Autologous peripheral blood-derived orthobiologics:Different types and their effectiveness in managing knee osteoarthritis

Knees are the most commonly impacted weight-bearing joints in osteoarthritis(OA),affecting millions of people worldwide.With increasing life spans and obesity rates,the incidence of knee OA will further increase,leading to a significant increase in the economic burden.Conventional treatment modalities utilized to manage knee OA have limitations.Over the last decade,the role of various autologous peripheral blood-derived orthobiologics(APBOs)for the treatment of knee OA has been extensively investigated.This editorial provided an overview and focused on defining and shedding light on the current state of evidence based on the most recent published clinical studies concerning the use of APBO for the management of knee OA.While numerous studies have demonstrated promising results for these preparations,a notable gap exists in the comparative analysis of these diverse formulations.This absence of head-to-head studies poses a considerable challenge for physicians/surgeons in determining the optimal preparation for managing knee OA and achieving sustained longterm results.Thus,more adequately powered,multicenter,prospective,doubleblind,randomized controlled trials with longer follow-ups are needed to establish the long-term efficacy and to aid physicians/surgeons in determining the optimal APBO for the management of knee OA.

Thermodynamic Properties of Linear Protein Solutions:an Application to Type Ⅰ Antifreeze Protein Solutions

A statistical thermodynamic theory of linear protein solutions was proposed with the aid of a lattice model and applied to type Ⅰ antifreeze protein（AFPI） solutions.The numerical results for several AFPI solutions show that the Gibbs function of the solution has a minimum at a certain protein concentration,but the protein chemical potential increases with increasing the concentration.The influences of temperature and protein chain length on the AFPI chemical potential were also discussed.The evaluation for the colligative depression of the freezing point confirms that the antifreeze action should be recognized as non-colligative.The theoretical deduction for the concentration dependence of the thermal hysteresis activity coincides qualitatively with the previous experimental and theoretical results.

APPLICATION OF NONIONIC TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE HYDROGEL FOR CONCENTRATION OF PROTEIN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Six different N-alkyl substituted acrylarnide nonionic hydrogels were prepared and their swelling characteristics were measured. Poly N-isopropyl acrylamide (PNIPA) and poly N-n-propyl-acrylamide (PNNPA) temperature sensitive hydrogels were chosen as the nonionic temperature sensitive hydrogels for concentration of very dilute aqueous protein solution. The separation properties of PNIPA and PNNPA hydr0gels with different network dimensions were studied and the modification of the hydrogels was surveyed in order to decrease their surface adsorption of protein molecules. The experimental results of the concentration of BSA (Bovin serum albumin) dilute aqueous solution by hydroxylpropyl methacrylate (HPMA) copolymerized PNIPA hydrogel were given. The value and the limitation of concentration of dilute aqueous protein solution by this method was evaluated.

Solution structure and function of proteins relevant to pre-mRNA splicing

Pre-mRNA splicing is a dynamic process. It is catalyzed by the spliceosome which is a large machine formed by an ordered interactions of several small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, U1,