Changes in soluble interleukin-2 receptor level in serum and Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPase activity in semen of infertile men caused by antisperm antibody

Aim: To explore the possible mechanisms of male infertility caused by antisperm antibody (AsAb). Methods: Thesoluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) level in serum was analyzed by ELISA and Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPase activi-ty in semen by phosphorus (Pi) assay. Results: The slL-2R level in serum was significantly higher and the Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPase activity in semen significantly lower in AsAb positive infertile men when compared with thecontrols. Conclusion: The AsAb titer varies with the slL-2R level in serum. A decrease in Na^+ -K^+ -exchangingATPase activity in semen may play a role in male infertility caused by AsAb.

Study of the Effect of Leeching on Plasma Endothelin and Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Objective: to explore the mechanism of leeching in treating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: Forty-four patients with SLE were randomly divided into conventional corticosteroid treated group (control group, n =20) and conventional treatment group with leeching intervention added (leeching group, n =24). Before and after treatment the concentration of plasma endothelin (ET) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) were determined. Results: Before treatment the level of plasma ET and sIL-2R in the SLE patients were all higher than those in the normal healthy group, ( P <0.01). But after treatment the level of these in both groups were significantly improved than those of before treatment ( P <0.05), and comparison between these two treated groups showed that the difference between them was significant ( P <0.05). Conclusion: Leeching added to conventional treatment of SLE could be more effective in improving the level of plasma ET and sIL-2R, and ameliorating the impairment of renal tissues.

Elevated pancreatic enzymes, IgM, soluble interleukin-2 receptor in anti-GADab(+) type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes can be classified into immune-mediated diabetes (type 1A) and idiopathic diabetes, which lacks immunological evidence for beta cell autoimmunity (type 1B). Type 1A diabetes is characterized by the presence of the anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (anti-GADab). Fulminant type 1 diabetes is classified as type 1B diabetes, and characterized by the absence of anti-GADab, flu-like symptoms, and elevated serum exocrine pancreatic enzymes. We report a type 1 diabetic patient who showed flu-like symptoms, elevated serum exocrine pancreatic enzymes, and an extremely high-titer of anti-GADab, manifesting the characteristics of both type 1A and fulminant type 1 diabetes.

Effects of Aprotinin on Serum Interleukin-2 and Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor during Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Interleukin-2 and its receptor are of importance in regulating immunity responses. The changes of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) during heart valve (s) replacement operation and effects of aprotinin on them were observed. Twenty patients undergoing heart valve (s) replacement were randomly divided into two groups: control group (n=10) and apro- tinin group (n=10). In aprotinin group, 1 000 000 KIU aprotinin was given by vein injection and then 2 000 000 KIU was given as a bolus in prime. Blood samples were collected before CPB, right after CPB and on the 1st, 3rd and 7th postoperative day (POD) for serum IL-2 and sIL-2R determination. Results showed that after CPB, IL-2 was reduced and slL-2R increased. Meanwhile, serum IL-2R was lower in aprotinin group than that of control. It is concluded that the immunity depression after CPB is associated with low level of IL-2 and high level of sIL-2R and aprotinin can ameliorate the situation.

Soluble Interleukin 2 Receptor-Alpha (sIL-2Rα) in the Peripheral Blood of Dogs—Comparison of Malignant Neoplasia with Other Diseases

Background: Cytokines are mediators of diseases. Expression levels in the blood could be of clinical relevance. Objective: sIL-2Rα is used as a marker for different malignancies in human medicine. The aim of this study was to show if sIL-2Rα is detectable and if there is any correlation to different diseases in dogs. Methods: For this purposes sIL-2Rα concentrations in the blood were measured in healthy dogs, in dogs with different non-neoplastic diseases and benign tumors and in dogs with malignant tumors. Serum levels of sIL-2Rα were measured by using a human specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Measurement of sIL-2Rα was successful in most of the samples. Dogs with diseases have significantly increased serum levels of sIL-2Rα compared to healthy controls. sIL-2Rα serum levels are higher in patients with non-neoplastic diseases and benign tumors than in those with malignant neoplasia. There is a strong correlation between sIL-2Rα and leukocyte count. Conclusion: Measurements of sIL-2Rα in serum may be helpful in detecting stages and grades of inflammation in the progression of disease. sIL-2Rα could actually not be used as an indicator for malignant diseases in dogs like in humans. The strong correlation between sIL-2Rα and the leukocyte count indicates the inflammatory response to the disease. This could be helpful in giving a prognosis in some cases, because the inflammatory reaction is of prognostic relevance in different diseases including malignant and non-malignant neoplasia. Although the results of our research studies were very promising, further studies should be performed with a canine ELISA.

