Rare Earth Elements Geochemistry of Laowan Gold Deposit in Henan Province: Trace to Source of Ore-Forming Materials

The compositions of REE in quartz and pyrite from the main stage of the Laowan gold deposit in Henan Province and that in quartz from Laowan granite were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass-spectrometry （ICP-MS） to trace the source of ore-forming materials. Meanwhile, the REE compositions of the deposit ore, granite and metamorphic wall rock were also considered for comparative studies in detail. The range of ∑REE of quartz and pyrite from the deposit ores is 4.18 × 10^-6- 30.91 × 10^-6, the average of ∑REE is 13.39 × 10^-6, and the average of ∑REE of quartz in the Laowan granite is 6.68 × 10^-6. There is no distinct difference of REE parameters between the deposit ore quartz and granite quartz. The quartz in gold deposit has the same REE particular parameters as quartzes from Laowan granite, such as δEu, δCe, （La/Yb）N and （La/Sm）N, partition degree of LREE to HREE, especially, the chondrite-normalized REE patterns, but no similarity to those from metamorphic wall rock, which shows that ore-forming hydrothermal fluid is mainly the fluid coming from the Laowan granite magma, rather than metamorphic fluid. Meanwhile, comparison studies on REE features between minerals from the deposit ores and related geological bodies in the deposit show that REE characteristics of minerals can serve as an indicator of ore-forming fluid properties and sources, while the REE characteristics of the bulk samples （such as deposit ores, granites and wall rocks） can not trace the source of the ore-forming materials exactly.

Effects of different iron sources on the performance of LiFePO_4/C composite cathode materials

Olivine LiFePO4/C composite cathode materials were synthesized by a solid state method in N2 ＋ 5vol% H2 atmosphere. The effects of different iron sources, including Fe（OH）3 and FeC2O4·2H2O, on the performance of as-synthesized cathode materials were investigated and the causes were also analyzed. The crystal structure, the morphology, and the electrochemical performance of the prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffractometry （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, laser particle-size distribution measurement, and other electrochemical techniques. The results demonstrate that the LiFePO4/C materials obtained from Fe（OH）3 at 800℃ and FeC2O4·2H2O at 700℃ have the similar electrochemical performances. The initial discharge capacities of LiFePO4/C synthesized from Fe（OH）3 and FeC2O4·2H2O are 134.5 mAh.g^-1 and 137.4 mAh.g^-1 at the C/5 rate, respectively. How- ever, the tap density of the LiFePO4/C materials obtained from Fe（OH）3 are higher, which is significant for the improvement of the capacity of the battery.

Classification and Source Materials of Continental Crust Transformation Series Granitoids in South China

The granitoids of the continental crust transformation series in South China may be divided into threetypes: (1) synorogenic migmatic and magmatic type. (2) anorogenic continental crust anatexis type, and (3)syncollision type. Based on the results of Sr and Nd isotopic determinations, the source material compositionof the three types of granitoids is calculated with crust-mantle binary mixing simulation. The calculations indi-cate that the granitoids of the first type consist of 78.6-89.7% upper crust endmember materials and15.0-10.3% depleted mantle endmember materials, the granitoids of the second type are composed of 63.7%upper crust endmember materials and 36.3% depleted mantle endmember materials, and those of the third type100% upper crust endmember materials. Hence. the source material composition of the granitoids of all thethree types is dominated by upper crust endmembers.

Discussion on the Source of Ore-forming Materials of the Yinan Gold Deposit,Shandong

Based on the main characteristics of the tectonic -magmatic evolution of region and Tanlu fault zone,we have discussed ore-bearing magmatic rocks petrochemistry,strontium and lead isotope,and the source of ore-forming materials in Yinan skarn deposit in this paper.The petrochemical features show that the ore-bearing magmatic rocks are calc-alkaline rocks of sub-alkaline series formed during

Further study on the genesis of lamellar calcite veins in lacustrine black shale--A case study of Paleogene in Dongying Depression, China

