云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床成因研究中的几个问题

位于川—滇—黔铅锌多金属成矿域中南部云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床可能是一种新的铅锌矿床类型,该类铅锌矿床明显特征是规模大、品位富、伴生有用元素多,暗示其成矿环境较为特殊。从成矿时代、成矿物质来源、成矿流体来源与演化,以及峨眉山玄武岩与成矿的关系等方面分析了会泽超大型铅锌矿床的研究进展及国内外研究现状,认为矿床成矿时代与西南大面积峨眉山玄武岩成矿时代相近,成矿物质和成矿流体具有"多源性",成矿流体存在均一化过程,区域大规模流体运移在该区铅锌成矿过程中具有重要意义,峨眉山玄武岩岩浆活动与铅锌成矿具有密切的成因联系,矿床可能为"均一化成矿流体贯入成矿"的产物。

锡-银多金属成矿系统的基本特征、研究进展与展望

锡-银多金属成矿系统主要产于主动大陆边缘、板内伸展和造山后伸展等构造背景中。全球典型成矿带包括玻利维亚南部带、俄罗斯远东Sikhote-Alin带、我国大兴安岭南段、南岭和欧洲Erzgebirge地区。成矿相关岩浆岩主要为浅成中酸性侵入体或次火山岩体,包括流纹英安-流纹质火山/次火山岩、石英斑岩、花岗斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩等,并与同期火山岩和碱性基性岩脉密切共生。岩浆源区不仅有大量地壳物质的参与,还普遍存在不同比例地幔物质成分的加入。围岩蚀变由早到晚、由成矿中心向外依次发育电气石化/云英岩化、绢云母化、伊利石化和高级泥化,金属矿化组合相应的依次为Sn(-W)→Zn-CuPb-Sn→Ag-Pb-Zn-Sb-Sn→Ag-Sb-Pb,锡矿化产于电气石和云英岩化带内,银矿化产于伊利石化和高级泥化带内。以银为主矿体多在浅部呈多条陡立脉状产出,以锡为主的矿体在深部呈大脉状和热液角砾岩体产出,也可呈浸染状或细网脉状产出(此时称为斑岩型锡矿)。此类矿床还常伴生In、Cd、Ga等矿化,主要产于闪锌矿、黄铜矿和方铅矿为主的硫化物成矿阶段。对成矿金属起源的研究显示锡可能主要来自中上地壳富锡的变质沉积岩,但银的来源尚无明确解释,沉积岩、地幔、围岩地层可能都有贡献。岩浆较低的氧逸度条件和富Cl的成分有利于形成富锡和其它金属的成矿流体,成矿早期流体常具有较高的盐度,伴随温度的降低和天水流体的稀释过程,流体由早期的高温高盐度逐渐演化到晚期的低温低盐度,并伴随不同金属的依次沉淀,这一过程中,可能多期次流体的叠加作用对大型矿床的形成起重要作用。在前人研究基础上,提出了本类型矿床研究中存在的一些关键问题:(1)普遍存在的壳幔相互作用在成矿过程中的作用尚不明确,地幔物质可能是重要的热源、硫和金属的来源;(2)火山作用与成矿之间的关系及其所起的作用;(3)在同一锡-银多金属成矿带中,富锡贫银、富银贫锡、富锡又富银这三类矿床之间的成因联系如何?造成它们金属组合差异的原因如何?可能需要从岩体侵位深度、矿床剥蚀程度、成矿流体性质等方面进行研究探讨;(4)不同金属元素的起源与耦合成矿作用,Sn-Ag-In等重要的成矿元素可能不是相同的起源,其进入流体的时间及沉淀的物理化学条件也是有差异的,它们在同一矿床中耦合成矿的详细过程与机制尚不清楚,原位微区流体包裹体成分分析、硫化物微量元素和同位素原位分析和面扫描技术可能是解决这一难题的重要手段。上述问题的解决不仅有助于提高对锡-银多金属矿床成矿过程的认识,还可为相关矿床的勘查找矿工作提供理论支持。

H-O-S-Cu-Pb Isotopic Constraints on the Origin of the Nage Cu-Pb Deposit, Southeast Guizhou Province, SW China