DETECTION OF PLASMA SOLUBLE INTERLEUKIN－2 RECEPTOR IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AND CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS B

Plasma levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in patients with chronic active hepatitis B (CAHB) or severe hepatitis B (SHB) were measured quantitatively by 'sandwich' ELISA with monoclonal antibodies in order to explore the change of sIL-2R levels, its clinical significance,and its relation to liver damage. The results showed that the plasma sIL-2R levels in patients with CAHB and SHB were much higher than those in normal controls (P < 0. 01 ), and the level ofplasma sIL-2R in patients with SHB was greatly higher than that in patients with CAHB. These results suggest that there is close relation between plasma level of sIL-2R, the clinical types of hepatitis B,and the severity of liver damage. In addition, there is no significant difference in plasma levels of sIL-2R between acute severe hepatitis B (ASHB), subacute severe hepatitis B (SASHB), and chronic severe hepatitis B (CSHB). No relation was found between sIL-2R level and hepatitis B virusreplication activity.

Serum soluble ST2 is a promising prognostic biomarker in HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure

BACKGROUND： The IL-33/ST2 axis is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as autoimmune diseases, cancer,and heart failure. However, studies of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure（HBV-ACLF） are lacking. The present study aimed to determine the prognostic role of serum IL-33/soluble ST2（s ST2） in HBV-ACLF.METHODS： Serum levels of IL-33 and sS T2 in healthy controls（HC, n=18）, chronic hepatitis B（CHB, n=27） and HBV-ACLF（n=51） patients at the 1st and 4th week after enrollment were detected using ELISA, and clinical data were collected. The follow-up of HBV-ACLF patients lasted for 6 months at least.RESULTS： There was no significant difference of serum IL-33 level among HC, CHB and HBV-ACLF patients at week 1.However, serum s ST2 level differed significantly among the three groups： highest in the HBV-ACLF group, moderate in the CHB group and lowest in the HC group. There was a reverse correlation between serum s ST2 level and the survival of HBV-ACLF patients. The level of serum s ST2 in HBV-ACLF survivors was significantly declined from week 1 to week 4 following the treatment, whereas that in HBV-ACLF nonsurvivors remained at a high level during the same period. Furthermore, serum sS T2 level was significantly correlated with laboratory parameters and the most updated prognostic scores（CLIF-C OF score, CLIF-C ACLF score and ACLF grades）. Thereceiver operating characteristics curves demonstrated that serum sS T2 level was a good diagnostic marker for predicting the 6-month mortality in HBV-ACLF patients, comparable to the most updated prognostic scores. Serum sS T2 cut-off points for predicting prognosis in HBV-ACLF patients were 76 ng/mL at week 1 or 53 ng/mL at week 4, respectively. HBV-ACLF patients with serum sS T2 level above the cut-off point often had a worse prognosis than those below the cut-off point.CONCLUSION： Serum s ST2 may act as a promising biomarker to assess severity and predict prognosis of patients with HBV-ACLF and help for the early identification and optimal treatment of HBV-ACLF patients at high risk of mortality.

Serum soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 as a novel inflammatory marker predicts the severity of acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis(AP)is an inflammatory disease in which the regulatory pathway is complex and not well understood.Soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2(sST2)protein receptor functions as a decoy receptor for interleukin(IL)-33 to prevent IL-33/suppression of tumorigenicity 2L(ST2L)-pathwaymediated T helper(Th)2 immune responses.AIM To investigate the role of sST2 in AP.METHODS We assessed the association between sST2 and severity of AP in 123 patients enrolled in this study.The serum levels of sST2,C-reactive protein(CRP)and Th1-and Th2-related cytokines,including interferon(IFN)-γ,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,IL-2,IL-4,IL-5 and IL-13,were measured by highly sensitive ELISA,and the severity of AP in patients was evaluated by the 2012 Atlanta Classification Criteria.RESULTS Serum sST2 levels were significantly increased in AP patients,and further,these levels were significantly elevated in severe AP(SAP)patients compared to moderately severe AP(MSAP)and mild AP(MAP)patients.Logistic regression showed sST2 was a predictor of SAP[odds ratio(OR):1.003(1.001–1.006),P=0.000].sST2 cutoff point was 1190 pg/mL,and sST2 above this cutoff was associated with SAP.sST2 was also a predictor of any organ failure and mortality during AP[OR:1.006(1.003–1.009),P=0.000,OR:1.002(1.001–1.004),P=0.012,respectively].Additionally,the Th1-related cytokines IFN-γand TNF-αin the SAP group were higher and the Th2-related cytokine IL-4 in the SAP group was significantly lower than those in MSAP and MAP groups.CONCLUSION sST2 may be used as a novel inflammatory marker in predicting AP severity and may regulate the function and differentiation of IL-33/ST2-mediated Th1 and Th2 Lymphocytes in AP homeostasis.

