Effect of Shoot Control on Flower Bud Differentiation,Flowering,and Fruit Setting in Zanthoxylum armatum DC.

In this study,newly sprouted shoots of Zanthoxylum armatum(Z.armatum),which were collected after the harvesting period,were used as the primary experimental specimens.A randomized block design and paraffin sectioning method were used to investigate the flower bud differentiation process and the quantity and vitality of buds.Furthermore,the study examined the response of flowering and fruiting to cultivation methods for shoot growth,including layering and plant growth regulator application.The results showed that(a)layering and application of plant growth regulators for Z.armatum accelerated the process of flower bud differentiation by approximately 20 days compared to the control group.Additionally,both shoot control methods generated more and larger bud primordia and perianth primordia during the same differentiation phase.(b)The application of plant growth regulators resulted in well-developed buds,exhibiting higher levels of flower bud differentiation than the layering method.The quality of flower bud formation for both shoot control methods was superior to that of the control group.(c)The flowering phenological period was relatively consistent between the two cultivation methods,but the fruit maturity phase for shoot-controlled trees occurred 20 days earlier than the control group.(d)Both layering and the application of plant growth regulators significantly decreased the rates of unfertilized flower shedding and fruit shedding.However,no significant difference was noted in fruit setting per inflorescence and per flower between the two methods and the control.The effect of altitude for both methods on the fruit setting was not significant.Under both shoot control methods,the Z.armatum exhibited earlier morphological differentiation of flower buds,faster differentiation process,improved flower bud quality,and significantly decreased rates of flower and fruit shedding.Thus,these cultivation methods demonstrated the potential to promote flowering,improve fruit setting,and reduce fruit shedding in Z.armatum.

Research Progress of Flower Bud Differentiation of Apple

Flowering is a prerequisite for apple fruiting,and apple flower buds are mixed buds,that is,the vegetative organs and flower structure exist in the same terminal bud simultaneously,which are formed in the year before flowering and fruiting,mainly including spur terminal buds and axillary buds.The infrequent formation of flower buds during its growth and biennial bearing are closely related to flower bud differentiation.Therefore,this paper reviews the research progress of flower bud differentiation of apple from the morphological differentiation,plant hormones and flowering-related genes,in order to provide a theoretical reference for efficient cultivation and stable yield of apple.

Changes in Nutritive Materials in Off-season Mango in Flower Bud Differentiation Stage

Under off-season production mode, change laws of nutritive materials in leaves of fruiting mother branches of mango in flowering process induced by dif- ferent agents were investigated. The results showed that the flowering time of manga trees in the potassium nitrate treatment was earlier than the ethephon treatment by 7 d, and changes trends of materials in leaves of the potassium nitrate and ethephon treatments were substantially the same. The nutritive materials in leaves showed trends of increasing at first and decreasing then. In early flower bud differentiation stage, soluble sugar and starch in leaves increased rapidly, and content of soluble protein also increased rapidly and showed its their peak values, thereby providing energy substances and structural substances demanded by flower bud formation. With flower bud differentiation going on, soluble sugar, starch and soluble protein decreased gradually. It was indicated that the accumulation of soluble sugar, starch and soluble protein is beneficial to flower bud differentiation.

Paraffin section observation of flower bud differentiation of Chimonanthus praecox in Kunming and comparison of the differentiation processes in different regions,China

Chimonanthus praecox is an important ornamental plant and cut flower material in China.It blooms in the freezing winter and its flower emits charming fragrance.However,in different region the flowering time is variable.In order to understand the flowering mechanism of Ch.praecox in the winter,we studied the flower bud differentiation in Spring City-Kunming using paraffin sectioning method in the present study.Meanwhile we compared the differentiation process difference from different regions.It was found that the temperature is the key factor for its flower bud differentiation and blossom of Ch.praecox.In the process of bud differentiation,the temperature 20℃was the optimum for inducing changes from vegetative axillary buds to reproductive buds and subsequent morphological differentiation in Ch.praecox.Furthermore in the first three differentiation periods—tepal primordial stage,staminal primordial stage and pistil primordial stage,Kunming took the shortest time to finish the process due to very rapid temperature rise to 20℃,whereas,in Zhengzhou the time for these differentiations was the longest,which may be caused by the slow temperature rise.After May,the high temperature stress forced the flower buds into the first long dormant period in all regions except Kunming.In Kunming,the average temperature was only 20–25℃,so the flower bud continued to differentiate.In all regions,Kunming is the first to complete whole flower bud differentiation even on the early August,and started the second dormancy very early but very long.In the other regions,the plants went through a shorter dormancy and the low temperature broke the dormancy rapidly.Contrarily the plants of Kunming spent a longer period for the low temperature.Thus,the low temperature less than 10℃is a key factor to breaking the second dormancy.Surely the regular effects of temperature on flower bud differentiation and blossom is very helpful for florescence regulation of Ch.praecox.

