Dietary polyphenols reduced the allergenicity ofβ-lactoglobulin via non-covalent interactions:a study on the structure-allergenicity relationship

Studies showed that complexation of polyphenols with milk allergens reduced their immunogenic potential.However,the relationship between structures of polyphenols and their hypoallergenic effects on milk allergens in association with physiological and conformational changes of the complexes remain unclear.In this study,polyphenols from eight botanical sources were extracted to prepare non-covalent complexes withβ-lactoglobulin(β-LG),a major allergen in milk.The dominant phenolic compounds bound toβ-LG with a diminished allergenicity were identified to investigate their respective role on the structural and allergenic properties ofβ-LG.Extracts from Vaccinium fruits and black soybeans were found to have great inhibitory effects on the IgE-and IgG-binding abilities ofβ-LG.Among the fourteen structure-related phenolic compounds,flavonoids and tannins with larger MWs and multi-hydroxyl substituents,notably rutin,EGCG,and ellagitannins were more potent to elicit changes on the conformational structures ofβ-LG to decrease the allergenicity of complexedβ-LG.Correlation analysis further demonstrated that a destabilized secondary structure and protein depolymerization caused by polyphenol-binding were closely related to the allergenicity property of formed complexes.This study provides insights into the understanding of structure-allergenicity relationship ofβ-LG-polyphenol interactions and would benefit the development of polyphenol-fortified matrices with hypoallergenic potential.

Control of light-matter interactions in two-dimensional materials with nanoparticle-on-mirror structures

Light–matter interactions in two-dimensional(2D)materials have been the focus of research since the discovery of graphene.The light–matter interaction length in 2D materials is,however,much shorter than that in bulk materials owing to the atomic nature of 2D materials.Plasmonic nanostructures are usually integrated with 2D materials to enhance the light–matter interactions,offering great opportunities for both fundamental research and technological applications.Nanoparticle-on-mirror(NPo M)structures with extremely confined optical fields are highly desired in this aspect.In addition,2D materials provide a good platform for the study of plasmonic fields with subnanometer resolution and quantum plasmonics down to the characteristic length scale of a single atom.A focused and up-to-date review article is highly desired for a timely summary of the progress in this rapidly growing field and to encourage more research efforts in this direction.In this review,we will first introduce the basic concepts of plasmonic modes in NPo M structures.Interactions between plasmons and quasi-particles in 2D materials,e.g.,excitons and phonons,from weak to strong coupling and potential applications will then be described in detail.Related phenomena in subnanometer metallic gaps separated by 2D materials,such as quantum tunneling,will also be touched.We will finally discuss phenomena and physical processes that have not been understood clearly and provide an outlook for future research.We believe that the hybrid systems of2D materials and NPo M structures will be a promising research field in the future.

Can urban forests provide acoustic refuges for birds?Investigating the influence of vegetation structure and anthropogenic noise on bird sound diversity

As a crucial component of terrestrial ecosystems,urban forests play a pivotal role in protecting urban biodiversity by providing suitable habitats for acoustic spaces.Previous studies note that vegetation structure is a key factor influencing bird sounds in urban forests;hence,adjusting the frequency composition may be a strategy for birds to avoid anthropogenic noise to mask their songs.However,it is unknown whether the response mechanisms of bird vocalizations to vegetation structure remain consistent despite being impacted by anthropogenic noise.It was hypothesized that anthropogenic noise in urban forests occupies the low-frequency space of bird songs,leading to a possible reshaping of the acoustic niches of forests,and the vegetation structure of urban forests is the critical factor that shapes the acoustic space for bird vocalization.Passive acoustic monitoring in various urban forests was used to monitor natural and anthropogenic noises,and sounds were classified into three acoustic scenes(bird sounds,human sounds,and bird-human sounds)to determine interconnections between bird sounds,anthropogenic noise,and vegetation structure.Anthropogenic noise altered the acoustic niche of urban forests by intruding into the low-frequency space used by birds,and vegetation structures related to volume(trunk volume and branch volume)and density(number of branches and leaf area index)significantly impact the diversity of bird sounds.Our findings indicate that the response to low and high frequency signals to vegetation structure is distinct.By clarifying this relationship,our results contribute to understanding of how vegetation structure influences bird sounds in urban forests impacted by anthropogenic noise.

