Trends in Domestic Soundscape Research: Knowledge Graph Analysis Based on Cite Space

The development of soundscape has a history of over 20 years to this day. Based on the CNKI database, a contact graph of authors in the field of soundscape is drawn using Cite Space software, and the number of core authors in the field of soundscape is determined to be 30. Based on the number of papers and the evolution of keywords over the years, the development of soundscape research is divided into three stages: exploration stage(1995-2006), pre development stage(2007-2015), and post development stage(2016-present). The research direction is divided into three categories: soundscape perception, soundscape evaluation, and soundscape design. According to various graph analysis, with the continuous development of science and technology, soundscape research fields and methods are gradually diversified, and fields such as soundscape evaluation, soundscape, landscape architecture, soundscape perception and sound stroll have gradually become hot spots in soundscape research.

Soundscape evaluation and integrated humanist ecology of audiovisual sense in Hangzhou Gongshu section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal

Located at the end of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal,Hangzhou has a historical and cultural heritage with an abundance of acoustic and visual landscape.The paper introduces the concept of“soundscape”into the canal landscape design,and analyzes its characteristics through documentary analysis,questionnaire method,soundscape walk method,grid method and statistical analysis method.Besides,GIS is also used to present the analysis in a visualized way.The study adopt the increase,decrease and protect design methods which are commonly used in soundscape and the landscape combination methods derived from the classic landscape rules.Eventually,the design is performed in a targeted manner from the perspective of the integrated design of vision and soundscape,offering a optimum proposal and construction strategy.It is hoped that it can promote the design of the integrated acoustic-visual environment of the canal so as to improve the overall spatial environment quality of the urban canal.

Soundscape声音景观理论及声音分类法的研究

众所周知,在音响视听这个行业中声音是重要的组成部分.每一幅亮丽的画面如果没有声音的衬托,相信也会失色许多.在当今的影视行业中,声音效果已经普遍被制片人所重视和大量采用,一段精心制作的音乐足以让一部影片光芒四射.在我们的日常生活中,没有人计算过每天我们会听到多少种声音,也很少有人去专业地拾取和收集它们.我们应该从大自然这座声音的仓库中提取有用的素材,建立我们自己的数据库,并从中学习,听取、认知这些声音,为音响视听以及影视后期制作等行业积累有用的工作素材.

Investigation and Analysis of Soundscape Resources in Sanzhualun National Forest Park of Jiangxi Province

The evaluation of landscape resources is the basis of tourism development. The traditional aesthetic value assessment of forest landscape mainly focuses on the visual perception, but the auditory perception is usually ignored. In fact, the esthetics artistic conception is not complete without each sense. With a case study on the National Forestry Park of Mount Sanzhualun in Jiangxi Province, the investigation and analysis of the soundscape resources are made in this research. The forest soundscape resources are classified into six types, mainly including water soundscape, rain soundscape, birds' soundscape, leaf soundscape, insects' soundscape and wind soundscape. Furthermore, the concept, content and rule of forest soundscape resources are defined so as to provide significant references for the more advantageous development, utilization and management of the forest landscape resources.

《Soundscape通告》——声音景观研究Ⅰ

每天 ,听到了什么声音 ?你又记住了哪些声音 ?1 999年对北京市民的调查结果表明 :北京的Soundcape———声音景观 ,正遭受着噪声的侵害。人们赖以生存的音响生态环境已经成了倾斜噪声的“垃圾场”。我们把人类生活中的声音生态环境叫做Soundscape———声音景观。通过对Soundscape声音景观的研究 ,说明和探求消除噪声、创造美好声音景观的方法。最终通过有意识地声音景观设计 。

Analysis of the Soundscape Resources and Application in Yunjushan Mountain National Park

On the basis of the concept of soundscape,this research analyzes the diversity of the soundscape resource in Yunjushan Mountain National Park and makes a division.Finally,the soundscape resources which have played an important role in the National Park are discussed.