Expression of AP1 Gene During Off-season Flower Bud Differentiation of Mango

This study was conducted to investigate changes in the expression of AP1 gene in flowering process. Potassium nitrate and ethephon were sprayed on 7- year-old Guifei trees out of season. The results showed that AP1 gene had a higher expression level in terminal buds, and especially, the expression level increased significantly in late stage of flower bud differentiation. Potassium nitrate and ethephon promoted flower bud differentiation, and the expression level of AP1 gene in- creased in flowering process remarkably. Expression ofAP1 gene of the potassium nitrate treatment was significantly greater than that of the ethephon treatment and the CK.

Observation on Flower Bud Differentiation of Crape Myrtle in Red Soil Environment

Flower bud differentiation is a key component of plant blooming biology and understanding how it works is vital for flowering regulation and plant genetic breeding,increasing the number and quality of flowering.Red soil is the most widely covered soil type in the world,and it is also the most suitable soil type for crape myrtle planting.The flower buds of crape myrtle(Lagerstroemia indica)planted in red soil were employed as experimental materials in this study,and the distinct periods of differentiation were identified using stereomicroscopy and paraffin sectioning.We optimized the steps of dehydration,transparency,embedding,sectioning and staining when employing paraffin sections.When seen under a microscope,this optimization can make the cell structure of paraffin sections obvious,the tissue structure complete,and the staining clear and natural.The flower bud differentiation process is divided into 7 periods based on anatomical observations of the external morphology and internal structure during flower bud differentiation:undifferentiated period,start of differentiation period,inflorescence differentiation period,calyx differentiation period,petal differentiation period,stamen differentiation period,and pistil differentiation period.The differentiation time is concentrated from the end of May to mid-June.Crape myrtle flower bud differentiation is a complicated process,and the specific regulatory mechanism and affecting elements need to be investigated further.

Regenerative therapy for neuronal diseases with transplantation of somatic stem cells

Pluripotent stem cells, which are capable of differentiating in various species of cells, are hoped to be donor cells in transplantation in regenerative medicine. Embryonic stem(ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have the potential to differentiate in approximately all species of cells. However, the proliferating ability of these cells is high and the cancer formation ability is also recognized. In addition, ethical problems exist in using ES cells. Somatic stem cells with the ability to differentiate in various species of cells have been used as donor cells for neuronal diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer disease,cerebral infarction and congenital neuronal diseases.Human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, dermal tissue, umbilical cord blood and placenta are usually used for intractable neuronal diseases as somatic stem cells, while neural progenitor/stem cells and retinal progenitor/stem cells are used for a few congenital neuronal diseases and retinal degenerative disease, respectively. However,non-treated somatic stem cells seldom differentiate to neural cells in recipient neural tissue. Therefore, the contribution to neuronal regeneration using non-treated somatic stem cells has been poor and various differential trials, such as the addition of neurotrophic factors,gene transfer, peptide transfer for neuronal differentiation of somatic stem cells, have been performed. Here,the recent progress of regenerative therapies using various somatic stem cells is described.

Indirect somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of Fraxinus mandshurica plants via callus tissue

