A CASE STUDY OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SEA FOG ON THE SOUTHERN CHINA COAST

This study uses numerical simulations to examine a case of sea fog that was observed from 20 to 22 March2011 on the southern China coast. The observation dataset includes observatory data, cloud-top temperature from MODIS, GPS sonde, and data from the Integrated Observation Platform for Marine Meteorology(IOPMM). The simulations are based on the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model with four distinct parameter settings.Both the observations and simulations focus on the characteristics of the fog extent, boundary layer structure, and meteorological elements near the air-sea interface. Our main results are as follows:(1) The extent of mesoscale sea fog can be well simulated when the sea surface temperature has at least 0.5 ×0.5 horizontal resolution.(2) To accurately model the vertical structure of the sea fog, particularly the surface-based inversion, vertical levels must be added in the boundary layer.(3) When these model conditions are met, the simulations faithfully reproduce the measured downward shortwave radiation, downward longwave radiation, and surface sensible heat flux during the sea fog period.

Sedimentological and microfossil records of modern typhoons in a coastal sandy lagoon off southern China coast

To determine the characteristics and potential indicators of modern typhoon deposition in a sandy lagoon off the coast of Guangdong Province(southern China),we analysed the ^(210)Pb,sedimentology,and microfossils of samples from ten cores obtained before and after the passage of Typhoon Rammasun in 2014.Typhoon deposition showed a thinning trend from internal areas of the lagoon to its mouth,with the maximum thickness inside the lagoon of~35 cm.These typhoon deposits are dominated by overwash and differ from sediments deposited under normal weather conditions.Under normal weather conditions,lagoon sediment has a210 Pb curve that follows a model of exponential decay,has a unimodal granularity frequency curve,and lacks organic matter and microfossils(diatoms and foraminifera).However,210 Pb is low in the typhoon deposits,the grain size is coarse,and the granularity frequency curve is obviously bimodal.There are also abundant foraminifera in the typhoon deposits.We found a clear double-layered structure in the typhoon deposits,which was caused by strong hydrodynamic disturbance that mixed sediments originally from the offshore area with those of the lagoon.The lower layer has coarse-grained particles with medium sorting,low organic matter content,and low diatom content.The upper layer has fine-grained particles with poor sorting,high organic matter content,and abundant diatoms.The rate of fragmentation of diatoms in the upper layer was very high(40%-60%).The diatom assemblage contained offshore and freshwater species carried by storm runoff.Therefore,we believe that the sediments of this typical sand bar-lagoon environment retain evidence of typhoon events along the southern China coast that is displayed in the marked sedimentological and microfossil characteristics.

Characteristics of the Boundary Layer Structure of Sea Fog on the Coast of Southern China

Using boundary layer data with regard to sea fog observed at the Science Experiment Base for Marine Meteorology at Bohe,Guangdong Province,the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer and the characteristics of the tops of the fog and the clouds were analyzed.In addition,the effects of advection,radiation,and turbulence during sea fog were also investigated.According to the stability definition of saturated,wet air,the gradient of the potential pseudo-equivalent temperature equal to zero was defined as the thermal turbulence interface.There is evidence to suggest that two layers of turbulence exist in sea fog.Thermal turbulence produced by long-wave radiation is prevalent above the thermal turbulence interface,whereas mechanical turbulence aroused by wind shear is predominant below the interface.The height of the thermal turbulence interface was observed between 180 m and 380 m.Three important factors are closely related to the development of the top of the sea fog：（1） the horizontal advection of the water vapor,（2） the long-wave radiation of the fog top,and（3） the movement of the vertical turbulence.Formation,development,and dissipation are the three possible phases of the evolution of the boundary-layer structure during the sea fog season.In addition,the thermal turbulence interface is the most significant turbulence interface during the formation and development periods;it is maintained after sea fog rises into the stratus layer.