Optimization of Soundscape in Theme Park Based on Soundscape Comfortable Degree——A Case Study of China Dinosaur Land in Changzhou

Tourism soundscape is a new field of tourism landscape research, soundscape designs offer new concepts for the landscape research and development. Taking China Dinosaur Land in Changzhou City for example, visitors' perception about soundscape comfort in theme parks was studied. The researches found that acoustic comfort was infl uenced by objective parameters of sound and subjective perception of visitors, and when the soundscape volume stayed at a certain threshold value, visitors would gain the most satisfi ed acoustic comfort experience, and they were most sensitive to sound elements that able to convey cultural connotations of the theme park. On this basis, this paper adopted positive design, negative design, and zero design, and proposed the concepts of optimizing theme park soundscapes.

Construction of a Comprehensive Soundscape Evaluation System in Forest Parks Based on Grey Statistical Theory

Based on collection and arrangement of evaluation indicators of soundscape in a forest park,24 primary evaluation indicators are chosen by grey statistical theory.The results show that there are 5 main factors influencing soundscape in a forest park,including water soundscape,wind soundscape,animal soundscape,recreation soundscape,and artificial soundscape,which contain 13 evaluation indicators.Among these factors,natural sound elements account for 84.6%.Thus a comprehensive evaluation indicator system of soundscape(including natural and unnatural soundscape) in a forest park is constructed by the selected evaluation indicators,and it is expected to provide a reference for scientific and systematic construction and development of forest parks in future.

Development Strategy of Soundscape in Rural Tourism Based on Tourist Perception:A Case Study of Some Villages in Jiangxi Province

In the context of the development of rural tourism,through the field investigation of several rural tourism destinations in Jiangxi,and from the perspective of tourist perception,this paper discusses the development strategy of soundscape in rural tourism,so as to promote the inheritance and development of rural soundscape design.

Soundscape Design of Old Urban Residential Districts

This paper introduced the concept of soundscape, investigated sound environment of old urban residential districts, and explored soundscape elements and soundscape designs. In view of current sound environment features of old urban residential districts and different population groups' preferences for different sound elements, this paper proposed soundscape design methods to improve sound environment of old urban residential districts.

由“声音景观”(Soundscape)一词引发的音乐学与旅游学的跨学科研究思考

"声音景观"(Soundscape)最初是由音响生态学领域提出的概念,其研究定位是以生态学的方式来呈现一种全景式的声音研究的面貌。后被音乐人类学、人文地理学、城市规划学等学科借鉴。对声音景观在以上学科的发展与研究视角展开理论追溯,并对音乐景观与旅游景观的视觉感知、文化感知、情感体验以及"声音遗产"保护四个方面的关系进行分析论证。

Music and Performance as Sonic Acts of Political Struggle; Counter-Political Soundscapes in Urban Realm

The paper takes the relation between soundscapes and power struggles as its problem area and focuses on the role of music that is performed in public protests. It argues that music and street performances are conceived and therefore utilised as sonic acts of political struggle in urban realm. Starting with a general understanding of hearing mechanisms, the study elucidates the relationships among territoriality of soundscape, identity construction, social segregation and polarisation, and finally, power struggle. Within the framework of the intersection area of these concepts, the paper discusses the processes of politisation of soundscape through music as a form of protest event that is performed in public realm. Throughout the paper, it is focused on the significant cases of public protests as well as political events that occured in public space. The main emphasis is on the use of sound technologies to impose power on masses of people. The paper tackles the question of how the salient characteristics of soundscape are sonically adopted as means for counter-political acts in public realm.