Somatic embryogenesis of Fraxinus mandshurica has the problems of low somatic embryo(SE) yield,unsynchronized SE development,and a high percentage of deformed SEs.We aimed to improve F.mandshurica SE production by synchronizing SE development,improving SE quality,and inducing root formation to obtain complete regenerated plants.Cotyledons of immature zygotic embryos of F.mandshurica were induced to form callus and then SEs.The SE induction percentage from explants differed among 32 mother trees,and the one with the highest SE induction percentage(29.8%) was used for further experiments.The highest callus induction percentage was94.2% on 1/2-strength Murashige and Skoog medium(MS1/2)supplemented with 0.15 mg·L^(-1) naphthalene acetic acid.The highest callus proliferation coefficient(240.5) was obtained on McCown's Woody Plant Medium containing 0.1 mg·L^(-1)6-benzyl adenine and 0.15 mg·L^(-1) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.The highest number of SEs(1020.5 g~(-1) fresh weight) was obtained on MS1/2 medium supplemented with1 mg·L^(-1) 6-benzyladenine.The highest number of cotyledon embryos(397/g fresh weight) was obtained by incubating materials on medium containing 1 mg·L^(-1) abscisic acid and then applying a drying treatment.The cotyledon embryos were milky white,uniformly sized(average length 4.7 mm),and 80% of them were normal.The SE rooting percentage on 1/2 MS medium containing 0.01 mg·L^(-1) NAA was 37.5%.Overall,the germination percentage of SEs was 26.4%,and complete regenerated plants were obtained after transplanting and acclimation.These results provide more possibilities for the preservation and breeding of F.mandshurica.

Cocoa (<i>Theobroma cacao</i>L.) Somatic Embryos Tolerate Some Ice Crystallization during Cryopreservation

Secondary somatic embryos (SSEs) of cocoa, a recalcitrant tropical, seed-producing species, were cryopreserved using a vitrification approach and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was employed to optimise sucrose preculture and Plant Vitrification Solution 2 (PVS2) incubation. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of sucrose preculture and PVS2 dehydration on water content of SSE that will enable it to survive cryostorage. SSEs were precultured for 3 or 5 days on media containing 0.5 M or 0.75 M sucrose and cryoprotected in loading solution (2 M glycerol and 0.4 M sucrose in medium) for 20 min before they were dehydrated with cold PVS2 for 0 - 90 min. Thermal analysis revealed the occurrence of ice crystallization in the SSEs with the extent declining with increasing PVS2 exposure. Maximal survival of SSEs was promoted by preculture on 0.5 M sucrose medium and dehydration with PVS2 for 45 - 60 min, which was characterised by small ice crystallization. Exposure of SSEs beyond 60 min leads to excessive dehydration as characterized by no change in the thermograms. Based on these findings, preculture of SSEs on 0.5 M sucrose medium and dehydration with cold PVS2 for 60 min has been adopted for the successful cryopreservation of cocoa germplasm.

Single somatic cell development and differentiation in the gametiphytic blades of Pyropia suborbiculata (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

Conchospores released from a wild-type strain of Pyropia suborbiculata were cultured in the laboratory for 20-80 days.Mother blades of different ages were enzymatically isolated to obtain single cells,which then developed into different types of regenerative plants within a liquid medium.These regenerative plant types includes:normal blades,abnormal blades,cell-masses,and sexual cell-masses.The age of mother blades distinctly affected the number and proportion of each type of regenerative plants.When the age of mother blades increased from 20 to 80 days,the proportion of normal blades in the isolated cells sharply decreased,the percentage of abnormal blades increased,and the proportion of cell-masses was relatively unchanged.After 40 days of cultivation,sexual cell-masses appeared in regenerated plants derived from the single blade cells of the PS-WT strain,and gradually increased with mother cell age.In addition,the proportion of normal blades decreased in regenerated plants sourced from the basal to apical parts of the same alga,while the proportion of abnormal blades and cell-masses increased.In summary,the isolated cells of the gametophytic blade of P.suborbiculata developed into different types of regenerated plantlets in vivo due to the different stages of cell differentiation.We preliminarily concluded that the differentiation from conchospores to the sexual cells could be divided into at least seven different groups.

Histological Observation of Somatic Embryogenesis and Adventitious Buds Induction from Ginkgo biloba L.Different Explants in vitro Culture

The differentiation process including somatic embryogenesis in different Ginkgo explants in vitro culture were studied by cytological observation.The results are as follows:1) two complete cotyledons and a embryo bud were observed in mature embryos and several secretory acavitives appeared in maturation region of embryo buds,hypocotyls,cotyledons and radicles after culturing 20 days;two incomplete cotyledons and a embryo bud primordia were found in large cotyledon embryos.The proembryo of two cells,four cells, multi-cellular,and globular embroy were developed from the callus of the small cotyledon embryos.2) The differentiation of cotyledon explants started from epidermal cells,and gradually formed meristematic cell mass in the cortical cells,and eventually adventitious buds were observed.3) The adventitious roots of Ginkgo originated in the cells at the cross of vascular cambium and vascular rays. 4) The type of rooting belongs to induction type by root primordium.The formed adventitious roots were observed after 20 days.