Evaluation of the Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for Predicting Sea Fog over the South China Sea

In the South China Sea, sea fog brings severe disasters every year, but forecasters have yet to implement an effective seafog forecast. To address this issue, we test a liquid-water-content-only(LWC-only) operational sea-fog prediction method based on a regional mesoscale numerical model with a horizontal resolution of about 3 km, the Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System(GRAPES), hereafter GRAPES-3 km. GRAPES-3 km models the LWC over the sea, from which we infer the visibility that is then used to identify fog. We test the GRAPES-3 km here against measurements in 2016 and 2017 from coastal-station observations, as well as from buoy data, data from the Integrated Observation Platform for Marine Meteorology, and retrieved fog and cloud patterns from Himawari-8 satellite data. For two cases that we examine in detail, the forecast region of sea fog overlaps well with the multi-observational data within 72 h. Considering forecasting for0–24 h, GRAPES-3 km has a 2-year-average equitable threat score(ETS) of 0.20 and a Heidke skill score(HSS) of 0.335,which is about 5.6%(ETS) and 6.4%(HSS) better than our previous method(GRAPES-MOS). Moreover, the stations near the particularly foggy region around the Leizhou Peninsula have relatively high forecast scores compared to other sea areas.Overall, the results show that GRAPES-3 km can roughly predict the formation, evolution, and dissipation of sea fog on the southern China coast.

中国南部沿海美蓝拟相手蟹的群体遗传多样性研究

为探明中国南部沿海美蓝拟相手蟹(Parasesarma eumolpe)的群体遗传多样性,本文基于线粒体DNA的细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(Cytochrome OxidaseⅠ,COⅠ)基因片段序列,对中国南部沿海8个美蓝拟相手蟹地理群体共95个个体进行群体遗传多样性分析。结果表明,美蓝拟相手蟹所有个体的线粒体COⅠ基因片段序列长度均为631 bp,共有49个单倍型,群体平均单倍型多样度为0.8768±0.0325,平均核苷酸多样度为0.0422±0.0263,表现为高水平的遗传多样性。单倍型邻接关系树的拓扑结构显示美蓝拟相手蟹群体没有分化出明显的单倍型类群,尚未形成显著的分支谱系;单倍型的网络关系图呈现出明显的星状结构,未表现出显著的地理谱系结构。分子方差分析(Analysis of Molecular Variance,AMOVA)和群体间的遗传分化指数F st值结果表明,美蓝拟相手蟹群体在分布范围内尚未形成独立的遗传结构,遗传变异主要来自群体内。核苷酸不配对分布和中性检验结果表明,美蓝拟相手蟹在历史上经历了明显的群体扩张,扩张时间大约在14万年前。幼体阶段具较强的潜在扩散能力,群体间能进行频繁的基因交流,再加上群体扩张事件,可能是美蓝拟相手蟹群体间无显著遗传分化的原因。研究结果有助于揭示我国红树林潮间带相手蟹类种群遗传结构和分子系统地理学规律。

一次华南沿海海雾个例的数值模拟研究

利用中尺度数值模式WRF模拟了2011年3月20—22日华南沿海一次平流冷却雾过程,同时利用综合观测资料(包括台站资料、MODIS卫星云顶温度资料、GPS探空资料和海洋气象观测平台资料等),对比和验证一次海雾个例模拟的范围、大气边界层结构和海气界面特征。针对此次海雾个例的研究发现:(1)使用水平分辨率为0.5°×0.5°的海温,已经可以较好地模拟华南沿海中尺度海雾的范围;(2)随着大气边界层内垂直层次的增加,可以在一定程度上改善海雾垂直结构的模拟效果,主要表现为可以较好地模拟贴海面的逆温层结;(3)模式可以较好地模拟海雾期间的向下短波辐射、向下长波辐射和感热通量。并对此次海雾过程模拟存在的问题进行了讨论。

