Soybean is a widely planted genetically modified crop around the world. However, it is still one of the most recalcitrant crops for genetic transformation due to the difficulty of regeneration via organogenesis and so...Soybean is a widely planted genetically modified crop around the world. However, it is still one of the most recalcitrant crops for genetic transformation due to the difficulty of regeneration via organogenesis and some factors that affect the transformation efficiency. The percentages of resistant bud formation and transient expression efficiency are important indexes reflecting the regeneration and transformation efficiency of soybean. In this study, the percentages of resistant bud formation and transient expression of 13-glucuronidase (GUS) were compared after treatment with sonication or surfactant and co-treatment with both. The results showed that treatment with either sonication or surfactant increased the percentage of resistant bud formation and transient expression efficiency. The highest percentages were acquired and significantly improved when cotyledon node explants were co-treated with sonication for 2 s and surfactant at 0.02% (v:v) using two different soybean genotypes, Jack and Zhonghuang 10. The improved transformation efficiency of this combination was also evaluated by development of herbicide-tolerant soybeans with transformation efficiency at 2.5-5.7% for different geno- types, which was significantly higher than traditional cotyledonary node method in this study. These results suggested that co-treatment with surfactant and sonication significantly improved the percentages of resistance bud formation, transient expression efficiency and stable transformation efficiency in soybean.展开更多
Microalgae,a sustainable source of multi beneficial components has been discovered and could be utilised in pharmaceutical,bioenergy and food applications.This study aims to investigate the sugaring-out effect on the ...Microalgae,a sustainable source of multi beneficial components has been discovered and could be utilised in pharmaceutical,bioenergy and food applications.This study aims to investigate the sugaring-out effect on the recovery of protein from wet green microalga,Chlorella sorokiniana CY1 which was assisted with sonication.A comparison of monosaccharides and disaccharides as one of the phaseforming constituents shows that the monosaccharides,glucose was the most suitable sugar in forming the phases with acetonitrile to enhance the production of protein(52% of protein).The protein productivity of microalgae was found to be significantly influenced by the volume ratio of both phases,as the yield of protein increased to 77%.The interval time between the sonication as well as the sonication modes were influencing the protein productivity as well.The optimum protein productivity was obtained with 10s of resting time in between sonication.Pulse mode of sonication was suitable to break down the cell wall of microalgae compared to continuous mode as a lower protein yield was obtained with the application of continuous mode.The optimum condition for protein extraction were found as followed:200g/L glucose as bottom phase with volume ratio of 1:1.25,10s of resting time for ultrasonication,5s of ultrasonication in pulse mode and 0.25g of biomass weight.The high yield of protein about 81% could be obtained from microalgae which demonstrates the potential of this source and expected to play an important role in the future.展开更多
The effect of sonication pretreatment condition on Eucheuma cottonii and Gelidium amansii seaweed towards agar extraction wae studied.Four parameters were changed during sonication to investigate the effects on agar y...The effect of sonication pretreatment condition on Eucheuma cottonii and Gelidium amansii seaweed towards agar extraction wae studied.Four parameters were changed during sonication to investigate the effects on agar yield and quality.These parameters include the time interval,concentration ratio,frequency,and intensity.The highest amount of agar extracted from Eucheuma cottonii species could be obtained from the time interval of 30min,seaweed weight to solvent volume ratio of 1:20,the frequency of 35Hz,and the sonication power intensity of 30%.For Gelidium amansii species,the best agar yield also could be obtained from the time interval of 30 min,1:20 of seaweed weight to water volume ratio,the frequency of 35Hz,and power intensity of 30%.From the experiment,sonication pretreatment signifi cantly influenced the yield and properties of extracted agar.The sonication with autoclaved seaweed produced agar containing less sulfate content,which is an excellent chemical property for gel electrophoresis applications.The gelstrength of sonication with autoclaving for both seaweeds,Eucheuma and Gelidium species was the highest among those by sonication with direct heating,which proved that sonication pretreatment with autoclaving could enhance the physical properties of the agar.展开更多
Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus is a widely used bacterium for the production of some fermented dairy products. Mild sonication intensity condition is a non-destructive technique that uses sound waves to cau...Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus is a widely used bacterium for the production of some fermented dairy products. Mild sonication intensity condition is a non-destructive technique that uses sound waves to cause cavitation in aqueous solutions and may improve the permeability of membranes, speed up the transfer of substrates and promote cellular growth and propagation. The objective was to determine the effect of mild sonication intensities at different temperatures on growth, bile tolerance and protease activity of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LB-12. The treatments were four sonication intensities (8.07, 14.68, 19.83 and 23.55 W/cm2) randomized at three different temperatures (4℃, 22℃ and 40℃). The energy input (1500 J) was kept constant in all treatments. Control samples did not receive any sonication treatment. Growth and bile tolerance were determined every 2 h for 12 h of incubation. Protease activity was determined at 0, 12 and 24 h. Mild sonication conditions included 1) mild sonication intensities, 2) temperatures and 3) times, all three of which played a role in influencing the desirable attributes of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LB-12. Of all the mild sonication intensities studied, 14.68 W/cm2 had the best overall influence at certain time points forimproving the bile tolerance and growth at 4℃ and protease activity at 40℃. Mild sonication intensity of 23.55 W/cm2 had the best overall influence at certain time points for protease activity of at 22℃. Some mild sonication conditions could be recommended for improvement of some characteristics of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LB-12.展开更多