Effects of Different Hormone Proportions on Differentiation and Regeneration of Prtmus avium L. Adventitious Buds

In order to screen the appropriate culture condition for the differentiation and regeneration of Prtmus avium L. adventitious buds, in this study, the effect of different hormone proportions on differentiation and regeneration of shoot tip explants were investigated using Gisela No. 5 and Gisela No. 6 as experimental materi- als. The results showed that, different hormone proportions had extremely significant effects （ P 〈0.01 ） on the differentiation rate of P. avium adventitious buds; the appropriate hormone proportions for Gisela No. 5 and Gisela No. 6 to induce dedifferentiation of adventitious buds were 6-BA 3.0 mg/L ＋ IBA 0.5 mg/L ＋ KT O. 1 mg/L and 6-BA 1.0 mg/L ＋ IBA 0.5 mg/L ＋ KT 0.2 rag/L, respectively. In addition, different hormone proportions had extremely significant effects （P 〈 0.01 ） on the regeneration coefficient and regeneration rate of P. avium adventitious buds; with the hormone proportion of 6-BA 1.0 mg/L ＋ IBA 1.0 mg/L ＋ KT 0.3mg/L, the number of regenerated adventitious buds reached the maximum for both varieties.

Tumor budding in gastric cancer

The tumor,nodes,metastasis(TNM)staging system has long been the gold standard for the classification and prognosis of solid tumors.However,the TNM staging system is not without limitations.Prognostic heterogeneity exists within patients at the same stage.Therefore,the pursuit of other biomarkers with the potential to classify patients with cancer has never stopped.One of them,tumor budding(TB),has gained much success in colorectal cancer.In recent years,TB in gastric cancer has attracted much attention from researchers,beginning to reveal the molecular and biological aspects of this phenomenon in gastric cancer,and has emerged as a promising prognostic biomarker in gastric cancer,predicting disease progression and unfavorable survival.Therefore,it is time and essential to provide a holistic overview of TB in gastric cancer,which has not been achieved and is the aim of this review.

天红2号苹果花芽分化期枝条和叶片碳水化合物含量和C/N变化

以天红2号苹果为试材,研究不同砧木短枝和中枝在花芽分化期间叶片和枝条中碳水化合物含量和C/N变化情况。结果表明,稳产期天红2号苹果成花率不受砧木影响。整个花芽分化期,无论嫁接在SH40中间砧还是八棱海棠乔砧上,在同一枝类中,天红2号苹果叶片可溶性糖、蔗糖、果糖和氮含量高于枝条,淀粉含量和C/N低于枝条。嫁接在SH40中间砧上的天红2号苹果成花率高的短枝叶片淀粉和果糖含量低于成花率低的中枝叶片,可溶性糖、蔗糖含量和C/N于花芽分化初期至花瓣原基分化期高于中枝叶片,短枝枝条可溶性糖、果糖含量和C/N低于中枝枝条,短枝枝条淀粉含量于花瓣原基分化期前高于中枝枝条;嫁接在八棱海棠乔砧上的天红2号苹果成花率高的短枝叶片可溶性糖、淀粉、果糖含量和C/N低于成花率低的中枝叶片,短枝枝条可溶性糖、果糖含量和C/N低于中枝枝条,短枝枝条淀粉含量于转化期低于中枝枝条。说明碳水化合物含量和C/N的高低对苹果成花不起决定性作用。在整个花芽分化期,叶片中可溶性糖含量呈上升趋势,枝条中淀粉含量和C/N呈波动性上升趋势,说明天红2号苹果花芽形态分化需要碳水化合物和C/N的积累。