Lamellar calcite veins are prevalent in carbonate-rich,lacustrine dark shale.The formation mechanisms of these veins have been extensively debated,focusing on factors such as timing,depth,material source,and driving forces.This paper examines dark lacustrine shale lamellar calcite veins in the Paleogene strata of Dongying Depression,using various analytical techniques:petrography,isotope geochemistry,cathodoluminescence,inclusion thermometry,and electron probe micro-analysis.Two distinct types of calcite veins have been identified:granular calcite veins and sparry calcite veins.These two types differ significantly in color,grain structure,morphology,and inclusions.Through further investigation,it was observed that vein generation occurred from the shallow burial period to the maturation of organic matter,with a transition from granular calcite veins to sparry calcite veins.The granular calcite veins exhibit characteristics associated with the shallow burial period,including plastically deformed laminae and veins,the development of strawberry pyrite,the absence of oil and gas,weak fractionation in oxygen isotopes,and their contact relationship with sparry calcite veins.These granular calcite veins were likely influenced by the reduction of sulfate bacteria.On the other hand,sparry calcite veins with fibrous grains are antitaxial and closely linked to the evolution and maturation of organic matter.They contain oil and gas inclusions and show a distribution range of homogenization temperature between 90℃ and 120℃ and strong fractionation in oxygen isotopes,indicating formation during the hydrocarbon expulsion period.The carbon isotope analysis of the surrounding rocks and veins suggests that the material for vein formation originates from the shale itself,specifically authigenic micritic calcite modified by the action of methanogens.The opening of horizontal fractures and vein formation is likely driven by fluid overpressure resulting from undercompaction and hydrocarbon expulsion.Veins may form rapidly or through multi-stage composite processes.Early veins are predominantly formed in situ,while late veins are a result of continuous fluid migration and convergence.Furthermore,the veins continue to undergo modification even after formation.This study emphasizes that the formation of lamellar calcite veins in shale is a complex diagenetic process influenced by multiple factors:biology,organic matter,and inorganic processes,all operating at various stages throughout the shale's diagenetic history.

Deep-Source Ore-Forming Materials and Prospecting of Gold Deposits in Eastern Hebei, China

Eastern Hebei Province is one of the important gold mineralization areas in North China, and detailed investigations have been made in this area. Different mineralization models and different ore-forming sources have been proposed for the gold deposits in this area. As more detailed work was made and more information has been accumulated, it is necessary to make a new investigation on gold metallogenesis and its source. This paper presents the data about 13 gold deposits (occurrences). It is concluded that the element gold came from the deep mantle. Different models of metallogenesis substantially describe such processes that ore-forming fluids were involved in metallogenesis in different favorable loci. Gold ore prospecting should be focused on fluid channel ways and favorable structures.

Temporal and spatial distribution of Au-Ag polymetallic ore deposits and source of ore-forming materials in the Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua mantle-branch metallogenetic zone

The Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua area is a mineral resource-concentrated area for gold-silver polymetallic ore deposits. The temporal and spatial distribution and origin of mineral resources have been argued for a long time. Based on the comprehensive studies of geochronology and sulfur, lead, oxygen, carbon and noble gas isotopes, it is considered that the temporal and spatial distribution of mineral resources in this area is obviously controlled by the Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua mantle branch structure, as is reflected by the occurrence of gold deposits in the inner parts and of Ag-Pb-Zn polymetallic ore deposits in the outer parts. The mineralization took place mainly during the Yanshanian period. Ore-forming materials came largely from the deep interior of the Earth, and hydrothermal fluids were derived predominantly from Yanshanian magmatism.

Study on the multi-sources of ore-forming materials and ore-forming fluids in the Huize lead-zinc ore deposit

The Huize large-sized Pb-Zn deposit in Yunnan Province, China, is characterized by favorable metallogenic background and particular geological settings. This suggested that the ore-forming mechanism is relatively unique. On the basis of geological features such as the contents of mineralization elements, the REE concentrations of gangue calcites, the REE concentrations of calcite veins in the NE-trending tectonic zone and the Pb, Sr, C, H and O isotopic compositions of different minerals, this paper presents that the ore-forming materials and ore-forming fluids of the deposit were derived from various types of strata or rocks. This is a very significant conclusion for us to further discuss the mineralization mechanism of the deposit at depth and establish an available genetic model.