RETRACTED: Nuclear Structure Study of Odd-Odd Yttrium Nuclei within Interacting-Boson Fermi-Fermion Model (IBFFM)

Short Retraction NoticeThe paper does not meet the standards of "Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics". This article has been retracted to straighten the academic record. In making this decision the Editorial Board follows COPE's Retraction Guidelines. The aim is to promote the circulation of scientific research by offering an ideal research publication platform with due consideration of internationally accepted standards on publication ethics. The Editorial Board would like to extend its sincere apologies for any inconvenience this retraction may have caused.Editor guiding this retraction: Prof. Wen-Xiu Ma (EiC of JAMP)The full retraction notice in PDF is preceding the original paper, which is marked "RETRACTED".

Gradient structure induced simultaneous enhancement of strength and ductility in AZ31 Mg alloy with twin-twin interactions

Gradient nanostructure was introduced to enhance the strength and ductility via deformation incompatibility accommodated by geometrical necessary dislocations for most metallic materials recently.However,few intensive researches were carried out to investigate the effect of gradient structure on the deformation twin evolution and resulting performance improvements.In the present paper,we produced gradient-structured AZ31 Mg alloy with fine-grain layers,parallel twin laminates and a coarse-grain core from two upmost surfaces to the center of plate.Surprisingly,this architected Mg alloy exhibited simultaneous enhancement of strength and ductility.Subsequent microstructural observations demonstrated that abundant twin-twin interactions resulting from higher strength and multi-axial stress state could make great contributions to the increase of work-hardening capability.This was further proved by the measurement of full-field strain evolution during the plastic deformation.Such a design strategy may provide a new path for producing advanced structure materials in which the deformation twinning works as one of the dominant plasticity mechanisms.

Influence of Soil-Structure Interaction Models on the Dynamic Responses of An Offshore Wind Turbine Under Environmental Loads

Offshore wind turbines(OWTs) suffer wind, wave and earthquake loads. The investigation of OWTs' dynamic response under environmental loads is essential for structural safety assessment. The soil-structure interaction(SSI)significantly affects the responses of OWT under environmental loads. However, there is few systematic research about the difference in the dynamic response of different SSI models under environmental loads. In order to solve the problem, the OWT is modeled by shell element, and several SSI models are built. The wind, wave and earthquake loads are taken into account. Moreover, the dynamic response, fatigue and buckling analysis are performed by ANSYS. The results indicate that SSI cannot be ignored in the dynamic response of the OWT under wind and wave loads. The SSI can decrease the displacement response of the OWT by 19% under wind and wave loads and reduce the fatigue damage of the pile. Multi-layer SSI can strongly influence the OWT's dynamic response under wind and wave loads or earthquake-only load. The vertical earthquake load increases the dynamic response in three directions.Besides, in order to simulate real environment, multi-layer SSI, soil damping and vertical SSI must be considered to evaluate the displacement response of the OWT under wind, wave and earthquake loads. The earthquake and gravity loads can cause more obvious response of the OWT than that of only wind and wave loads. The top and bottom of the tower are prone to occur buckling.

Identifying the Spatial Structure of Black Hole and Tropical Cyclone Based on a Theoretical Analysis of Orthogonal Interaction

Black holes are recognized by Newton’s gravitational theory and Einstein’s general relativity, but there is still a lack of understanding the spatial structure of events, especially the nature of event horizon. In this paper, a theoretical analysis is used to compare the structures of tropical cyclone in the atmosphere and black hole in the astronomy so that five results are: 1) Both of them share the similar spatial structure, with tropical cyclone and black hole having the outflow cloud shield and the horizon sphere in the central part, respectively, while four spiral material bands exist in the rotating plane around them;2) In theoretically, the energy density formed by the orthogonal interaction of the four spiral material bands is as times as the total kinetic energy of the head-on interaction;3) This region of high energy density can lead to the conversion from mass to energy and the creation of new physical states of matter, which is a black hole event;4) The outer horizon of a black hole is the outermost interface of events, or the orthogonal interaction interface of particles;5) High-speed plasma jets extended at the poles of the black hole are directly associated with the shear stress of orthogonal interaction.