This study aims to determine the effect of audiosonic sonication in normal modes on the formation of graphene oxide(GO)fromcarbon rods of zinc-carbon(ZnC)battery wastes.The method used in this study was sonication wit...This study aims to determine the effect of audiosonic sonication in normal modes on the formation of graphene oxide(GO)fromcarbon rods of zinc-carbon(ZnC)battery wastes.The method used in this study was sonication with an audiosonic frequency in normal modes,assisted by a surfactant solution derived from a commercial detergent.A graphite-detergent solutionwas exposed to audiosonicwaves using a frequency of 170 Hz for 3 hwith a pattern on the surface of the solution.The graphite solution was a mixture of 0.8 g of graphite powder and 100 ml of distilled water that was mixed using a blender for 2 min.25 ml of the solution was then taken and dripped with two drops of detergent solution containing 0.2 g detergent powder dissolved into 100 ml distilled water,so that a graphite-detergent solutionwas obtained.The tools used in this study included UV–Visible spectroscopy(UV–Vis),Fourier TransformInfraRed spectroscopy(FTIR),and a Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM).The solution that was audiosonicated showed a strong visible nodal pattern on its surface.The UV–Vis spectroscopy produced absorbance peaks at wavelengths of 225 nmand 270 nm,and the FTIR indicated the presence of OH and C_C functional groups,which suggested the existence of GO.The SEMimages showed GO in the formof coral-like materials.展开更多
This paper reports the most prominent contributions in the field of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles from poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) used as a protein/drug delivery. We use a combination of Human Serum...This paper reports the most prominent contributions in the field of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles from poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) used as a protein/drug delivery. We use a combination of Human Serum Albumin (HSA)-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) loaded PLGA nanoparticles. To obtain protein stabilization, the optimization of each step of synthesis nanoparticle is required. One of the most common problems in encapsulating protein to PLGA nanoparticles is the presence of several challenges as a problem of instability. We explained how the effect of the various sonication processing on the synthesis HSA-SPIONs loaded PLGA nanoparticles would be one of the crucial parameters for stability.展开更多
Mild sonication intensity is an acoustic energy which involves the conversion of electrical signal into a physical vibration modifying the permeability of the cell plasma membrane. The objective of this study was to d...Mild sonication intensity is an acoustic energy which involves the conversion of electrical signal into a physical vibration modifying the permeability of the cell plasma membrane. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mild sonication intensities at different temperatures on growth, bile tolerance and protease activity of Streptococcus thermophilus. The treatments were four mild sonication intensities (8.07, 14.68, 19.83 and 23.55 W/cm2) randomized at three different temperatures (4°C, 22°C and 40°C). The energy input (1500 J) was kept constant in all treatments. Control samples did not receive any sonication treatment. Growth and bile tolerance were determined every two hours for 12 h of incubation. Protease activity was determined at 0, 12 and 24 h. Mild sonication conditions included a) mild sonication intensities, b) temperatures and c) times, all three of which played a role in influencing the desirable attributes of Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus ST-M5. Of all the mild sonication intensities studied, 14.68 W/cm2 had the best overall influence at certain time points for improving bile tolerance and growth at 4°C, growth at 22°C and bile tolerance and growth at 40°C of Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus ST-M5. Mild sonication intensity of 23.55 W/cm2 had the overall best influence at certain time points for protease activity of Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus ST-M5 at 40°C. Streptococcus thermophilus ST-M5 pretreatment with some mild sonication conditions can be recommended for improvement of some of its characteristics.展开更多
<b style="line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Introduction:</span></b><span style="font-family:'';font-size:10pt;"><span style=&q...<b style="line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Introduction:</span></b><span style="font-family:'';font-size:10pt;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> Low-grade PJI remains a diagnostic dilemma in the medical community. It is mainly caused by low-virulent bacteria that cause chronic infection. This is mainly due to the formation of biofilms on the implant surface. This biofilm formation poses a diagnostic challenge that causes difficulties in the microbiological diagnosis of the infection by conventional culture methods. Sonication culture of implants has proven to be useful for biofilm forming bacteria. Therefore, we examined the evaluation of low-grade PJI using sonication culture methods and searched for influencing factors. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">The methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> Between October 2016 and November 2019 we retrospectively examined adult patients with suggestive clinical and laboratory findings of low-grade PJI. The patient's medical history, demographic information, prosthesis type, laboratory findings and length of hospital stay were collected. The results of the microbiological culture were divided into the results of the conventional preoperative and intraoperative culture method and the results of the sonication. In addition, laboratory chemical diagnostics of the joint punctures and CRP determination were performed. Additionally, the influence of prosthesis design and fixation technique, with and without cement, was investigated. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">The Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> Fifty-two patients with a mean age of 70.5 years were included in this study. The female population was more frequently affected. The most frequently affected joints were hip and knee. A higher percentage of pathogen detection was found at sonication with 60% of positive cultures, compared to 52% of intraoperative </span></span><span style="line-height:1.5;font-family:Verdana;">and 40% of preoperative </span><span style="line-height:1.5;font-family:Verdana;">conventional positive culture findings. The majority of patients were monomicrobial infections, with Staphylococcus epidermidis being the most frequently detected etiologic pathogen. The sonication culture was best able to detect a polymicrobial infection in 14% of cases compared to 6% of intraoperative and 4% of preoperative conventional cultures. Patients with a polymicrobial infection showed higher CRP values (</span><i style="font-family:'';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">P</span></i><span style="line-height:1.5;font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.0172) and longer hospitalization (</span><i style="font-family:'';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">P</span></i><span style="line-height:1.5;font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.0017) than monomicrobial infected patients. The results of the intraoperative conventional culture showed the highest congruence with the results of the sonication culture (concordance of 79%) compared to the preoperative culture. An infectious histopathological classification confirmed the microbiological ultrasound findings in 69% of cases with an infectious category. Cemented fixation showed a trend towards less positive microbiological findings, and total hip arthroplasty showed the highest detection of bacteria by sonication culture compared to bicondylar surface knee replacement (</span><i style="font-family:'';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">P</span></i><span style="line-height:1.5;font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.0072). </span><b style="font-family:'';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="line-height:1.5;font-family:Verdana;"> The sonication culture proved to be an important microbiological diagnostic tool, especially for the detection of polymicrobial infections in cases of low-grade PJI. This method has an established place in the diagnosis of low-grade PJI. The prosthesis design and the cemented fixation technique seem to have an influence on the detection of bacteria.展开更多
Various prctreatments methods including sonication and grinding were perfonned on red seaweed Gelidium amansii for the subsequent extraction ofagarose. The agarose products are usually extracted from agar powder produ...Various prctreatments methods including sonication and grinding were perfonned on red seaweed Gelidium amansii for the subsequent extraction ofagarose. The agarose products are usually extracted from agar powder products from seaweeds. In this study, the agarose was extracted using a direct polyethylene glycol (PEG) method without the need to first process the agar from seaweed. The agar extract was frozen then thawed and mixed directly with PEG solution to precipitate the agarose. The quality of agarose obtained was evaluated through physico-chemical properties analysis which includes spectral technique (FTIR), melting and boiling point, gel strength and sulfate content. These properties were compared with a non-pretreated sample and it was found that the addition of pretreatment steps improved the quality of agarosc but gave a slightly lower yield. The gel strength of pretreated samples was much higher and the sulfate content was lower compared to non-pretreated samples. The best pretreatment method was sonication which gave gel strength of 742 gcm - and sulfate content of 0.63%. The extraction of agarose can be further improved with the use of different neutralizing agents. Pretreating the seaweed shows potential in improving the quality of agarosc from seaweed and can be applied for thture extraction of the agarose.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effects of Sonic hedgehog(Shh)gene-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)on graft-induced retinal gliosis and retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)survival in diabetic mice.METHODS:Bone marrow...AIM:To investigate the effects of Sonic hedgehog(Shh)gene-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)on graft-induced retinal gliosis and retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)survival in diabetic mice.METHODS:Bone marrow-derived MSCs were genetically modified with the Shh gene to generate a stably transfected cell line of Shh-modified MSCs(MSC-Shh).Intravitreal injections of MSC-Shh and green fluorescent protein-modified MSCs(MSC-Gfp;control)were administered in diabetic mice.After 4wk,the effects of MSC-Shh on retinal gliosis were evaluated using fundus photography,and markers of gliosis were examined by immunofluorescence and Western blotting.The neurotrophic factors expression and RGCs survival in the host retina were evaluated using Western blotting and immunofluorescence.The mechanisms underlying the effects of MSC-Shh was investigated.RESULTS:A significant reduction of proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR)was observed after intravitreal injection of MSC-Shh compared to MSC-Gfp.Significant downregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)was demonstrated in the host retina after MSC-Shh administration compared to MSC-Gfp.The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2),protein kinase B(AKT)and phosphatidylin-ositol-3-kinase(PI3K)pathways were significantly downregulated after MSC-Shh administration compared to MSC-Gfp.Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and ciliary neurotrophic factor(CNTF)levels were significantly increased in the host retina,and RGCs loss was significantly prevented after MSC-Shh administration.CONCLUSION:MSC-Shh administration reduces graft-induced reactive gliosis following intravitreal injection in diabetic mice.The ERK1/2,AKT and PI3K pathways are involved in this process.MSC-Shh also increases the levels of neurotrophic factors in the host retina and promoted RGCs survival in diabetic mice.展开更多