不同心皮数量棉花心皮发育特征、基因表达及相关性状比较

【目的】探究棉花心皮发育特征,不同心皮数量的差异表达基因与植物激素含量,以及心皮数量与棉铃发育的关系。【方法】以3心皮(C3)、4心皮(C4)、5心皮(C5)棉花材料为研究对象,观察棉花心皮发育过程,统计不同杂交组配后代的心皮数量。花芽发育5 d、10 d和开花当天分别进行转录组测序及激素含量测定,并在不同发育时期测定棉铃的表型。【结果】花蕾长度为2~3 mm时,心皮原基发育起始;花蕾长度为4~5 mm时,心皮融合形成合生心皮。心皮原基的发育早于雌蕊器官。C3、C4、C5两两杂交F1的平均心皮数量介于双亲之间。C3、C4和C5中差异表达基因主要富集于生物学过程。花芽发育5 d、10 d和开花当天,富集通路中心皮发育相关基因AP1、AGL6、WUS、MYB21和ARF6在C5中的表达量高于C4,且显著高于C3。花芽发育5 d、10 d,C5的茉莉酸含量显著高于C3、C4,吲哚乙酸含量显著低于C3、C4;C4的脱落酸含量显著低于C3、C5。开花后20 d、35 d和60 d,C5的棉铃直径、棉铃鲜物质质量、棉瓣厚度以及纤维和胚珠鲜物质质量显著高于C3、C4。【结论】3、4、5心皮棉花亲本的杂交组配后代中,心皮数量介于双亲之间。多个心皮发育相关基因在C5中的表达量更高。开花前,C5中茉莉酸含量最高,吲哚乙酸含量最低。心皮数量增多利于增加棉铃直径、鲜物质质量,同时增加纤维和胚珠鲜物质质量。

3个蓝莓品种花芽分化特性比较研究

为探讨云南省蓝莓多次花芽分化的形态变化、花芽分化规律和品种间的差异,对蓝丰、双丰及夏普蓝的物候期进行调查,利用改良的石蜡切片方法对其花芽分化过程进行观察和分析,并采用MRM方法测定了夏普蓝3次花芽分化过程中5种内源激素含量。结果表明,蓝丰一年现蕾和开花结果1次;双丰一年现蕾和开花结果2次,分别表示为双丰第1次、双丰第2次;夏普蓝一年现蕾和开花结果3次,分别表示为夏普蓝第1次、夏普蓝第2次、夏普蓝第3次。双丰第1次的果熟末期与双丰第2次的现蕾期之间的时间间隔比较明显;从现蕾到果熟期,夏普蓝第1次与夏普蓝第2次具有重合的生育期,夏普蓝第2次与夏普蓝第3次也具有重合的生育期。3个蓝莓品种的花芽分化主要阶段有6个,依次为开始分化期、花序原基分化期、萼片原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期、心皮原基分化期。3个蓝莓品种完成花芽分化的时间不同,蓝丰完成花芽分化的时间最长,需53 d,其次是双丰,双丰2次花芽分化完成的时间均比夏普蓝3次花芽分化完成的时间长。不同于蓝丰和双丰,夏普蓝在云南省不需要低温诱导,春季自剪之后立刻进入花芽分化。蓝莓花芽孕育期需要的IAA、CKs、GAs含量均较低,但需要的ABA、ACC含量均较高,要想对花器官后期的花芽分化有利,应保持IAA、CKs、GAs含量为平衡状态。

紫芽六堡茶花青素合成相关基因的转录组测序及表达分析

【目的】紫芽六堡茶(Camellia sinensis var. sinensis cv. Liupao)是六堡群体种茶树中芽叶呈紫色且富含花青素的特异品系,研究紫芽六堡茶花青素合成相关基因可为深入了解紫芽六堡茶花青素积累的分子机制奠定基础,为高花青素六堡茶树的分子育种提供遗传资源。【方法】利用盐酸乙醇分别提取紫芽和绿芽六堡茶芽中花青素,测定其含量;通过Illumina Hiseq 2 500高通量测序平台对紫芽和绿芽六堡茶进行转录组测序,分析花青素合成相关基因的表达水平,找出差异表达基因,进一步进行GO功能分析和KEGG富集分析;并通过荧光定量PCR对转录组测序结果进行验证。【结果】紫芽六堡茶花青素含量是绿芽的7倍;转录组测序共获得165 570条Unigene,平均长度1 450bp;对测序结果进行分析,筛选出与紫芽六堡茶花青素生物合成通路相关的基因243条,进一步筛选出43个差异显著表达基因,这些基因共编码14个关键酶,包括苯丙氨酸氨裂解酶(phenylalanine ammonialyase, PAL)、查尔酮合成酶(chalconesynthase,CHS)、查尔酮异构酶(chalconeisomerase,CHI)、肉桂酸4-羟化酶(cinnamateacid4-hydroxylase, C4H)、花色素苷还原酶(anthocyanidin reductase, ANR)、4-香豆酸CoA连接酶(4-coumarate-Co A ligase,4CL)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ACC)、黄酮醇合成酶(flavonol synthase, FLS)、黄酮3′,5′-羟化酶(flavonoid-3′,5′-hydroxylase, F3'5'H)、黄酮3′-羟化酶(flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, F3'H)、黄酮3-羟化酶(flavanone-3-hydroxylase, F3H)、二氢黄酮醇还原酶(dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, DFR)、花青素成合酶(anthocyanidin synthase,ANS)、无色花青素还原酶(leucoanthocyanidin reductase, LAR)。【结论】编码花青素生物合成的14个关键酶基因中有34个基因在紫芽六堡茶中上调表达,推测这些基因在紫芽花青素积累中起重要作用。

