Extreme fire weather is the major driver of severe bushfires in southeast Australia

In Australia,the proportion of forest area that burns in a typical fire season is less than for other vegetation types.However,the 2019-2020 austral spring-summer was an exception,with over four times the previous maximum area burnt in southeast Australian temperate forests.Temperate forest fires have extensive socio-economic,human health,greenhouse gas emissions,and biodiversity impacts due to high fire intensities.A robust model that identifies driving factors of forest fires and relates impact thresholds to fire activity at regional scales would help land managers and fire-fighting agencies prepare for potentially hazardous fire in Australia.Here,we developed a machine-learning diagnostic model to quantify nonlinear relationships between monthly burnt area and biophysical factors in southeast Australian forests for 2001-2020 on a 0.25°grid based on several biophysical parameters,notably fire weather and vegetation productivity.Our model explained over 80%of the variation in the burnt area.We identified that burnt area dynamics in southeast Australian forest were primarily controlled by extreme fire weather,which mainly linked to fluctuations in the Southern Annular Mode(SAM)and Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD),with a relatively smaller contribution from the central Pacific El Niño Southern Oscillation(ENSO).Our fire diagnostic model and the non-linear relationships between burnt area and environmental covariates can provide useful guidance to decision-makers who manage preparations for an upcoming fire season,and model developers working on improved early warning systems for forest fires.

First record of contourites from Lower Devonian Lip-trap Formation in southeast Australia

Typical contourite deposits associated with submarine turbidite fan deposits are recognized for the first time from the Lower Devonian Liptrap Formation at Cape Liatrap, Victoria in southeast Australia. The contourites are well integrated within the turbidite fan deposits and are characterized by thin (5-8 cm), lenticular, well-sorted coarse-grained siltstones to fine-grained sandstones with current-ripples and cross beddings. The palaeocurrent directions of the turbidite fan and contourites are perpendicular to each other, with the former directed generally westward while the latter varying from 165° to 190° southward. In view of the facies types and architecture, we suggest that the turbidite fan was developed at the base of a westward inclined palaeo-slope, at the front of which the contourites were deposited as a result of southward flowing deep-sea contour (geostrophic) currents. The depositional setting inter- preted for the Liptrap Formation thus may provide a provisional model for the Lower Devonian conti- nental slope and abyssal basin environment in the southeastern part of the Melbourne Trough.

略论澳大利亚在《科伦坡计划》中对东南亚的援助

二战后,澳大利亚积极参加地区性建设,参与实施《科伦坡计划》,加大对东南亚国家的经济、文化、军事援助等。《科伦坡计划》是亚洲第一个国际性的政府间相互援助计划,在澳大利亚对外援助中占主导作用。《科伦坡计划》性质具有多重性,不仅仅出于国家利益考虑,而且还涉及人道主义等,在援助方式上形式多样,从而对东南亚国家产生了客观性的多种影响。

澳大利亚与东南亚关系研究述论

随着澳大利亚白皮书明确将其与美国、日本、中国和印尼的关系列为最为重要的四大外交关系,学术界日益重视对澳大利亚对外关系和外交决策的研究。本文对近年来我国学术界对澳大利亚与东南亚关系的研究进行回顾和评析,并提出一些学术设想。

青藏滇缅印尼歹字型构造再认识

青藏滇缅印尼歹字型自中新世中期澳大利亚板块与东南亚大陆开始碰撞逐渐形成。上新世早期演化成为具有统一形变、运动和动力体系的构造。其与澳大利亚以及西南太平洋地区的连环式旋卷构造是一个构造整体,可以归入一个构造体系。探索认识这一巨型构造体系因其与青藏高原构造地貌的演变,全球大洋温盐环流的重大调整密切相关。其导致了区域乃至影响了全球的气候环境剧变。认识李四光教授的科学思想和构造体系需要沿着其思想脉络,从更广阔的范围和科学发展的前沿思考和探索。

西太平洋副热带高压西伸过程的合成特征及其可能机理

利用1970～2000年6月NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,根据(20～30°N,115～125°E)区域内500 hPa的涡度变化选取了12次西太平洋副热带高压西伸过程,合成了西太平洋副热带高压西伸过程中对流层高层和低层的环流演变特征.结果表明,(20～30°N,115～125°E)区域内500 hPa负涡度的增加对应着西太平洋副热带高压的西伸过程.在副热带高压西伸过程中,对流层高层南亚高压的中心位置虽然稳定少动,但是由于日本东南部反气旋的西移,使得南亚高压东侧的脊明显地加强东伸,这可能对对流层中层副热带高压的西伸具有重要作用.在对流层低层,源于澳大利亚北侧的气流越过赤道向北传播,经由南海季风槽后到达我国江淮流域,从而影响副热带高压西侧的偏南气流.