Effect of Kang’ai Injection (康艾注射液) on Serum Level of Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Patients with Esophageal Carcinoma during Radiotherapy

Objective： To observe the effect of Kang＇ai Injection （康艾注射液, KAI） on serum level of soluble interleukin-2 receptor （sIL-2R） and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） in patients with esophageal carcinoma （EC） during radiotherapy （RT）, and to investigate its synergistic effect with RT and its influence on immunological function of the body. Methods： One hundred and seventy patients with EC, who had missed the chance of surgical operational therapy, were assigned to the treated group （90 cases） and the RT group （80 cases）, and at the same time a control group consisting of 80 inpatients without tumors was set up. Patients in the RT group were treated with RT alone but KAI was given additionally to those in the treated group, with 50 ml given once per day via intravenous dripping, 15 days as one course, and 2 courses administered in total. The immediate therapeutic efficacy and changes of serum slL-2R and VEGF levels were observed, and the effect of KAI on patients＇ quality of life （QOF） was evaluated by Karnofsky scoring. Results： In 16 patients of the treated group it was completely remission （OR）, in 54 partially remission （PR）, in 18 it was stabilized disease （SD） and in 2 progressive disease （PD）, with the total effective rate （CR ＋ PR） as 77.8%, while in those of the control group it was 12, 46, 18, 4 and 72.5%, respectively, the immediate therapeutic efficacy in the treated group was somewhat better than that in the RT group, but showed no statistical significance （P〉0.05）. Serum levels of slL-2R and VEGF in all the patients before treatment were higher than those in the control group, which were decreased after treatment in both groups （P〈0.05）, but the improvement in the treated group was better than that in the RT group, showing significant difference （P〈0.05）, and patients＇ QOF improved more significantly in the former as well （62.2 % vs 40.0%, P〈 0.05）. Conclusion： KAI in combination with RT in treating patients with EC could enhance the immunological function of patients, improve their QOF and enhance their sensitivity to RT.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ELEVATED SERUM SOLUBLE INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR IN GASTRIC CANCER

This is China’s pilot stndy in the assessment of the diagnostic value of serum soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in gastric cancer.We measured its level by ELISA method in 45 patients with gastric cancer (without metastasis:32;with metastasis:5;recurrence:8)27 gastric ulcer,

恶性肿瘤患者T细胞亚群和SIL-2R的变化及意义

目的 :探讨恶性肿瘤患者T细胞亚群及可溶性白细胞介素 2 (SIL 2R)的变化。方法 :采用APAAP法检测恶性肿瘤患者CD3、CD4、CD8细胞 ,采用ELISA法测定血清SIL 2R的含量。结果 :恶性肿瘤患者的CD3、CD4、CD4 /CD8明显降低 ,SIL 2R明显升高 ,与正常对照组相比差异显著。手术后CD3、CD4、CD4 /CD8升高 ,SIL 2R下降 ,与对照组相比无统计学意义。发生癌转移的患者 ,除CD3、CD4、CD4 /CD8明显降低外 ,CD8明显升高。结论 :恶性肿瘤患者免疫功能低下 ,尤其是发生癌转移的患者 ,免疫功能更低。手术切除肿瘤组织使免疫功能紊乱得以纠正。