不同日照时长对韭菜抽薹的影响

为明确不同日照时长对韭菜抽薹的影响,筛选适宜抑制韭菜抽薹的日照时间,以深休眠韭菜品种海韭6号为试验材料,设置自然光照(CK)、9 h、10 h、11 h和12 h 5个日照时长,研究不同日照时长对韭菜抽薹的影响。结果表明,适当缩短日照时长可显著抑制韭菜抽薹,其中10 h和11 h日照下韭菜抽薹率最低,分别为0.66%、0.34%;9 h和12 h日照下韭菜抽薹率分别为8.47%、3.31%;花芽分化解剖学观察结果也表明,适当缩短日照时间可有效抑制韭菜花芽分化。本研究结果可为提高河北张家口等高海拔冷凉地区夏季韭菜产量和品质提供参考。

不同节位修剪对‘夏黑’葡萄二次花芽分化及果实品质的影响

为研究‘促早+避雨’栽培模式下,不同节位修剪对葡萄二次成花及二次果果实品质的影响,以7 a生‘夏黑’葡萄为材料,分析留5芽、留7芽和留9芽(简称5芽、7芽、9芽)修剪对葡萄萌芽率、成花率、单果质量、穗重、可溶性固形物含量等指标的影响。结果表明:3种不同修剪方式对葡萄二次萌芽率和成花率均产生了一定影响。其中,5芽修剪萌芽率和成花率最高,9芽修剪则较低。在单果质量和穗重方面,5芽修剪二次果穗重最大,但不同节位修剪并未对单果质量和果形指数产生显著影响。5芽和7芽修剪二次果可溶性固形物含量显著高于9芽修剪,5芽修剪二次果可滴定酸含量则显著低于9芽修剪,5芽修剪二次果葡萄糖和果糖含量均显著高于9芽修剪,但不同节位修剪均未对蔗糖和花色苷含量产生较大影响。综上所述,3种修剪方法中留5芽修剪最适宜于‘夏黑’葡萄一年两熟栽培,其次为留7芽修剪,留9芽修剪则不太适宜。

四季花金花茶花芽分化进程及叶片内源激素变化

四季花金花茶(Camellia perpetua)为山茶属中唯一几乎全年开花的珍稀濒危植物。为探究其花芽分化进程及不同花发育时期和年生长周期叶片内源激素变化,该研究通过石蜡切片,观察四季花金花茶花芽分化进程,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定不同花发育时期叶片及年生长周期内有花芽和无花芽叶片的脱落酸(ABA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)和玉米素核苷(ZR)含量的变化规律。结果表明:(1)四季花金花茶花芽分化顺序由外向内进行,分为6个时期,共历时35 d,从花芽分化至开花约2个月。(2)花芽形态分化期叶片ABA、GA3的含量及GA3/ABA、(IAA+GA3)/ZR的比值较高,IAA、ZR的含量及IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA的比值较低。(3)年生长周期内有花芽叶片ABA、IAA、ZR的含量整体上高于无花芽叶片;IAA/ZR及(IAA+GA3)/ZR的比值整体上低于无花芽叶片。综上表明,四季花金花茶花芽分化至开花时间较短;高水平的ABA、GA3及低水平的IAA、ZR有利于花芽分化;较高水平的ABA、IAA及ZR有利于花芽发育。该研究为该物种持续开花机理的阐明提供了参考依据。