stainless steels. As a result,two - dimensional heat conduction models with prescribed heat flux mov- ing along the the have been developed that can simulate welding arc, convection and radiation heat loss from top and bottom surfaces of the workpiece. Finally, the finite element model was used to ana- lyze and calculate the temperature field.

Development of the model for simulating weld metal solidification cracking in stainless steel

According to the characteristics of welding process, this paper divided the welding joint of a weldment into three zones: the liquid zone in the molten pool, the solid liquid co existing zone and the solid zone. In order to develop the stress/strain numerical model, the mechanical behaviors of the three zones were analyzed in detail. Moreover, Based on the solid fractions during solidification process and loading unloading deforming curves of stainless steel SUS310, this paper also studied the effects of deformation of molten pool, the rheologic properties and solidification shrinkage on stress/strain evaluating processes. Finally, the influence of the deformation in the molten pool was eliminated by element rebirth method. Furthermore, the algorithm of the thermal stress/strain for the solid metal formulated on the basis of the incremental thermo elastoplastic constitutive theory. As a result, a numerical simulation model of stress/strain distributions for welding solidification crack was developed.

The effect of solidification behaviour of austenitic stainless steel on the solidification cracking susceptibility

On the basis of quantitative evaluation of susceptibility to solidification cracking with Trans-Varestraint-Test, the microstructures of two stainless steels of 316L and alloy 800H with different Creq/Nieq ratios during solidification process were analyzed with several methods. It is concluded that the susceptibility to solidification cracking of 316L-stainless steel is much lower than that of alloy 800H due to different solidification behaviors of the weld metal of the two materials. The weld metal of alloy 800H solidifies in the form of primary austenite whose boundaries are straight and smooth and easily wetted by low melting-point liquid phases, which increases the susceptibility to solidification cracking; while the 316L weld metal solidifies into primary austenite/ferrite. Owing to a series of dynamic microstructure changes during solidification such as peritectic reactions, migration of austenitic boundaries and nailing of δ-ferrite to the boundaries, the grains become finer, the orientations of columnar grains get disordered and the boundaries are curved and complex. Also high temperature δ-ferrite exists, segregation of impurities at boundaries decreases and the boundaries are hard to be wetted by liquid films, which reduces the cracking susceptibility.

Numerical simulation of temperature fields for weld metal solidification cracking in stainless steels

This paper has analyzed the influences of the heat input of the welding arc, the latent heat of solidification, the fluid flow of liquid metal on the heat conductivity pertaining to the welding solidification crack of stainless steels. As a result, two dimensional heat conduction models with the prescribed heat flux moving along the weld have been developed that can simulate welding arc, convection and radiation heat loss from top and bottom surfaces of the workpiece. Finally, the finite element model was used to analyze and calculate the temperature fields.

A Computer Aided System for Simulating Weld Metal Solidification Crack

A computer-aided system for simulating weld solidification crack has been developed by which a welding engineer can carry out the welding solidification crack simulation on the basis of a commercial finite element analysis software package. its main functions include calculating the heat generations of the moving arc. mesh generation, calculating stress-strain distributions with element rebirth technique.

Coupling effects of SiC and TiB_(2) particles on crack inhibition in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion

A novel Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy free of cracks was produced utilizing laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)and modified with SiC and TiB_(2) particles.The interdependent effects of SiC and TiB_(2) particles on morphology,microstructure,and crystallographic texture were examined.The mechanisms behind phase evolution and crack inhibition were elucidated.The results show that a nearly dense Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy could be obtained when the mass fraction of SiC and TiB2 particles was 4%.TiB_(2) particles remained stable and acted as nucleation agents in the molten pool.Partial SiC particles reacted with the Al matrix to form rod-like Al_(4)C_(3),lamellate Al_(4)SiC_(4),and flocculent Si phases,which provided nucleation agents and liquid replenishment for matrix grains.The columnar grains of the matrix were refined into equiaxed grains,and the average size decreased from 37.15μm to 7.54μm.The preferential growth of grains along the(001)〈001〉direction was suppressed and transformed into a disordered random growth.The innovative Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy demonstrated an ultimate tensile strength of 492±12 MPa and an elongation of 7.2%±0.7%.The microhardness was enhanced,and the microhardness heterogeneity was reduced.The solidification properties were regulated,the temperature interval between solidus and liquidus was narrowed,and the liquidity of the molten pool was improved.The hot cracking of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy was inhibited due to the interdependent effects of grain refinement by TiB2 particles and sufficient liquid metal replenishment by SiC particles.

Numerical simulation of solidification and liquation behavior during welding of low-expansion superalloys

Low-expansion superalloys are susceptible to weld solidification cracks and heat,affected zone （HAZ）microflssures. To predict solidification cracking, QBasic procedures were developed and solidification reaction sequence, type, and amount of eutectic product were caiculated As manifested, primary solidification is followed by L→（Y＋ NbC） and L → （Y＋ Laves） eutectic reaction sequentially for G H903 and GH907; hence, the terminal eutectic constitue Y/Laves, While for GH909, intsare made up of Y/NbC and Y/only reaction L → （Y ＋ Laves） occurs and more Y/Laves eutectic forms. Therefore, GH909is more sensitive to solidification cracking. To predict HAZ liquation, cracking Visual FORTRAN procedures were developed, and constitutional liquation of NbC was simulated. As shown, solid dissolution of NbC prior to liquation decreases, and initial liquid film increases with the rate of thermal cycle. Higher rate of thermal cycle promotes the melting of the matrix adjacent to the liquid film and postpones the solidification of the at the eutectic n size and peak rifled indirectly by hot ductility tests.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of WMoTaNbTi refractory high-entropy alloys fabricated by selective electron beam melting

WMoTaNbTi RHEAs formed by SEBM with negative defocus distance were investigated.Four scanning speeds were applied,an electron beam with scanning speed at 2.5 m/s completely fused the premixed WMoTaNb alloyed powder and pure Ti powder.Significant vaporization of Nb and Ti elements happened during the formation of WMoTaNbTi RHEAs,however,the single BCC phase remains stable.Weakened solid-solute strengthening caused by elemental vaporization,dropping percentage of Nb and Ti solutes in the matrix as well as improved ductilizing effects with decreasing scanning speeds leads to falling microhardness and better local ductility.Microhardness of scanning speed at 4.0 m/s,3.5 m/s,3.0 m/s and 2.5 m/s is 578±17 HV,576±12 HV,573±10 HV and 511±2 HV,respectively.The as-deposited WMoTaNbTi RHEA formed at a scanning speed of 2.5 m/s displays ultimate strength of 1312 MPa.