TSH抑制疗法对分化型甲状腺癌患者术后血清Tg、VEGF、TSGF、CD44V6、sIL-2R及T淋巴细胞亚群水平的影响

目的:探讨促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)抑制疗法对分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid carcinoma,DTC)患者术后血清甲状腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin,Tg)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、肿瘤特异性生长因子(tumors pecific growth factor,TSGF)、白细胞分化抗原44变异型6(CD44V6)、可溶性白细胞介素-2受体(soluble interleukin-2receptor,sIL-2R)及T淋巴细胞亚群水平的影响。方法:选择2014年1月~2017年1月我院收治的接受甲状腺全切手术治疗的100例DTC患者,随机分为对照组和实验组,各50例。对照组患者常规给予甲状腺素替代治疗,实验组患者给予TSH抑制疗法(口服左甲状腺素钠片,控制血清TSH水平低于0.1mU/L),两组患者均给予治疗1个月。比较两组患者治疗前后血清Tg、VEGF、TSGF、CD44V6、sIL-2R水平及外周血CD3^+、CD4^+、CD8^+水平。结果:两组治疗前的血清Tg、VEGF、TSGF、CD44V6、sIL-2R水平比较,均无显著性差异(P>0.05);两组治疗后的血清Tg、VEGF、TSGF、CD44V6、sIL-2R水平相比治疗前均较低,且实验组治疗后血清Tg、VEGF、TSGF、CD44V6、sIL-2R水平变化均显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。两组治疗前的外周血CD3^+、CD4^+、CD8^+水平比较,均无显著性差异(P>0.05);两组治疗后的外周血CD3^+、CD4^+水平相比治疗前均较高、CD8^+水平相比治疗前均较低,且实验组治疗后血外周血CD3^+、CD4^+、CD8^+水平变化均优于对照组,具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:DTC行甲状腺全切手术治疗后接受TSH抑制疗法能够有效降低血清Tg、VEGF、TSGF、CD44V6、sIL-2R水平,改善细胞免疫功能,值得在临床上推广应用。

老年脑血管病急性期患者血清sIL-2R水平的检测及其临床意义

目的：探讨可溶性白细胞介素－２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）在老年脑血管病（ＣＶＤ）急性期发生、发展中的作用。方法：采用双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ方法，对７２例老年ＣＶＤ急性期患者和２８例正常对照组血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ进行了测定。结果：与正常对照组相比，老年脑出血组和脑血栓组急性期ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平均明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平与脑出血量多少无相关性（ｒ＝０．１４２，Ｐ＞０．０５），而与不同出血部位有关；ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平随着病情的好转而下降。结论：ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ可作为判断老年ＣＶＤ急性期患者病情变化的指标之一。

肝硬化脾大部分栓塞对T细胞亚群及sIL-2R水平影响及临床意义

目的 :探讨脾大部分栓塞治疗对肝硬化肝功能失代偿期患者免疫功能影响。方法 :检测肝硬化肝功能失代偿期患者脾大部分栓塞治疗前后 ,外周血T细胞亚群百分率及血清可溶性白细胞介素 2受体水平变化 ,并与健康人对照。结果 :肝硬化患者脾大部分栓塞前外周血CD+ 3 、CD+ 4百分率 ,CD+ 4/CD+ 8细胞比值均明显低于健康人 ,差异有统计学意义 ;栓塞治疗 8周后 ,均有不同程度上升 ,但仍低于健康人 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;而CD+ 8细胞百分率、血清可溶性白细胞介素 2受体水平在栓塞前均显著高于健康人 (前者P <0 .0 5 ,后者P <0 .0 1) ,栓塞后两者均下降 ,与健康人相比 ,前者P >0 .0 5 ,后者P <0 .0 5。结论 :巨脾可能是肝硬化功能失代偿期患者免疫功能异常的重要原因之一 ,脾大部分栓塞可部分改善患者的免疫功能 ,有重大临床意义。

中枢神经系统白血病脑脊液sIL-2R变化及其临床意义

目的:评价sIL-2R能否作为早期诊断中枢神经系统白血病(CNSL)及治疗效果监测的敏感指标.方法:采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法.结果:在发生CNSL时患者脑脊液中sIL-2R平均为89.03±25.12U/ml,显著高于正常对照8.32±3.97U/ml(P<0.01),鞘注化疗后15/20例平均下降至15.56±4.61U/ml,5/20例下降至37.68±6.23U/ml.结论:脑脊液中sIL-2R水平的变化因白血病细胞浸润中枢神经系统而显著升高,并随治疗有效而下降,但部分病例仍持续较高水平.结合临床分析,前者对化疗敏感,后者对化疗相对不敏感,预后差.

急性心肌梗塞患者外周血IL-2、sIL-2R水平及动态变化的研究

本文测定了30例急性心肌梗塞患者外周血白细胞介素2（IL-2）及其游离受体（sIL-2R）水平，并进行动态观察，实验结果表明，发病后48h内IL-2水平最低，而sIL-2R水平最高，与正常对照组比较有显著性差异（P＜0.001）；发病后72hIL-2水平开始升高，sIL-2R水平开始下降，至2～3周时两者水平逐渐趋于正常，与对照组比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。研究表明急性心肌梗塞与机体免疫应答密切相关。