A SEMI-ANALYTICAL AND SEMI-NUMERICAL METHOD FOR SOLVING 2-D SOUND-STRUCTURE INTERACTION PROBLEMS

Based on the transfer matrix method and the virtual source simulation technique, this paper proposes a novel semi-analytical and semi-numerical method for solving 2-D sound- structure interaction problems under a harmonic excitation.Within any integration segment, as long as its length is small enough,along the circumferential curvilinear coordinate,the non- homogeneous matrix differential equation of an elastic ring of complex geometrical shape can be rewritten in terms of the homogeneous one by the method of extended homogeneous capacity proposed in this paper.For the exterior fluid domain,the multi-circular virtual source simulation technique is adopted.The source density distributed on each virtual circular curve may be ex- panded as the Fourier's series.Combining with the inverse fast Fourier transformation,a higher accuracy and efficiency method for solving 2-D exterior Helmholtz's problems is presented in this paper.In the aspect of solution to the coupling equations,the state vectors of elastic ring induced by the given harmonic excitation and generalized forces of coefficients of the Fourier series can be obtained respectively by using a high precision integration scheme combined with the method of extended homogeneous capacity put forward in this paper.According to the superposition princi- ple and compatibility conditions at the interface between the elastic ring and fluid,the algebraic equation of system can be directly constructed by using the least square approximation.Examples of acoustic radiation from two typical fluid-loaded elastic rings under a harmonic concentrated force are presented.Numerical results show that the method proposed is more efficient than the mixed FE-BE method in common use.

Bioinspired Multifunctional Self-Sensing Actuated Gradient Hydrogel for Soft-Hard Robot Remote Interaction

The development of bioinspired gradient hydrogels with self-sensing actuated capabilities for remote interaction with soft-hard robots remains a challenging endeavor. Here, we propose a novel multifunctional self-sensing actuated gradient hydrogel that combines ultrafast actuation and high sensitivity for remote interaction with robotic hand. The gradient network structure, achieved through a wettability difference method involving the rapid precipitation of MoO_(2) nanosheets, introduces hydrophilic disparities between two sides within hydrogel. This distinctive approach bestows the hydrogel with ultrafast thermo-responsive actuation(21° s^(-1)) and enhanced photothermal efficiency(increase by 3.7 ℃ s^(-1) under 808 nm near-infrared). Moreover, the local cross-linking of sodium alginate with Ca^(2+) endows the hydrogel with programmable deformability and information display capabilities. Additionally, the hydrogel exhibits high sensitivity(gauge factor 3.94 within a wide strain range of 600%), fast response times(140 ms) and good cycling stability. Leveraging these exceptional properties, we incorporate the hydrogel into various soft actuators, including soft gripper, artificial iris, and bioinspired jellyfish, as well as wearable electronics capable of precise human motion and physiological signal detection. Furthermore, through the synergistic combination of remarkable actuation and sensitivity, we realize a self-sensing touch bioinspired tongue. Notably, by employing quantitative analysis of actuation-sensing, we realize remote interaction between soft-hard robot via the Internet of Things. The multifunctional self-sensing actuated gradient hydrogel presented in this study provides a new insight for advanced somatosensory materials, self-feedback intelligent soft robots and human–machine interactions.

Strong metal–support interaction boosts the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution capability of Ru nanoparticles supported on titanium nitride

Ruthenium(Ru)has been regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to substitute Pt for catalyzing alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),owing to its inherent high activity and being the cheapest platinum-group metal.Herein,based on the idea of strong metal–support interaction(SMSI)regulation,Ru/TiN catalysts with different degrees of TiN overlayer over Ru nanoparticles were fabricated,which were applied to the alkaline electrolytic water.Characterizations reveal that the TiN overlayer would gradually encapsulate the Ru nanoparticles and induce more electron transfer from Ru nanoparticles to TiN support by the Ru–N–Ti bond as the SMSI degree increased.Further study shows that the exposed Ru–TiN interfaces greatly promote the H_(2) desorption capacity.Thus,the Ru/TiN-300 with a moderate SMSI degree exhibits excellent HER performance,with an overpotential of 38 mV at 10 mA cm^(−2).Also,due to the encapsulation role of TiN overlayer on Ru nanoparticles,it displays super long-term stability with a very slight potential change after 24 h.This study provides a deep insight into the influence of the SMSI effect between Ru and TiN on HER and offers a novel approach for preparing efficient and stable HER electrocatalysts through SMSI engineering.