The Isotopic Composition of Noble Gases in Gold Deposits and the Source of Ore-Forming Materials in the Region of North Hebei, China

The source of ore\|forming materials has long been a controversial focus both in metallogenic theory and in ore\|searching practice. This study deals with the helium and argon isotopic characteristics of pyrites from 11 gold deposits and some country rocks in the gold mineralization\|concentrated areas within the three mantle\|branch structures in the region of North Hebei Province. It is indicated that \{\}\+3He/\+4He ratios in the gold deposits are within the range of \{0.93×10\+\{-6\}\}-\{7.3×10\+\{-6\}\}, with an average of \{3.55\} ×10\+\{-6\}; R/Ra=\{0.66\}-\{4.93\}, averaging \{2.53\}; \{\{\}\+\{40\}Ar/\+\{39\}Ar\} ratios vary between 426 and 2073, with the average value of \{\}\+\{40\}Ar being \{8.32\}; and the average of \{\}\+4He/\{\}\+\{40\}Ar ratios is 2.17. \{\}\+3He/ \{\}\+4He ratios in gneiss and granite in the periphery of the mining district are within the range of \{0.001×10\+\{-6\}\}-\{0.55×10\+\{-6\}\}, reflecting significant differences in their sources. \{\}\+3He and \{\}\+4He fall near the mantle, as is shown in the He concentration diagram. Studies have shown that the ore\|forming materials in this region should come from the deep interior of the Earth. With the multi\|stage evolution of mantle plume, ore\|forming fluids in the deep interior were moving upwards to shallow levels (crust). Under such circumstances, there would be inevitably occur crust/mantle fluid mixing, so their noble gas isotopic characteristics are intermediate between the mantle and the crust.

Rare Earth Element Geochemistry Characteristics of Laowan Gold Deposit in Henan Province: Trace to Source of Ore-Forming Materials

The compositions of REE in quartz and pyrite from main mineralized stage of the Laowan gold deposit in Henan province and that of quartz from Laowan granite were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass-Spectrometry （ICP-MS）. The REE of deposit ore of the Laowan gold deposit, wall-rock and Laowan granite also were studied to trace the source of metallogenic materials in Laowan gold deposit in detail. The range of ∑ REE in quartz and pyrite from gold deposit is 4.18 × 10^-6 - 30.91 × 10^-6, average of 13.39 × 10^-6, 6.68 × 10^-6 of the Laowan granite quartz, obviously lower to REE concentration of deposit, granite and wall-rock. The value of （La/ Yb）N and （La/Sm）N of ore minerals from the gold deposit is 13.23 and 4.17 respectively. The differences in REE parameters, such as δEu, δCe and diffusion degree in REE from light to heavy, among deposit ore minerals and granite mineral are weak. Especially, there are no differences between the chondrite-normalised REE curves of minerals from gold deposit and those of quartzs in Laowan granite, no similarity to wall-rock＇, which shows that ore-forming hydrothermal fluid mainly came from magma fluid resulting from the Laowan granite magma, metamorphic fluid in few. The results also show that REE characteristics of ore minerals in deposit are effective for disclosing oreforming fluid quality comparing with deposit ore＇REE compositions.

Isotopic Characteristics of Mesozoic Au-Ag Polymetallic Ore Deposits in Northern Hebei and Their Ore-Forming Materials Source

It has long been a controversy about the source of ore\|forming materials of Au\|Ag polymetallic deposits both in metallogenic theory and in ore\|searching practice. In terms of a large wealth of the isotopic statistics data from Indosinian\|Yanshanian endogenic ore deposits in northern Hebei (generally referring to the areas along the northern part of Taihang Mountains and northern Hebei, the same below), it is considered that the ore\|forming materials came from the deep interior of the Earth, which had migrated through plumes to the Earth surface while experienced multi\|stage evolution and then emplaced progressively in favorable structural loci to form ores. Their isotope data show that 559 sulfur isotopic data from 40 ore deposits are, for the most part, within the range of -5‰- 5‰, with a high degree of homogenization, indicating that the sulfur is derived mainly from magma; 200 lead isotope data from 37 ore deposits indicate that the ore\|forming materials are principally of mantle source though some crust\|source material was involved; 96 oxygen, hydrogen and carbon isotope data from 34 ore deposits illustrate that the ore\|forming fluids are dominated by magmatic water while other sources of water would be involved. It may therefore be seen that the formation of endogenic deposits has nothing to do with the strata .