In order to better understand sonication, this paper studies the effect of sound frequency on the 2-chlorobiphenyl (2-CB) sonication and analyzes two prevailing hypotheses. Four frequencies 205, 358, 618, and 1071 kHz...In order to better understand sonication, this paper studies the effect of sound frequency on the 2-chlorobiphenyl (2-CB) sonication and analyzes two prevailing hypotheses. Four frequencies 205, 358, 618, and 1071 kHz were tested. The 2-CB degradation kinetics, dechlorination, and inhibition by a free radical scavenger were examined. The results show that sonication effectively degrades 2-CB, and the first order rate constants using 0.4 W/cm3 sonication are 0.214, 0.508, 0.454, and 0.248 min1 at 205, 358, 618, and 1071 kHz, respectively. Good dechlorination was also achieved. 358 kHz frequency provided the most effi-cient 2-CB degradation, but the worst dechlorination, and was most sensitive to the free radical scavenger. Detailed analyses show that thermolysis is relatively stable at these frequencies while the free radical reac-tion depends strongly on the sound frequency.展开更多
Decellularization to produce bioscaffolds composed of the extracellular matrix(ECM)uses enzymatic,chemical and physical methods to remove antigens and cellular components from tissues.Effective decellularization metho...Decellularization to produce bioscaffolds composed of the extracellular matrix(ECM)uses enzymatic,chemical and physical methods to remove antigens and cellular components from tissues.Effective decellularization methods depend on the characteristics of tissues,and in particular,tissues with dense,complex structure and abundant lipid content are difficult to completely decellularize.Our study enables future research on the development of methods and treatments for fabricating bioscaffolds via decellularization of complex and rigid skin tissues,which are not commonly considered for decellularization to date as their structural and functional characteristics could not be preserved after severe decellularization.In this study,decellularization of human dermal tissue was done by a combination of both chemical(0.05%trypsin-EDTA,2%SDS and 1%Triton X-100)and physical methods(electroporation and sonication).After decellularization,the content of DNA remaining in the tissue was quantitatively confirmed,and the structural change of the tissue and the retention and distribution of ECM components were evaluated through histological and histochemical analysis,respectively.Conditions of the chemical pretreatment that increase the efficiency of physical stimulation as well as decellularization,and conditions for electroporation and sonication without the use of detergents,unlike the methods performed in previous studies,were established to enable the complete decellularization of the skin tissue.The combinatorial decellularization treatment formed micropores in the lipid bilayers of the skin tissues while removing all cell and cellular residues without affecting the ECM properties.Therefore,this procedure can be widely used to fabricate bioscaffolds by decellularizing biological tissues with dense and complex structures.展开更多
In the central nervous system, the formation of fibrotic scar after injury inhibits axon regeneration and promotes repair. However, the mechanism underlying fibrotic scar formation and regulation remains poorly unders...In the central nervous system, the formation of fibrotic scar after injury inhibits axon regeneration and promotes repair. However, the mechanism underlying fibrotic scar formation and regulation remains poorly understood. M2 macrophages regulate fibrotic scar formation after injury to the heart, lung, kidney, and central nervous system. However, it remains to be clarified whether and how M2 macrophages regulate fibrotic scar formation after cerebral ischemia injury. In this study, we found that, in a rat model of cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion, fibrosis and macrophage infiltration were apparent in the ischemic core in the early stage of injury(within 14 days of injury). The number of infiltrated macrophages was positively correlated with fibronectin expression. Depletion of circulating monocyte-derived macrophages attenuated fibrotic scar formation. Interleukin 4(IL4) expression was strongly enhanced in the ischemic cerebral tissues, and IL4-induced M2 macrophage polarization promoted fibrotic scar formation in the ischemic core. In addition, macrophage-conditioned medium directly promoted fibroblast proliferation and the production of extracellular matrix proteins in vitro. Further pharmacological and genetic analyses showed that sonic hedgehog secreted by M2 macrophages promoted fibrogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and that this process was mediated by secretion of the key fibrosis-associated regulatory proteins transforming growth factor beta 1 and matrix metalloproteinase 9. Furthermore, IL4-afforded functional restoration on angiogenesis, cell apoptosis, and infarct volume in the ischemic core of cerebral ischemia rats were markedly impaired by treatment with an sonic hedgehog signaling inhibitor, paralleling the extent of fibrosis. Taken together, our findings show that IL4/sonic hedgehog/transforming growth factor beta 1 signaling targeting macrophages regulates the formation of fibrotic scar and is a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.展开更多