The Nage Cu-Pb deposit, a new found ore deposit in the southeast Guizhou province, southwest China, is located on the southwestern margin of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt. Ore bodies are hosted in slate and phyllite of Neoproterozoic Jialu and Wuye Formations, and are structurally controlled by EW-trending fault. It contains Cu and Pb metals about 0.12 million tonnes with grades of 0.2 wt% to 3.4 wt% Cu and 1.1 wt% to 9.27 wt% Pb. Massive and disseminated Cu-Pb ores from the Nage deposit occur as either veinlets or disseminations in silicified rocks. The ore minerals include chalcopyrite, galena and pyrite, and gangue minerals are quartz, sericite and chlorite. The H-O isotopic compositions of quartz, S-Cu-Pb isotopic compositions of sulfide minerals, Pb isotopic compositions of whole rocks and ores have been analyzed to trace the sources of ore-forming fluids and metals for the Nage Cu-Pb deposit. The oSCUNBs values of chalcopyrite range from -0.09% to ＋0.33%0, similar to basic igneous rocks and chalcopyrite from magmatic deposits. J6SCUNBS values of chalcopyrite from the early, middle and final mineralization stages show an increasing trend due to 63Cu prior migrated in gas phase when fluids exsolution from magma, ja4ScDT values of sulfide minerals range from -2.7‰ to ＋2.8‰, similar to mantle-derived sulfur （0±3‰）. The positive correlation between J65CUNBs and ja4SCDT values of chalcopyrite indicates that a common source of copper metal and sulfur from magma. JDu2o- SMOW and JlSOH2O-SMOW values of water in fluid inclusions of quartz range from -60.7‰ to -44.4‰ and ＋7.9‰ to ＋9.0%0 （T=260℃）, respectively and fall in the field for magmatic and metamorphic waters, implicating that mixed sources for H20 in hydrothermal fluids. Ores and sulfide minerals have a small range of Pb isotopic compositions （208Pb/204pb=38.152 to 38.384, 207Pb/204Pb=15.656 to 17.708 and 206Pb/204Pb=17.991 to 18.049） that are close to orogenic belt and upper crust Pb evolution curve, and similar to Neoproterozoic host rocks （208Pb/204Pb=38.201 to 38.6373, 207pb/204pb=15.648 to 15.673 and 206pb/204pb=17.820 to 18.258）, but higher than diabase （208Pb/204pb=37.830 to 38.012, 207pb/204pb=15.620 to 15.635 and 206pb/204pb=17.808 to 17.902）. These results imply that the Pb metal originated mainly from host rocks. The H-O-S-Cu-Pb isotopes tegather with geology, indicating that the ore genesis of the Nage Cu-Pb deposit is post-magmatic hydrothermal type.

Geology and Isotope Geochemistry of the Yinchanggou-Qiluogou Pb-Zn Deposit,Sichuan Province,Southwest China

The Yinchanggou-Qiluogou Pb-Zn deposit,located in the western Yangtze Block,southwest China,is hosted by the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation dolostone.Ore bodies occur in the Qiluogou anticline and the NS-and NNW-trending faults.Sulfide ores mainly consist of sphalerite,pyrite,galena and calcite,with subordinate dolomite and quartz.Seventeen ore bodies have been discovered to date and they have a combined 1.0 million tons of sulfide ores with average grades of 2.27wt%Zn and 6.89wt%Pb.The δD（H2O-SMOW） and δ18O（H2O-SMOW） values of fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite samples range from-68.9‰ to-48.7‰ and 7.3‰ to 15.9‰,respectively,suggesting that H2O in the hydrothermal fluids sourced from metamorphic water.Calcite samples have δ13C（PDB） values ranging from-6.2‰ to-4.1‰ and δ18O（SMOW） values ranging from 15.1‰ to 17.4‰,indicating C and O in the hydrothermal fluids likely derived from a mixed source of metamorphic fluids and the host carbonates.The δ34S（CDT） values of sulfide minerals range from 5.5‰ to 20.3‰,suggesting that thermal chemical reduction of sulfate minerals in evaporates were the most probable source of S in the hydrothermal fluids.The 206Pb/204Pb,207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of sulfide minerals fall in the range of 18.11 to 18.40,15.66 to 15.76 and 38.25 to 38.88,respectively.The Pb isotopic data of the studied deposit plot near the upper crust Pb evolution curve and overlap with the age-corrected Proterozoic basement rocks and the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation hosting dolostone.This indicates that the Pb originated from a mixed source of the basement metamorphic rocks and the ore-hosting carbonate rocks.The ore geology and C-H-O-S-Pb isotopic data suggest that the YinchanggouQiluogou deposit is an unusual carbonate-hosted,strata-bound and epigenetic deposit that derived ore-forming materials from a mixed source of the underlying Porterozoic basements and the Sinian hosting carbonates.