Ore-forming fluid characteristics and ore-forming materials source of the Tudimiaogou – Yindongshan lead-zinc polymetallic orefield, west Henan

1 Introduction The Tudimiaogou-Yindongshan lead-zinc polymetallic orefield is located in the Tudimiaogou-Weimoshi lead and zinc silver polymetallic metallogenic belt.The belt is an important part of southwestern Henan lead and zinc

Isotopic tracing of ore-forming source materials for Dexing porphyry copper deposit of Jiangxi, China

Dexing copper deposit is the biggest porphyry copper deposit in China. By researching isotopes of C,Si and Cu from the samples of Tongchang and Fujiawu ore-field, the authors found that δ13CPDB values of siderite were close to the δ13CPDB value of original magma; δ30Si values of the samples at the ore-forming stage were close to the δ30Si value range of magma, δ30Si values of partial samples were far away from it; Cu isotopic compositions of massive chalcopyrite formed at the early ore-forming stage are higher than that of veinal chalcopyrite formed at the later ore-forming stage. The results show that ore-forming materials were mainly derived from the porphyry body, and part of them were from wall rock materials.

Sr Isotope Constraints on the Age and Source of Ore-Forming Materials of Gold Deposits, Southwestern Hunan

We have measured Rb and Sr concentrations in fluid inclusions of quartz in gold deposits, southwestern Hunan. The Rb\|Sr isochron ages of 435±9Ma and 412±33Ma are respectively determined, revealing that gold mineralization in this area took place in the Caledonian period rather than in the Wuling\|Xuefeng period as traditionally considered. Sr isotope geochemistry of the hydrothermal fluid indicates that the ore\|forming materials are of crust origin, derived largely from the ore\|hosting strata rather than from the basic dikes.

Development and Characterization of Particle Boards Based on Sorghum Husk

This study tackles current environmental challenges by developing innovative and eco-friendly particle boards utilizing sorghum husk, combined with recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS). This dual eco-responsible approach valorizes sorghum husk, often deemed agricultural waste, and repurposes EPS, a plastic waste, thus contributing to CO2 emission reduction and effective waste management. The manufacturing process involves dissolving recycled polystyrene within a solvent to create a binder, which is then mixed with sorghum husk and cold-pressed into composite boards. The study explores the impact of two particle sizes (fine and coarse) and two different concentrations of the recycled EPS binder. Results demonstrate significant variations in the boards’ mechanical properties, displaying a range of Modulus of Rupture (MOR) from 0.84 MPa to 3.85 MPa, and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) spanning from 658.13 MPa to 1313.25 MPa, influenced by the binder concentration and particle size. These characteristics suggest that the boards can be effectively used in various construction applications, including interior decoration, false ceilings, and potentially for furniture and door manufacturing when combined with appropriate coatings. This study not only exemplifies the valorization of plastic and agricultural wastes but also offers a practical, localized solution to global climate change challenges by promoting sustainable construction materials.

Non-tobacco Related Materials Control Mode of Export-oriented Tobacco

Non-tobacco related materials （NTRM） come from field production, tobacco stringing, grading and purchasing, affecting cigarette quality and having potential safety hazard. The research reviewed control on NTRM from source, production and processing to enhance use efficiency of raw materials and guarantee raw material safety.