重组人促红细胞生成素对尿毒症患者细胞免疫功能和sIL-2R表达的影响

目的观察基因重组人促红细胞生成素（r-HuEPO）对慢性肾衰竭（CRF）患者外周血T-淋巴细胞免疫功能和红细胞免疫功能的影响。方法应用流式细胞仪、双抗体夹心ELISA法和红细胞酵母菌花环实验及红细胞免疫调节因子一步法分别检测观察90例CRF患者经r—HuEPO治疗后，外周血T-淋巴细胞亚群（CD3、CD4和CD4／CD8）、可溶性白介素-2受体（sIL-2R）、红细胞Gb受体花环试验（RNC-C3bRR）、红细胞免疫复合物花环试验（RN2-ICR）、红细胞免疫粘附促进因子（RFAR）和红细胞免疫粘附抑制因子（RFIR）的变化。结果①90例CRF患者外周血清中sIL-2R水平、RBC-ICR和RFIR明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01），CD3、CD4、CD4／CD8、RBC-C3bRR和RFAR明显低于正常对照组（P〈0．01）；②r-HuEPO治疗后，RBC—C3bRR、RBC—ICR、RFAR和RFIR均有好转（P〈0．05），同时sIL-2R、CD3、CD4和CD4／CD8亦有所改善，但无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论CRF患者存在明显的细胞免疫功能和红细胞免疫功能低下，rHuEPO治疗对红细胞免疫功能有较好的提升和调节作用，对细胞免疫功能改善不明显。

胃癌患者手术前后外周血中IL-2/IL-2R系统的动态变化

目的 探讨胃癌病人外周血中 IL - 2 ,s IL - 2 R水平及 CD2 5 表达三者手术前后的动态变化情况和相互关系。方法 分别采用 EL ISA法、免疫荧光法对 5 0例胃癌患者手术前后外周血中 IL - 2、s IL - 2 R水平及 CD2 5 表达进行检测。结果 胃癌患者手术前后外周血中 IL - 2水平及 CD2 5 表达均低于对照组 ,而 s IL - 2 R水平均高于对照组 ;切除肿瘤后 IL - 2水平及 CD2 5 表达较术前升高 ,而 s IL - 2 R水平较术前下降 ;6例术后发生肿瘤转移或复发的病人中 ,再次出现 IL - 2水平及CD2 5 表达下降 ,而 s IL - 2 R水平上升。胃癌患者术前 s IL - 2 R水平与 IL - 2水平呈显著负相关。结论 IL - 2 / IL - 2 R系统的异常与胃癌患者术前存在的免疫功能低下及术后复发转移有密切的关系。

Predicting value of serum soluble ST2 and interleukin-33 for risk stratification and prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Background Acute myocardial infarction （AMI） is a common cardiac emergency with high mortality.Serum soluble ST2 （sST2） is a new emerging biomarker of cardiac diseases.The present study is to investigate the predictive value of sST2 and interleukin-33 （IL-33） for risk stratification and prognosis in patients with AMI.Methods Fifty-nine patients with AMI,whose chief complaint was chest pain or dyspnea,were selected for our study.Physical examination,chest radiograph,electrocardiograph （ECG）,biomarkers of myocardial infarction,NT-proBNP,echocardiography and other relevant examinations were performed to confirm the diagnosis of AMI.Thirty-six healthy people were chosen as the control group.Serum samples from these subjects （patients within 24 hours after acute attack） were collected and the levels of sST2 and IL-33 were assayed by enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay （ELISA） kit.The follow-up was performed on the 7th day,28th day,3rd month and 6th month after acute attack.According to the follow-up results we defined the end of observation as recurrence of AMI or any causes of death.Results Median sST2 level of the control group was 9.38ng/ml and that of AMI patients was 29.06ng/ml.Compared with the control group,sST2 expression in the AMI group was significantly different （P〈0.001）.In contrast,the IL-33 level showed no significant difference between the two groups.Serum sST2 was a predictive factor independent of other variables and may provide complementary information to NT-proBNP or GRACE risk score.IL-33 had no relationship to recurrence of AMI.Both sST2 and the IL-33/sST2 ratio were correlated with the 6-month prognosis; areas under the ROC curve were 0.938 and 0.920 respectively.Conclusions Early in the course （〈24 hours） of AMI,sST2 usually increases markedly.The increase of sST2 has an independent predictive value for the prognosis in AMI patients and provides complementary information to NT-proBNP or GRACE risk score.The IL-33/sST2 ratio correlates with the 6-month prognosis of AMI patients.However,there is no significant relationship between IL-33 and the prognosis of AMI patients.