This study examines whether a group of captive false killer whales(P seudorca crassidens) showed variations in the vocal rate around feeding times. The high level of motivation to express appetitive behaviors in capti...This study examines whether a group of captive false killer whales(P seudorca crassidens) showed variations in the vocal rate around feeding times. The high level of motivation to express appetitive behaviors in captive animals may lead them to respond with changes of the behavioral activities during the time prior to food deliveries which are referred to as food anticipatory activity. False killer whales at Qingdao Polar Ocean World(Qingdao, China) showed signifi cant variations of the rates of both the total sounds and sound classes(whistles, clicks, and burst pulses) around feedings. Precisely, from the Transition interval that recorded the lowest vocalization rate(3.40 s/m/d), the whales increased their acoustic emissions upon trainers' arrival(13.08 s/m/d). The high rate was maintained or intensifi ed throughout the food delivery(25.12 s/m/d), and then reduced immediately after the animals were fed(9.91 s/m/d). These changes in the false killer whales sound production rates around feeding times supports the hypothesis of the presence of a food anticipatory vocal activity. Although sound rates may not give detailed information regarding referential aspects of the animal communication it might still shed light about the arousal levels of the individuals during different social or environmental conditions. Further experiments should be performed to assess if variations of the time of feeding routines may affect the vocal activity of cetaceans in captivity as well as their welfare.展开更多
基金Supported by grants from the Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘This study examines whether a group of captive false killer whales(P seudorca crassidens) showed variations in the vocal rate around feeding times. The high level of motivation to express appetitive behaviors in captive animals may lead them to respond with changes of the behavioral activities during the time prior to food deliveries which are referred to as food anticipatory activity. False killer whales at Qingdao Polar Ocean World(Qingdao, China) showed signifi cant variations of the rates of both the total sounds and sound classes(whistles, clicks, and burst pulses) around feedings. Precisely, from the Transition interval that recorded the lowest vocalization rate(3.40 s/m/d), the whales increased their acoustic emissions upon trainers' arrival(13.08 s/m/d). The high rate was maintained or intensifi ed throughout the food delivery(25.12 s/m/d), and then reduced immediately after the animals were fed(9.91 s/m/d). These changes in the false killer whales sound production rates around feeding times supports the hypothesis of the presence of a food anticipatory vocal activity. Although sound rates may not give detailed information regarding referential aspects of the animal communication it might still shed light about the arousal levels of the individuals during different social or environmental conditions. Further experiments should be performed to assess if variations of the time of feeding routines may affect the vocal activity of cetaceans in captivity as well as their welfare.
文摘目的基于高帧率剪切波(high frame rate sound touch elastography,HiFR STE)评价血液透析患者冈上肌腱的力学性能。方法选取汕头大学医学院第一附属医院规律血液透析的患者46例和健康志愿者23例。通过透析龄中位数(74.5个月)将血液透析患者分为透析龄较短组[49.00(14.00,69.00)]和透析龄较长组[91.00(78.00,122.00)]。使用迈瑞Resona R9 Pro超声诊断仪及L15-3Wu线阵探头进行二维超声和HiFR STE成像,测量并比较不同透析龄的血液透析患者和健康对照组的冈上肌腱厚度及杨氏模量平均值(the mean of Young s modulus,Emean)的差异,并观察各组间肩关节的骨质破坏、滑膜增厚及关节积液常规声像特征。结果健康对照组、透析龄较短组及透析龄较长组的冈上肌腱厚度和Emean值在3组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),冈上肌腱厚度分别为(5.73±0.70)mm、(6.57±0.93)mm和(6.80±0.84)mm,两两比较结果显示不同透析龄的血液透析患者冈上肌腱厚度均高于对照组(P<0.05);HiFR STE测得3组的冈上肌腱Emean值分别为(61.27±21.64)kPa、(42.56±25.30)kPa和(31.13±17.40)kPa,两两比较结果显示不同透析龄的血液透析患者冈上肌腱Emean值均低于对照组(P<0.05);骨侵蚀率及滑膜增厚率在3组间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论血液透析患者的冈上肌腱增厚及出现力学性能下降。基于HiFR STE技术测得的Emean对血液透析患者冈上肌腱的力学性能进行定量评估,可为临床筛选肩袖撕裂的潜在风险人群提供客观依据。