Identification of the lower limit of high-quality source rocks and its relation to hydrocarbon accumulation——Taking the Beier Sag in the Hailaer Basin as an example

The theory of ＂source rock control＂ has evolved from source-rock-control hydrocarbon accumulation, to effective source-rock-control hydrocarbon accumulation, and to high-quality source- rock-control hydrocarbon accumulation. However, there are problems, such as whether high-quality source rocks exist or not？ What high-quality source rocks are, and how to identify them, are yet to be agreed upon. Aimed at this issue of concern to explorationists, and taking the Beier Sag in the Hailaer Basin as an example, this paper defines the high-quality source rocks and the lower limit for evaluation of high-quality source rocks, by using the inflection point on the relationship curve of hydrocarbon （oil） expulsion, which is calculated by the material balance principle, versus total organic carbon （TOC）. The results show that when TOC is low, all source rocks have limited hydrocarbon expulsion and slow growth rate, thus they cannot be high-quality source rocks. However, when TOC rises to some threshold, hydrocarbon expulsion increases significantly with TOC. This inflection point should be the lower limit of high-quality source rocks： those with TOC greater than the inflection-point value are high-quality source rocks. In addition, the lower limit of high-quality source rocks is also related to the type and maturity of organic matters in the source rocks, as well as the mineral components of the source rocks affecting the residual hydrocarbons. Theoretically, the lower limit of high-quality source rocks depends on geological conditions rather than being a constant value. However, for the sake of simplicity and practicability, in this paper TOC=2.0% is regarded as the lower limit of high-quality source rocks. The examination of such standard in the work area indicates that the high-quality source rocks in members K^n2 and K^n~ of the Nantun formation contribute 76% and 82% to oil generation, and 96% and 91% to oil expulsion, respectively. The distribution of high-quality source rocks is also closely related to the distribution of hydrocarbon reservoirs in the region, demonstrating that high-quality source rocks control hydrocarbon accumulation.

Isotope Geochemical Characteristics and Material Sources of Tin--Bearing Porphyries in South China

Tin-bearing porphyries in South China can be divided into the F-rich and F-poorsubtypes. They are high-silica (SiO_2>71%), peraluminous (A/NKC>1.0) and rich inincompatible elements (Rb, Zr, U, W, Sn) and have weak Ce (δCe=0.68-0.82) and strong Eu(δEu=0.01-0.38) negative anomalies. Meantime, they also have low δ_(Nd)(-6.3- -8.4), high^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb (15.588-15.790), medium to high (^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_i (0.7084-0.7287) and relatively highδ^(18)O(9.1-10.3‰). These characteristics clearly suggest that the two subtypes of tin-bearingporphyries were derived from the crustal materials. Their differences lie only in the existence ofcertain different components in their source materials. Therefore, there is only one type oftin-bearing prophyry in South China. that is continental crust transformation type.

Operating performance of novel reverse-cycle defrosting method based on thermal energy storage for air source heat pump

To solve the fundamental problem of insufficient heat available during defrosting while ensuring the efficient and safe system operation for air-source heat pumps (ASHPs). A novel reverse-cycle defrosting (NRCD) method based on thermal energy storage to eliminate frost off the outdoor coil surface was developed. Comparative experiments using both the stand reverse cycle defrosting (SRCD) method and the NRCD method were carried out on an experimental ASHP unit with a nominal 2.5 kW heating capacity. The results indicate that during defrosting operation, using the NRCD method improves discharge and suction pressures by 0.24 MPa and 0.19 MPa, respectively, shortens defrosting duration by 60%, and reduces the defrosting energy consumption by 48.1% in the experimental environment, compared with those by the use of SRCD method. Therefore, using the NRCD method can shorten the defrosting duration, improve the indoor thermal comfort, and reduce the defrosting energy consumption in defrosting.

Synthesis and performance of Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3/C composites as cathode materials

Carbon-coated Li3V2（PO4）3 cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries were prepared by a carbon-thermal reduction （CTR） method using sucrose as carbon source. The Li3V2（PO4）3/C composite cathode materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and electrochemical measurement. The results show that the Li3V2（PO4）3 samples synthesized using sucrose as carbon source have the same monoclinic structure as the Li3V2（PO4）3 sample synthesized using acetylene black as carbon source. SEM image exhibits that the particle size is about 1μm together with homogenous distribution. Electrochemical test shows that the initial discharge capacity of Li3V2（PO4）3 powders is 122 mAh·g^-1 at the rate of 0.2C, and the capacity retains 111 rnAh·g^-1 after 50 cycles.