Background Anethole(AN)is an organic antioxidant compound with a benzene ring and is expected to have a positive impact on early embryogenesis in mammals.However,no study has examined the effect of AN on porcine embry...Background Anethole(AN)is an organic antioxidant compound with a benzene ring and is expected to have a positive impact on early embryogenesis in mammals.However,no study has examined the effect of AN on porcine embryonic development.Therefore,we investigated the effect of AN on the development of porcine embryos and the underlying mechanism.Results We cultured porcine in vitro-fertilized embryos in medium with AN(0,0.3,0.5,and 1 mg/mL)for 6 d.AN at 0.5 mg/mL significantly increased the blastocyst formation rate,trophectoderm cell number,and cellular survival rate compared to the control.AN-supplemented embryos exhibited significantly lower reactive oxygen species levels and higher glutathione levels than the control.Moreover,AN significantly improved the quantity of mitochondria and mitochondrial membrane potential,and increased the lipid droplet,fatty acid,and ATP levels.Interestingly,the levels of proteins and genes related to the sonic hedgehog(SHH)signaling pathway were significantly increased by AN.Conclusions These results revealed that AN improved the developmental competence of porcine preimplantation embryos by activating SHH signaling against oxidative stress and could be used for large-scale production of high-quality porcine embryos.展开更多
基金supported by the National Tran sgenic Major Program of China (2014ZX08004001)
文摘Soybean is a widely planted genetically modified crop around the world. However, it is still one of the most recalcitrant crops for genetic transformation due to the difficulty of regeneration via organogenesis and some factors that affect the transformation efficiency. The percentages of resistant bud formation and transient expression efficiency are important indexes reflecting the regeneration and transformation efficiency of soybean. In this study, the percentages of resistant bud formation and transient expression of 13-glucuronidase (GUS) were compared after treatment with sonication or surfactant and co-treatment with both. The results showed that treatment with either sonication or surfactant increased the percentage of resistant bud formation and transient expression efficiency. The highest percentages were acquired and significantly improved when cotyledon node explants were co-treated with sonication for 2 s and surfactant at 0.02% (v:v) using two different soybean genotypes, Jack and Zhonghuang 10. The improved transformation efficiency of this combination was also evaluated by development of herbicide-tolerant soybeans with transformation efficiency at 2.5-5.7% for different geno- types, which was significantly higher than traditional cotyledonary node method in this study. These results suggested that co-treatment with surfactant and sonication significantly improved the percentages of resistance bud formation, transient expression efficiency and stable transformation efficiency in soybean.
基金Supported by the University of Malaya,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia under SATU joint research scheme(No.ST004-2017)the International Cooperation Seeds Funding of Nanjing Agricultural University(No.2018-AH-04)
文摘Microalgae,a sustainable source of multi beneficial components has been discovered and could be utilised in pharmaceutical,bioenergy and food applications.This study aims to investigate the sugaring-out effect on the recovery of protein from wet green microalga,Chlorella sorokiniana CY1 which was assisted with sonication.A comparison of monosaccharides and disaccharides as one of the phaseforming constituents shows that the monosaccharides,glucose was the most suitable sugar in forming the phases with acetonitrile to enhance the production of protein(52% of protein).The protein productivity of microalgae was found to be significantly influenced by the volume ratio of both phases,as the yield of protein increased to 77%.The interval time between the sonication as well as the sonication modes were influencing the protein productivity as well.The optimum protein productivity was obtained with 10s of resting time in between sonication.Pulse mode of sonication was suitable to break down the cell wall of microalgae compared to continuous mode as a lower protein yield was obtained with the application of continuous mode.The optimum condition for protein extraction were found as followed:200g/L glucose as bottom phase with volume ratio of 1:1.25,10s of resting time for ultrasonication,5s of ultrasonication in pulse mode and 0.25g of biomass weight.The high yield of protein about 81% could be obtained from microalgae which demonstrates the potential of this source and expected to play an important role in the future.
基金Supported by the University of Malaya under Equitable Society Research Cluster(ESRC)(No.GC002A-15SBS)
文摘The effect of sonication pretreatment condition on Eucheuma cottonii and Gelidium amansii seaweed towards agar extraction wae studied.Four parameters were changed during sonication to investigate the effects on agar yield and quality.These parameters include the time interval,concentration ratio,frequency,and intensity.The highest amount of agar extracted from Eucheuma cottonii species could be obtained from the time interval of 30min,seaweed weight to solvent volume ratio of 1:20,the frequency of 35Hz,and the sonication power intensity of 30%.For Gelidium amansii species,the best agar yield also could be obtained from the time interval of 30 min,1:20 of seaweed weight to water volume ratio,the frequency of 35Hz,and power intensity of 30%.From the experiment,sonication pretreatment signifi cantly influenced the yield and properties of extracted agar.The sonication with autoclaved seaweed produced agar containing less sulfate content,which is an excellent chemical property for gel electrophoresis applications.The gelstrength of sonication with autoclaving for both seaweeds,Eucheuma and Gelidium species was the highest among those by sonication with direct heating,which proved that sonication pretreatment with autoclaving could enhance the physical properties of the agar.