Enhanced Ion-Selective Diffusion Achieved by Supramolecular Interaction for High Thermovoltage and Thermal Stability

Thermoelectric(TE)generators capable of converting thermal energy into applicable electricity have gained great popularity among emerging energy conversion technologies.Biopolymer-based ionic thermoelectric(i-TE)materials are promising candidates for energy conversion systems because of their wide sources,innocuity,and low manufacturing cost.However,common physically crosslinked biopolymer gels induced by single hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic interaction suffer from low differential thermal voltage and poor thermodynamic stability.Here,we develop a novel i-TE gel with supramolecular structures through multiple noncovalent interactions between ionic liquids(ILs)and gelatin molecular chains.The thermopower and thermoelectric power factor of the ionic gels are as high as 2.83 mV K-1 and 18.33μW m^(-1)K^(-2),respectively.The quasi-solid-state gelatin-[EMIM]DCA i-TE cells achieve ultrahigh 2 h output energy density(E_(2h)=9.9 mJ m^(-2))under an optimal temperature range.Meanwhile,the remarkable stability of the supramolecular structure provides the i-TE hydrogels with a thermal stability of up to 80℃.It breaks the limitation that biopolymer-based i-TE gels can only be applied in the low temperature range and enables biopolymer-based i-TE materials to pursue better performance in a higher temperature range.

Effect of the sloping seabed on 3D soil-spudcan interaction using a material point-finite element(MPM-FEM)model

The sloping seabed affects the bearing capacity and failure mechanism of soil,which may compromise the stability and safety of offshore structures such as jack-up platforms.This paper employs a coupled model combining the material point method and finite element method(MPM-FEM)to analyze the impact of sloping seabeds on the three-dimensional soil-spudcan interaction.The MPM-FEM model implements the B¯approach to solve the challenge of volumetric locking due to the incompressibility constraints imposed by yield criterion.It is validated against the centrifuge results.The effects of sloping seabeds on penetration resistance,soil flow pattern,lateral response,stress distribution,and failure mechanism are discussed.The soil mainly undergoes overall failure when the ratio of penetration depth to spudcan diameter(i.e.D P/D)is between 0 and 0.25.As the slope angle increases,the soil on the side of lower slope is expelled further,resulting in an asymmetric stress distribution and a larger horizontal sliding force of soil.When D P/D increases to 0.75,the soil transitions to localized plastic flow failure,and the range of soil flow affected by the spudcan penetration decreases.The results show that,when the slope angle increases,the lateral displacement and stress distribution on the lower slope of a sloping seabed is significantly larger than that of a horizontal seabed,impacting the spudcan and surrounding soil behavior.The study suggests that the seabed slope significantly affects the range of soil flow and failure at shallow penetration,indicating that the slope angle should be taken into account in the design and installation of offshore jack-up rigs,particularly in areas with sloping seabeds.

Capturing the non-equilibrium state in light–matter–free-electron interactions through ultrafast transmission electron microscopy

Ultrafast transmission electron microscope(UTEM) with the multimodality of time-resolved diffraction, imaging,and spectroscopy provides a unique platform to reveal the fundamental features associated with the interaction between free electrons and matter. In this review, we summarize the principles, instrumentation, and recent developments of the UTEM and its applications in capturing dynamic processes and non-equilibrium transient states. The combination of the transmission electron microscope with a femtosecond laser via the pump–probe method guarantees the high spatiotemporal resolution, allowing the investigation of the transient process in real, reciprocal and energy spaces. Ultrafast structural dynamics can be studied by diffraction and imaging methods, revealing the coherent acoustic phonon generation and photoinduced phase transition process. In the energy dimension, time-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy enables the examination of the intrinsic electronic dynamics of materials, while the photon-induced near-field electron microscopy extends the application of the UTEM to the imaging of optical near fields with high real-space resolution. It is noted that light–free-electron interactions have the ability to shape electron wave packets in both longitudinal and transverse directions, showing the potential application in the generation of attosecond electron pulses and vortex electron beams.

