Effects of Precipitation on Sonic Anemometer Measurements of Turbulent Fluxes in the Atmospheric Surface Layer

Effects caused by precipitation on the measurements of three-dimensional sonic anemometer are analyzed based on a field observational experiment conducted in Maoming, Guangdong Province, China. Obvious fluctuations induced by precipitation are observed for the outputs of sonic anemometer-derived temperature and wind velocity components. A technique of turbulence spectra and cospectra normalized in the framework of similarity theory is utilized to validate the measured variables and calculated fluxes. It is found that the sensitivity of sonic anemometer-derived temperature to precipitation is significant, compared with that of the wind velocity components. The spectra of wind velocity and cospectra of momentum flux resemble the standard universal shape with the slopes of the spectra and cospectra at the inertial subrange, following the-2/3 and-4/3 power law, respectively, even under the condition of heavy rain. Contaminated by precipitation, however, the spectra of temperature and cospectra of sensible heat flux do not exhibit a universal shape and have obvious frequency loss at the inertial subrange. From the physical structure and working principle of sonic anemometer, a possible explanation is proposed to describe this difference, which is found to be related to the variations of precipitation particles. Corrections for errors of sonic anemometer-derived temperature under precipitation is needed, which is still under exploration.

湿度起伏对可见光波段折射率结构常数的影响

大气折射率起伏主要是由温度和湿度起伏引起的。提出一种研究湿度起伏对折射率结构常数影响的新方法,即从超声风速计测量的虚温信号中提取出湿度起伏的信息,可计算出湿度起伏、温湿相关项的结构常数。采用自行研制的温度脉动仪和超声风速计分别在湿度差异较大的干燥的戈壁滩和潮湿的海边进行实验,并用实验时的气象参量对湿度起伏进行了模式计算。测量和模式计算都表明:湿度起伏本身对Cn2的贡献很小,可忽略不计,湿度起伏对CN2的影响主要是通过与温度起伏相结合来实现的,在一般情况下,这种贡献不到10％。但在湿度较大,特别是日落前CN2处于最小值附近,温湿相关项的贡献可超过10％。

湿度起伏对可见光折射率结构常数影响的实验研究

利用合肥郊区夏季三维超声风速计测量的虚温、风速和Li7500二氧化碳和水汽分析仪获得的水汽浓度资料,从两个方面研究湿度起伏对三维超声风速计测量可见光折射率结构常数C2n的影响。对超声虚温进行湿度修正后,得到真实温度,比较了由超声虚温和真实温度分别计算得到的温度结构常数C2T。另一方面,计算出温湿度相关项CTq和湿度结构常数C2q各自对C2n的贡献。结果显示真实温度计算得到的C2T与超声虚温计算得到的C2Ts有显著差别,很多时候两者的差异超过10%。CTq对C2n的贡献较大,可超过10%,不可忽略;而C2q对C2n的贡献很小,普遍低于5%,可以忽略。