中国与东南亚-澳大利亚地区油气合作前景展望

分析了近年来东南亚-澳大利亚地区石油和天然气的供需状况、发展趋势以及区域合作的地缘油气基础,指出中国将是该地区LNG的大买主、油气是区域经济合作的重要内容。

澳大利亚对东南亚教育援助战略及实施成效

澳大利亚地理位置与文化传统注定其不可避免将自身命运与东盟未来发展紧密相关。澳大利亚以教育援助为手段,通过帮助东南亚国家提升基础教育和职业教育水平,促进东盟各国人力资源积累和社会秩序发展,增强区域应对贫困和个人发展等挑战能力,最终实现区域平衡发展。教育援助不仅有效提升了澳大利亚在东南亚地区软实力和"全面融入东盟"战略效应,也为东盟提供区域教育公共产品,实现社会文化共同体发展目标。

冷战时期澳大利亚与东南亚的安全关系

冷战时期,随着外交和经济交往的日益增多,澳大利亚对东南亚的认识发生了重要的变化,东南亚在其外交和安全政策中的地位不断上升,重要性不断显现。在这种背景下,澳大利亚通过几次政策调整,最终与东南亚国家建立了一种良性互动的双边安全关系,从根本上改变了以欧洲为中心的传统政策,亚太成为澳大利亚外交和安全的新中心。

Update on the distribution range of the white-browed crake(Porzana cinerea):a new record from China's Mainland

Since 1980, the white-browed crake（Porzana cinerea） has been experiencing an expansion from south of the Isthmus of Kra, northward to China. Recently, this species was observed in several locations throughout Southwest China, including Ningming and Baise, Guangxi（2012, 2013）, and Xichang, Sichuan（2013）. These sightings are the first distribution record of this species in China's Mainland, suggesting that the white-browed crake is following a natural species dispersal northward into China's Mainland from Southeast Asia.

地区间互动视角下的南太平洋地区与东南亚

南太平洋地区与东南亚之间的地区间互动长期以来为学界所忽视,这部分源于既有的地区间主义过于偏重于地区组织和民族国家的视角。通过对南太平洋地区与东南亚研究的文献整理发现,两个地区之间在民族国家建立前就久已存在自然的双向互动关系;随着外部力量的介入,南太平洋地区与东南亚的地区间互动呈现出新的形态,澳大利亚成为太平洋岛国与东南亚互动的重要中间媒介。不过,南太平洋地区与东南亚之间仍存在多个层次、多元复杂、冲突与合作相互交织的地区间互动。当域外力量深度介入时,例如冷战时期、“亚太再平衡”时期和“印太战略”时期,地区间互动开始出现结构调整。地区间互动的视角有助于我们建构和完善对南太平洋地区和东南亚地区的研究,加深对这两个地区文化和地缘联系的理解。

窄轨交流传动内燃机车技术平台的搭建

文章对目前澳洲、东南亚、非洲和中南美洲地区窄轨电传动内燃机车市场需求、竞争对手等进行了分析,以平台化的设计理念,对搭建适合该地区运用的窄轨交流传动内燃机车技术平台进行了探讨和分析。

东南印度洋中脊地质构造特征及研究进展

东南印度洋中脊(Southeast Indian Ridge, SEIR)是印度洋中扩张速度最快的洋中脊,由SEIR增生的洋壳占印度洋总面积的50%以上,它是塑造印度洋现今构造格局的关键要素.相对西南印度洋中脊和西北印度洋中脊, SEIR具有更复杂的地质构造特征和演化过程.综合SEIR及邻区海底高原的地形地貌特征、重磁异常特征和玄武岩地球化学特征,探讨了SEIR的分段、洋中脊演化过程和地幔不均一性,以及板内火山作用与洋中脊的成因关系等.本文将有助于深入理解东南印度洋区域的构造演化历史,全面理解整个印度洋的洋中脊系统和大地构造格局,增进对冈瓦纳大陆裂解和印度洋演化过程的认识.初步研究认为东南印度洋区是多期洋中脊演化的结果,经历了北西向扩张、南北向扩张直至北东向扩张的三期洋壳增生过程.东南印度洋脊下的地幔源区存在不均一性,尤其是阿姆斯特丹-圣保罗海底高原和澳大利亚-南极错乱带两个区域.东南印度洋中的海底高原与热点火山作用密切相关,同时部分存在热点-洋脊相互作用或残留陆壳物质的影响.

Representation of global precipitation anomalies using four major climate patterns

This study aims at finding the dominant climate patterns that influence the precipitation anomalies for different regions over the world. To this end, a multiple linear regression model is employed to represent the impact of four major climate patterns(El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD), Arctic Oscillation(AO) and Antarctic Oscillation(AAO)) on the global precipitation anomalies. The normalized climate pattern indexes and normalized precipitation anomalies are used in the regression model. For the Northern Hemisphere, the three predictors used are the normalized NINO3.4 index(representing ENSO), normalized DMI(representing IOD) and normalized AO index; for the Southern Hemisphere, also three indexes are used as three predictors, and the normalized AO index is replaced by the normalized AAO index. The influences brought by each climate pattern can be represented by the magnitude of the corresponding regression coefficients, and the dominant climate patterns are those with the largest magnitude. The study results show that the precipitation anomalies in the northern part of South America and the northwestern part of Southeast Asia are mainly influenced by ENSO. The precipitation anomalies in East Africa and the southwestern part of Southeast Asia are mainly influenced by IOD. The precipitation anomalies in Europe and west coast of North America are mainly influenced by AO; the precipitation anomalies in the eastern part and southern part of South America, southern part of Africa, and the northeastern Australia are mainly influenced by AAO. These findings are consistent with the general understanding on the teleconnection features of the four climate patterns. Further, the regression model can be used for predicting precipitation anomalies through use of these major climate patterns.