Enhanced energy-absorbing and sound-absorbing capability of functionally graded and helicoidal lattice structures with triply periodic minimal surfaces

Lattice structures have drawn much attention in engineering applications due to their lightweight and multi-functional properties.In this work,a mathematical design approach for functionally graded(FG)and helicoidal lattice structures with triply periodic minimal surfaces is proposed.Four types of lattice structures including uniform,helicoidal,FG,and combined FG and helicoidal are fabricated by the additive manufacturing technology.The deformation behaviors,mechanical properties,energy absorption,and acoustic properties of lattice samples are thoroughly investigated.The load-bearing capability of helicoidal lattice samples is gradually improved in the plateau stage,leading to the plateau stress and total energy absorption improved by over 26.9%and 21.2%compared to the uniform sample,respectively.This phenomenon was attributed to the helicoidal design reduces the gap in unit cells and enhances fracture resistance.For acoustic properties,the design of helicoidal reduces the resonance frequency and improves the peak of absorption coefficient,while the FG design mainly influences the peak of absorption coefficient.Across broad range of frequency from 1000 to 6300 Hz,the maximum value of absorption coefficient is improved by18.6%-30%,and the number of points higher than 0.6 increased by 55.2%-61.7%by combining the FG and helicoidal designs.This study provides a novel strategy to simultaneously improve energy absorption and sound absorption properties by controlling the internal architecture of lattice structures.

Precise Positioning Method for Seafloor Geodetic Stations Based on the Temporal Variation of Sound Speed Structure

At present,GNSS-Acoustic(GNSS-A)combined technology is widely used in positioning for seafloor geodetic stations.Based on Sound Velocity Profiles(SVPs)data,the equal gradient acoustic ray-tracing method is applied in high-precision position inversion.However,because of the discreteness of the SVPs used in the forementioned method,it ignores the continuous variation of sound velocity structure in time domain,which worsens the positioning accuracy.In this study,the time-domain variation of Sound Speed Structure(SSS)has been considered,and the cubic B-spline function is applied to characterize the perturbed sound velocity.Based on the ray-tracing theory,an inversion model of“stepwise iteration&progressive corrections”for both positioning and sound speed information is proposed,which conducts the gradual correction of seafloor geodetic station coordinates and disturbed sound velocity.The practical data was used to test the effectiveness of our method.The results show that the Root Mean Square(RMS)errors of the residual values of the traditional methods without sound velocity correction,based on quadratic polynomial correction and based on cubic B-spline function correction are 1.43 ms,0.44 ms and 0.21 ms,respectively.The inversion model with sound velocity correction can effectively eliminate the systematic error caused by the change of SSS,and significantly improve the positioning accuracy of the seafloor geodetic stations.

Seismic Response of Adjacent Structure to Inter-Story Isolated Structure

Currently, land resources are becoming more and more constrained and structures are getting closer to each other. To investigate the seismic response of inter-story isolated structure to adjacent structure, models considering no soil-structure interaction (SSI), considering soil-structure interaction (SSI), and considering structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI) were established. Nonlinear seismic response comparative analysis was conducted by varying the spacing between adjacent structure and inter-story isolated structure, as well as the weight of adjacent structure, under different earthquake inputs, in order to obtain the structural response characteristics. The results indicate that the inter-story drift and inter-story shear of the inter-story isolated structure without considering SSI are smaller than those considering SSI and SSSI. The inter-story drift and inter-story shear of the inter-story isolated structure considering SSSI are further affected compared to that of the inter-story isolated structure considering only SSI. As the spacing between adjacent structure and inter-story isolated structure increases, the influence of adjacent structure on inter-story isolated structure decreases. The variation in the spacing between the two structures has a negligible effect on the isolation layer of the inter-story isolated structure. With the increase in the weight of adjacent structure, the influence of adjacent structure on inter-story isolated structure becomes more significant. The increasing weight of adjacent structure has an increasing effect on the Isolation layer of the inter-story isolated structure.