文摘Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus is a widely used bacterium for the production of some fermented dairy products. Mild sonication intensity condition is a non-destructive technique that uses sound waves to cause cavitation in aqueous solutions and may improve the permeability of membranes, speed up the transfer of substrates and promote cellular growth and propagation. The objective was to determine the effect of mild sonication intensities at different temperatures on growth, bile tolerance and protease activity of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LB-12. The treatments were four sonication intensities (8.07, 14.68, 19.83 and 23.55 W/cm2) randomized at three different temperatures (4℃, 22℃ and 40℃). The energy input (1500 J) was kept constant in all treatments. Control samples did not receive any sonication treatment. Growth and bile tolerance were determined every 2 h for 12 h of incubation. Protease activity was determined at 0, 12 and 24 h. Mild sonication conditions included 1) mild sonication intensities, 2) temperatures and 3) times, all three of which played a role in influencing the desirable attributes of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LB-12. Of all the mild sonication intensities studied, 14.68 W/cm2 had the best overall influence at certain time points forimproving the bile tolerance and growth at 4℃ and protease activity at 40℃. Mild sonication intensity of 23.55 W/cm2 had the best overall influence at certain time points for protease activity of at 22℃. Some mild sonication conditions could be recommended for improvement of some characteristics of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LB-12.
文摘This study aims to determine the effect of audiosonic sonication in normal modes on the formation of graphene oxide(GO)fromcarbon rods of zinc-carbon(ZnC)battery wastes.The method used in this study was sonication with an audiosonic frequency in normal modes,assisted by a surfactant solution derived from a commercial detergent.A graphite-detergent solutionwas exposed to audiosonicwaves using a frequency of 170 Hz for 3 hwith a pattern on the surface of the solution.The graphite solution was a mixture of 0.8 g of graphite powder and 100 ml of distilled water that was mixed using a blender for 2 min.25 ml of the solution was then taken and dripped with two drops of detergent solution containing 0.2 g detergent powder dissolved into 100 ml distilled water,so that a graphite-detergent solutionwas obtained.The tools used in this study included UV–Visible spectroscopy(UV–Vis),Fourier TransformInfraRed spectroscopy(FTIR),and a Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM).The solution that was audiosonicated showed a strong visible nodal pattern on its surface.The UV–Vis spectroscopy produced absorbance peaks at wavelengths of 225 nmand 270 nm,and the FTIR indicated the presence of OH and C_C functional groups,which suggested the existence of GO.The SEMimages showed GO in the formof coral-like materials.
文摘This paper reports the most prominent contributions in the field of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles from poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) used as a protein/drug delivery. We use a combination of Human Serum Albumin (HSA)-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) loaded PLGA nanoparticles. To obtain protein stabilization, the optimization of each step of synthesis nanoparticle is required. One of the most common problems in encapsulating protein to PLGA nanoparticles is the presence of several challenges as a problem of instability. We explained how the effect of the various sonication processing on the synthesis HSA-SPIONs loaded PLGA nanoparticles would be one of the crucial parameters for stability.
文摘Mild sonication intensity is an acoustic energy which involves the conversion of electrical signal into a physical vibration modifying the permeability of the cell plasma membrane. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mild sonication intensities at different temperatures on growth, bile tolerance and protease activity of Streptococcus thermophilus. The treatments were four mild sonication intensities (8.07, 14.68, 19.83 and 23.55 W/cm2) randomized at three different temperatures (4°C, 22°C and 40°C). The energy input (1500 J) was kept constant in all treatments. Control samples did not receive any sonication treatment. Growth and bile tolerance were determined every two hours for 12 h of incubation. Protease activity was determined at 0, 12 and 24 h. Mild sonication conditions included a) mild sonication intensities, b) temperatures and c) times, all three of which played a role in influencing the desirable attributes of Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus ST-M5. Of all the mild sonication intensities studied, 14.68 W/cm2 had the best overall influence at certain time points for improving bile tolerance and growth at 4°C, growth at 22°C and bile tolerance and growth at 40°C of Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus ST-M5. Mild sonication intensity of 23.55 W/cm2 had the overall best influence at certain time points for protease activity of Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus ST-M5 at 40°C. Streptococcus thermophilus ST-M5 pretreatment with some mild sonication conditions can be recommended for improvement of some of its characteristics.