中国南部沿海暴雨东风波特征及SST影响机制研究

分析1999—2013年影响我国南部沿海的东风波,可分为3类:偏南东风波、西行东风波以及近海东风波。太平洋副热带高压是影响3类东风波特征的关键系统,其西伸与北进直接引导东风波路径及活动位置。东风波的分类合成结构特征显示:强涡度中心指示东风波槽中心,强涡度中心通常位于850 h Pa及以下。东风波低层为强辐合场,槽后有整层的垂直上升区。偏南东风波波槽轴线随高度向西倾斜,西行东风波和近海东风波波槽轴线近乎垂直。合成诊断还显示,东风波的海上移动有向SST(Sea Surface Temperature,海表温度)大值趋暖的趋势。数值模拟证实,增强东风波槽前SST暖中心的强度,将引起槽区低层和槽后中层出现负变高中心,同时SST的增温将通过感热与潜热促使东风波槽强度加强,将进一步地增强东风波暴雨强度和雨带的北移。并增强中低层流场的气旋式气流成分,增强低层辐合场,维持深厚垂直上升运动层。典型西行东风波个例分析显示,螺旋度与东风波强度成正比,东风波纬向位温偏差显示东风波在热力场上具有"上暖下冷"的不稳定垂直结构。东风波涡度增强时,扰动动能向分层扰动位能转化。东风波强度减弱时,分层扰动位能向扰动动能转化。

福建闽南沿海养殖贝类体中砷含量的分布

通过2003-2004年对福建闽南沿海5种养殖贝类体砷含量的调查监测，对养殖贝类体中砷含量的分布进行了探讨．福建闽南沿海5种养殖贝类体总砷含量为0．65×10^-6-4．80×10^-6，总平均值为2．09×10^-6，其中有机砷和无机砷占总砷含量的百分比分别为61．6％～98．2％和2．3％-38．4％，平均值分别为88．8％和11．2％．在相同养殖区，养殖贝类体总砷平均含量的种间分布差异较小．滩涂养殖底栖贝类体内总砷平均含量总体上高于浅海筏式养殖贝类体的平均含量．福建闽南沿海5种养殖贝类体内总砷含量在泉州湾、湄州湾、东山湾和九龙江口高，在诏安湾和围头湾低，在其余各湾相近．5种养殖贝类体内无机砷的污染指数和总平均值分别为0．05-0．76和0．23，总砷的污染指数和总平均值分别为0．06～0．48和0．21，总体符合国家食品卫生质量标准．养殖贝类体中砷含量与体长之间总体成正相关．

福建闽南沿海养殖牡蛎食用健康风险评估

牡蛎能富集栖息环境中多种污染物,可做为监测海域污染状况的指示生物。为评估牡蛎食用安全性,采用2015年对福建闽南沿海主要牡蛎产区养殖牡蛎监测数据,计算不同海区牡蛎中主要污染物:无机砷、甲基汞、铅、镉、铜、多环芳烃、多氯联苯、六六六、DDT的暴露边界值(MOE)和总致癌风险指数(RTC),评估食用健康风险。结果表明:各污染物的平均暴露边界值在1.00×10^(-6)~0.111之间,均小于1;平均总致癌风险指数在2.88×10^(-5)~3.16×10^(-5)之间,未超过可接受风险水平1×10^(-4)。因此,闽南沿海养殖牡蛎的食用健康风险在可接受范围内。通过比较牡蛎中各种污染物的食用健康风险值及分析主要风险因子的分布与变化特征,发现闽南沿海养殖牡蛎食用健康风险主要来源于重金属,镉、铅、甲基汞的暴露边界值较高,无机砷对总致癌风险指数贡献率大;在所监测持久性有机污染物中,多氯联苯不仅暴露边界值远高于其他几种持久性有机污染物,其对总致癌风险指数的贡献也高于其他几种持久性有机污染物。因此,镉、铅、甲基汞、无机砷和多氯联苯应是闽南养殖牡蛎食用健康风险监控的重点。

南部沿海主要港口空间结构分析及互联互通定位

广东、广西和海南三省区拥有较长的海岸线和丰富的航运资源,沿海港口在"一带一路"视域下加强中国-东盟互联互通、促进北部湾城市群协同发展具有十分重要的现实意义。合理确定南部主要港口在互联互通战略中的定位,构建与各城市发展水平相适应的港口结构、加强对外联通,可以促进区域经济协同发展。采用基尼系数、区位熵等方法,对南部主要港口的空间结构、职能结构进行分析,并结合互联互通战略,对南部主要港口从综合定位、腹地区分、功能货种定位等方面提出相应建议,为南部主要港口对接"海上丝绸之路"提供参考。