Analysis of Commuting Modal Shift in Consideration of Social Interaction of Consciousness for Environment

It is the matter for achievement of the low carbon transport system that the excessive use of private vehicles can be controlled appropriately.Not only improvement of service level of modes except private vehicle,but also consciousness for environmental problem of individual trip maker is important for eco-commuting promotion.On the other hand,consciousness for environment would be changed by influence of other person.Accordingly,it is aimed in the study that the structure of decision-making process for modal shift to the eco-commuting mode in the local city is described considering environmental consciousness and social interaction.For the purpose,the consciousness for the environment problem and the travel behavior of the commuter at the suburban area in the local city are investigated by the questionnaire survey.The covariance structure about the eco-consciousness is analyzed with the database of the questionnaire survey by structural equation modeling.As the result,it can be confirmed with the structural equation model that the individual environmental consciousness is strongly related with the intention of self-sacrifice and is influenced with the local interaction of the individual connections.On the other hand,the intention of modal shift for the commuting mode is analyzed with the database of the questionnaire survey.It can be found out that the environmental consciousness is not statistically significant for commuting mode choice with the present poor level of service of public transport.However,the intention of self-sacrifice for the prevention of the global warming is statistically confirmed as the factor of modal shift with the operation of eco-commuting bus service with the RP/SP integrated estimation method.As the result,the multi-agent simulation system with social interaction model for eco consciousness is developed to measure the effect of the eco-commuting promotion.For the purpose,the carbon dioxide emission is estimated based on traffic demand and road network condition in the traffic environment model.On the other hand,the relation between agents is defined based on the small world network.The proposed multi-agent simulation is applied to measure the effect of the eco-commuting promotion such as improvement of level of service on the public transport or education of eco-consciousness.The effect of the promotion plan can be observed with the proposed multi-agent system.Finally,it can be concluded that the proposed multi-agent simulation with social interaction for eco-consciousness is useful for planning of eco-commuting promotion.

Fundamental Study on Response Properties of Structures Constructed on Lunar Regolith

The Artemis Program, for constructing the lunar base, is in progress. How to design and construct architectural and civil engineering structures in the lunar environment has become an important issue. The lunar surface is covered with soft sand, called regolith, and it is required to protect lunar bases and structures, as well as internal precision equipment, against vibrational disturbances such as moonquakes and meteorite collisions. Therefore, in this study, the static and cyclic triaxial compression tests of the regolith simulant were conducted. The reference strain and equivalent damping factor of the regolith simulant were smaller compared to sandy soil on Earth. In addition, a shaking table test using model specimens was conducted on the response properties of regolith ground alone and structures set on regolith ground. The buried foundation and pile foundation notably suppressed the horizontal response attributed to the rocking component compared to a direct foundation.

Numerical Investigation on Fluid Structure Interaction Considering Rotor Deformation for a Centrifugal Pump

The existing research for unsteady flow field and the corresponding flow induced vibration analysis of centrifugal pump are mainly carried out respectively without considering the interaction between fluid and structure. The ignorance of fluid structure interaction （FSI） means that the energy transfer between fluid and structure is neglected. To some extent, the accuracy and reliability of unsteady flow and rotor deflection analysis should be affected by this interaction mechanism. In this paper, a combined calculation between two executables for turbulent flow and vibrating structure was established using two-way coupling method to study the effect of FSI. Pressure distributions, radial forces, rotor deflection and equivalent stress are analyzed. The results show that the FSI effect to pressure distribution in flow field is complex. The pressure distribution is affected not only around impeller outlet where different variation trends of pressure values with and without FSI appear according to different relative positions between blade and cutwater, but also in the diffusion section of volute. Variation trends of peak values of radial force amplitude calculated with and without FSI are nearly same under high flow rate and designed conditions while the peak value with FSI is slightly smaller, and differently, the peak value with FSI is larger with low flow rate. In addition, the effect of FSI on the angle of radial force is quite complex, especially under 0.5Q condition. Fluctuation of radial deflection of the rotor has obvious four periods, of which the extent is relatively small under design condition and is relatively large under off-design condition. Finally, fluctuations of equivalent stress with time are obvious under different conditions, and stress value is small. The proposed research establishes the FSI calculation method for centrifugal pump analysis, and ensures the existing affect by fluid structure interaction.

Effect of the Interaction of Different Scale Vortices on the Structure and Motion of Typhoons

Five numerical experiments have been performed in this paper by using a quasigtostrophic barotropical model to investigate the interaction of different scale vortiCes on the structure and motion of typhoons.Results show that this interaction may arouse the irregular changes of the asymmetric structure of typhoons,thus leading to anomalous Phenomena such as meandering tracks and sudden changes in the motion speed of typhoons;the ￣t Of this interaction on the strucure and motion may be quite different when the smaller vortex is situated in different Posihons of the typhoon circulation.