文摘<b style="line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Introduction:</span></b><span style="font-family:'';font-size:10pt;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> Low-grade PJI remains a diagnostic dilemma in the medical community. It is mainly caused by low-virulent bacteria that cause chronic infection. This is mainly due to the formation of biofilms on the implant surface. This biofilm formation poses a diagnostic challenge that causes difficulties in the microbiological diagnosis of the infection by conventional culture methods. Sonication culture of implants has proven to be useful for biofilm forming bacteria. Therefore, we examined the evaluation of low-grade PJI using sonication culture methods and searched for influencing factors. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">The methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> Between October 2016 and November 2019 we retrospectively examined adult patients with suggestive clinical and laboratory findings of low-grade PJI. The patient's medical history, demographic information, prosthesis type, laboratory findings and length of hospital stay were collected. The results of the microbiological culture were divided into the results of the conventional preoperative and intraoperative culture method and the results of the sonication. In addition, laboratory chemical diagnostics of the joint punctures and CRP determination were performed. Additionally, the influence of prosthesis design and fixation technique, with and without cement, was investigated. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">The Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;"> Fifty-two patients with a mean age of 70.5 years were included in this study. The female population was more frequently affected. The most frequently affected joints were hip and knee. A higher percentage of pathogen detection was found at sonication with 60% of positive cultures, compared to 52% of intraoperative </span></span><span style="line-height:1.5;font-family:Verdana;">and 40% of preoperative </span><span style="line-height:1.5;font-family:Verdana;">conventional positive culture findings. The majority of patients were monomicrobial infections, with Staphylococcus epidermidis being the most frequently detected etiologic pathogen. The sonication culture was best able to detect a polymicrobial infection in 14% of cases compared to 6% of intraoperative and 4% of preoperative conventional cultures. Patients with a polymicrobial infection showed higher CRP values (</span><i style="font-family:'';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">P</span></i><span style="line-height:1.5;font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.0172) and longer hospitalization (</span><i style="font-family:'';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">P</span></i><span style="line-height:1.5;font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.0017) than monomicrobial infected patients. The results of the intraoperative conventional culture showed the highest congruence with the results of the sonication culture (concordance of 79%) compared to the preoperative culture. An infectious histopathological classification confirmed the microbiological ultrasound findings in 69% of cases with an infectious category. Cemented fixation showed a trend towards less positive microbiological findings, and total hip arthroplasty showed the highest detection of bacteria by sonication culture compared to bicondylar surface knee replacement (</span><i style="font-family:'';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">P</span></i><span style="line-height:1.5;font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.0072). </span><b style="font-family:'';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="line-height:1.5;font-family:Verdana;"> The sonication culture proved to be an important microbiological diagnostic tool, especially for the detection of polymicrobial infections in cases of low-grade PJI. This method has an established place in the diagnosis of low-grade PJI. The prosthesis design and the cemented fixation technique seem to have an influence on the detection of bacteria.
文摘Various prctreatments methods including sonication and grinding were perfonned on red seaweed Gelidium amansii for the subsequent extraction ofagarose. The agarose products are usually extracted from agar powder products from seaweeds. In this study, the agarose was extracted using a direct polyethylene glycol (PEG) method without the need to first process the agar from seaweed. The agar extract was frozen then thawed and mixed directly with PEG solution to precipitate the agarose. The quality of agarose obtained was evaluated through physico-chemical properties analysis which includes spectral technique (FTIR), melting and boiling point, gel strength and sulfate content. These properties were compared with a non-pretreated sample and it was found that the addition of pretreatment steps improved the quality of agarosc but gave a slightly lower yield. The gel strength of pretreated samples was much higher and the sulfate content was lower compared to non-pretreated samples. The best pretreatment method was sonication which gave gel strength of 742 gcm - and sulfate content of 0.63%. The extraction of agarose can be further improved with the use of different neutralizing agents. Pretreating the seaweed shows potential in improving the quality of agarosc from seaweed and can be applied for thture extraction of the agarose.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2018A0303130293,No.2023A1515012470).
文摘AIM:To investigate the effects of Sonic hedgehog(Shh)gene-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)on graft-induced retinal gliosis and retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)survival in diabetic mice.METHODS:Bone marrow-derived MSCs were genetically modified with the Shh gene to generate a stably transfected cell line of Shh-modified MSCs(MSC-Shh).Intravitreal injections of MSC-Shh and green fluorescent protein-modified MSCs(MSC-Gfp;control)were administered in diabetic mice.After 4wk,the effects of MSC-Shh on retinal gliosis were evaluated using fundus photography,and markers of gliosis were examined by immunofluorescence and Western blotting.The neurotrophic factors expression and RGCs survival in the host retina were evaluated using Western blotting and immunofluorescence.The mechanisms underlying the effects of MSC-Shh was investigated.RESULTS:A significant reduction of proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR)was observed after intravitreal injection of MSC-Shh compared to MSC-Gfp.Significant downregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)was demonstrated in the host retina after MSC-Shh administration compared to MSC-Gfp.The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2),protein kinase B(AKT)and phosphatidylin-ositol-3-kinase(PI3K)pathways were significantly downregulated after MSC-Shh administration compared to MSC-Gfp.Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and ciliary neurotrophic factor(CNTF)levels were significantly increased in the host retina,and RGCs loss was significantly prevented after MSC-Shh administration.CONCLUSION:MSC-Shh administration reduces graft-induced reactive gliosis following intravitreal injection in diabetic mice.The ERK1/2,AKT and PI3K pathways are involved in this process.MSC-Shh also increases the levels of neurotrophic factors in the host retina and promoted RGCs survival in diabetic mice.
基金Supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technolgy Bureau of China (No. 2002-k3-134)
文摘In order to better understand sonication, this paper studies the effect of sound frequency on the 2-chlorobiphenyl (2-CB) sonication and analyzes two prevailing hypotheses. Four frequencies 205, 358, 618, and 1071 kHz were tested. The 2-CB degradation kinetics, dechlorination, and inhibition by a free radical scavenger were examined. The results show that sonication effectively degrades 2-CB, and the first order rate constants using 0.4 W/cm3 sonication are 0.214, 0.508, 0.454, and 0.248 min1 at 205, 358, 618, and 1071 kHz, respectively. Good dechlorination was also achieved. 358 kHz frequency provided the most effi-cient 2-CB degradation, but the worst dechlorination, and was most sensitive to the free radical scavenger. Detailed analyses show that thermolysis is relatively stable at these frequencies while the free radical reac-tion depends strongly on the sound frequency.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2017M3A9B3063638,No.2019R1A2C2005256).