Soundscape Dynamics at Anuran Reproductive Sites in Pannonian Biogeographical Region：Effects of Road Noise on Vocal Activity

The emerging field of soundscape ecology views ecosystems in terms of biophony, geophony and anthrophony. Soundscape ecology considers the effects of sound on fauna, and this research focuses on anuran breeding lek soundscapes. The sensitivity of anuran breeding leks to acoustic disturbances makes breeding leks an important venue for a comparative soundscape study. We made long-term（〉 24 h） sound recordings in three representative wetlands and short-term（〈 30 min） recordings in ten sites in the Pannonian Biogeographical Region of Hungary and around the Hungary and Slovakia border. Long-term soundscapes of the floodplain stretch, where there is relatively minor anthrophonical disturbance, showed an obvious circadian change in sound intensities. The site with moderate sound contamination exhibited a disturbed pattern of circadian sound variation, while the site with heavy traffic noise displayed an apparently random temporal soundscape. At different amphibian breeding sites during mating season, our short-term recordings were dominated by anuran calls, bird songs and wind noises, while insect calls and rain were present to a lesser degree. Our study indicates that vehicle traffic noise is a severe imposition to the natural soundscape, and suggests that soundscape monitoring can provide a reliable and sensitive index of environmental change for both short-term and long-term periods.

Research of Mount Huangshan Historical Soundscape from Late Ming to Early Qing Dynasties

Soundscape is a word proposed by R.Murray Schafer.Based on his theory,the soundscape is not only a sound environment,but a thing as a significant,aesthetic and meaningful phenomenon.The appreciation of landscape beauty not only comes from the visual sense,but also comes from other senses,such as hearing,smell,touching and taste.Hence,the sounds and its related soundscape appreciation are considered as important aesthetic components in Chinese national parks.The historical sound was the sound which happen in the history of national parks and recorded in serial documents.The historical soundscape should not only be considered as soundmark which deserved to be conserved in national park because of its history values,but also should be recognized as its aesthetic and dynamic values in national park too.In fact,it is a common sense in Chinese landscape history that considering historical soundscape as an aesthetic component.

Evaluation of Four Seasons Soundscape in Meiling National Forest Park

To analyze the changes of soundscape elements in different seasons and periods,and to accurately grasp the internal operation law of soundscape,a questionnaire survey was conducted on the visitors of Meiling National Forest Park in four seasons.The average value method and factor analysis method were used to get people’s evaluation of forest soundscape and its influence on human psychology.The evaluation vocabulary of the four seasons psychological scale was summed up into the same 3 common factors,but the variables of each common factor were different,and the characteristics of the first factor were obvious,which was of great significance to the psychological expectation of the soundscape of Meiling National Forest Park.The soundscape of four seasons in Meiling National Forest Park has a natural and comfortable effect on human psychology on the whole.The soundscape impact factors in Meiling National Forest Park are very different in the primary and the secondary,and the expectations of forest soundscape tourists also vary greatly.

Bianjing Spectacle: Soundscapes of Bianjing and Identities in Song Dynasty Literature

By closely examining the literary works of the Song Dynasty,such as prose,poetry,rhyme-prose,lyrics,notes,and miscellaneous theses,this paper combines historical and literary evidence to rediscover the 13 types of soundscapes and their corresponding spaces in the Bianjing City,the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty,and it reveals the causes and historical-cultural significance of these soundscapes.Focusing on the key issues of soundscapes,this paper analyzes the sound spaces,identities,discourses,and literary achievements depicted in the writings about Bianjing.It argues that the“Bianjing Spectacle”of vendors’cries described by the Southern Song people can be used as a summary of the soundscape characteristics of Bianjing.Furthermore,it interprets the special silence,crying,and the absence of the sounds of production from an aesthetic perspective.By rediscovering,analyzing,and interpreting the soundscapes of Bianjing,this paper reveals significant differences between the Tang and Song dynasties at the sound level and differentiates various“auditory communities.”It thereby demonstrates the portrayal of Bianjing in Song literature,addresses theoretical hot topics in literature and geography,and builds on Marx’s arguments to propose that a thorough understanding of history,the world,and ourselves requires an in depth study of the soundscapes in literature.