文摘Decellularization to produce bioscaffolds composed of the extracellular matrix(ECM)uses enzymatic,chemical and physical methods to remove antigens and cellular components from tissues.Effective decellularization methods depend on the characteristics of tissues,and in particular,tissues with dense,complex structure and abundant lipid content are difficult to completely decellularize.Our study enables future research on the development of methods and treatments for fabricating bioscaffolds via decellularization of complex and rigid skin tissues,which are not commonly considered for decellularization to date as their structural and functional characteristics could not be preserved after severe decellularization.In this study,decellularization of human dermal tissue was done by a combination of both chemical(0.05%trypsin-EDTA,2%SDS and 1%Triton X-100)and physical methods(electroporation and sonication).After decellularization,the content of DNA remaining in the tissue was quantitatively confirmed,and the structural change of the tissue and the retention and distribution of ECM components were evaluated through histological and histochemical analysis,respectively.Conditions of the chemical pretreatment that increase the efficiency of physical stimulation as well as decellularization,and conditions for electroporation and sonication without the use of detergents,unlike the methods performed in previous studies,were established to enable the complete decellularization of the skin tissue.The combinatorial decellularization treatment formed micropores in the lipid bilayers of the skin tissues while removing all cell and cellular residues without affecting the ECM properties.Therefore,this procedure can be widely used to fabricate bioscaffolds by decellularizing biological tissues with dense and complex structures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82171456 (to QY),81971229 (to QY)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,No.cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0263 (to QY)the Postgraduate Research and Innovation Project of Chongqing,Nos.CYB20151 (to QY),CYS19182 (to YC)。
文摘In the central nervous system, the formation of fibrotic scar after injury inhibits axon regeneration and promotes repair. However, the mechanism underlying fibrotic scar formation and regulation remains poorly understood. M2 macrophages regulate fibrotic scar formation after injury to the heart, lung, kidney, and central nervous system. However, it remains to be clarified whether and how M2 macrophages regulate fibrotic scar formation after cerebral ischemia injury. In this study, we found that, in a rat model of cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion, fibrosis and macrophage infiltration were apparent in the ischemic core in the early stage of injury(within 14 days of injury). The number of infiltrated macrophages was positively correlated with fibronectin expression. Depletion of circulating monocyte-derived macrophages attenuated fibrotic scar formation. Interleukin 4(IL4) expression was strongly enhanced in the ischemic cerebral tissues, and IL4-induced M2 macrophage polarization promoted fibrotic scar formation in the ischemic core. In addition, macrophage-conditioned medium directly promoted fibroblast proliferation and the production of extracellular matrix proteins in vitro. Further pharmacological and genetic analyses showed that sonic hedgehog secreted by M2 macrophages promoted fibrogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and that this process was mediated by secretion of the key fibrosis-associated regulatory proteins transforming growth factor beta 1 and matrix metalloproteinase 9. Furthermore, IL4-afforded functional restoration on angiogenesis, cell apoptosis, and infarct volume in the ischemic core of cerebral ischemia rats were markedly impaired by treatment with an sonic hedgehog signaling inhibitor, paralleling the extent of fibrosis. Taken together, our findings show that IL4/sonic hedgehog/transforming growth factor beta 1 signaling targeting macrophages regulates the formation of fibrotic scar and is a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
基金supported by the Ministry of EducationScience and Technology(No.2021M3A9A1096894)+1 种基金Republic of Korea and the KRIBB Research Initiative Program(KGM4252223)Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology,Republic of Korea。
文摘Background Anethole(AN)is an organic antioxidant compound with a benzene ring and is expected to have a positive impact on early embryogenesis in mammals.However,no study has examined the effect of AN on porcine embryonic development.Therefore,we investigated the effect of AN on the development of porcine embryos and the underlying mechanism.Results We cultured porcine in vitro-fertilized embryos in medium with AN(0,0.3,0.5,and 1 mg/mL)for 6 d.AN at 0.5 mg/mL significantly increased the blastocyst formation rate,trophectoderm cell number,and cellular survival rate compared to the control.AN-supplemented embryos exhibited significantly lower reactive oxygen species levels and higher glutathione levels than the control.Moreover,AN significantly improved the quantity of mitochondria and mitochondrial membrane potential,and increased the lipid droplet,fatty acid,and ATP levels.Interestingly,the levels of proteins and genes related to the sonic hedgehog(SHH)signaling pathway were significantly increased by AN.Conclusions These results revealed that AN improved the developmental competence of porcine preimplantation embryos by activating SHH signaling against oxidative stress and could be used for large-scale production of high-quality porcine embryos.