A visualized soundscape prediction model for design processes in urban parks

Existing soundscape prediction model application conditions and calculation processes are very complex,and difficult to combine with design processes.Therefore,in this study,a visual soundscape prediction model is constructed for sound pressure level(SPL)prediction,sound source prediction,and soundscape evaluation prediction by inputting the elements of urban design under the meshing method(grid 50 m)into a machine learning Gaussian mixture model(GMM).Taking three typical urban parks as examples,the soundwalk method is used to collect subjective perception information on-site to verify prediction accuracy.The results show that by applying geographic information data,including the minimum distance values from predicted points to roads,entrances and exits,and internal nodes,the SPL can be predicted.When the accuracy rate is stable within a 3 dBA error range,the prediction accuracy rate is 67.7%.The visual perception information added is used to quickly predict the sound source type,and the output is the visualized distribution of the natural,human,and mechanical sound perception with a 77.4%accuracy rate.Finally,combining geographic,visual and sound data to predict soundscape evaluation,the model's output are good,medium,and poor categories for each descriptor of the soundscape evaluation,and the prediction results are visualized in three colours with a 74.2%accuracy rate.The convenient soundscape prediction model proposed in this paper can be applied to design practice.By adjusting park design elements,the distribution results can be compared,and an optimal design scheme from the soundscape perspective can be obtained.Combined with the model output,this study compares the model simulation results after adjusting the design elements and the original,and proposes targeted optimisation strategies for urban park soundscape.

From dBA to soundscape indices: Managing our sound environment

While in the EU alone 80 million citizens are suffering from excessive environmental noise, the conventional approach, i.e., reduction of ‘sound level', does not always deliver the required improvements in quality of life. The growing field of ‘soundscape studies' is addressing this gap by considering the sound environment as perceived, in context, with an interdisciplinary approach. However, soundscapes are hugely complex,and measuring them as a basis for environmental design requires a step change to the discipline. This paper explores the need for developing ‘soundscape indices', in the movement from noise control to soundscape creation,adequately reflecting levels of human comfort, the impact of which will be reminiscent of that of the Decibel scale created by Bell Systems a century ago. By analysing the soundscape design of urban open public spaces, the coherent steps for achieving this are also discussed,including characterising soundscapes by capturing soundscapes and establishing a comprehensive database; determining key factors and their influence on soundscape quality based on the database; developing, testing and validating soundscape indices; and demonstrating the applicability of the soundscape indices in the management of our sound environment.

Soundscape actions： A tool for noise treatment based on three workshops in landscape architecture

This paper reports experiences from three workshops dealing with soundscape as a noise treatment approach in landscape architecture. The workshops were conducted between 2012 and 2016 in different contexts, for different purposes and with different participants. The paper describes the workshop approach employed and analyzes the proposals made by workshop participants to employ ＂soundscape action＂ as an operational tool in landscape architecture projects. Through a process of ＇keywording＇ and clustering proposals from the workshops, 22 pragmatic soundscape actions emerged and are described on a generat level. The paper then discusses the outcomes and experiences from the workshops and retates this to landscape architecture practice.

Soundscape of the West Lake Scenic Area with profound cultural background—a case study of Evening Bell Ringing in Jingci Temple,China

From the case study of Evening Bell Ringing at Nanping Hill,one of the West Lake Cultural Landscapes in Hangzhou,China,we investigated the soundscape of a scenic area with a profound cultural background.First,we conducted the soundscape physical index of the area in both winter and spring seasons to analyze its objective graphical expression.Second,we focused on people's reactions to the soundscape in order to obtain a subjective evaluation of each component in the soundscape and integrated environment.Then,the relationship between the objective data and the subjective evaluation was analyzed.Finally,the impacts of the natural environment,history,and cultural factors on the evaluation of the Jingci Temple soundscape were studied.It was found that natural sounds,cultural sounds,and historic sounds were widely acclaimed in people's subjective feelings,which indicated the close relationships among historical and cultural background,soundscape,and natural environment.Thus,the conclusion was made that soundscape should be consistent with the local natural environment and the historical and cultural background.