Physicochemical composition and climate response of surface sediments at different altitudes in Motuo on the southern slope of the Himalayas

Background,aim,and scope Certain physicochemical indexes of topsoil are closely related to climatic factors including temperature,and precipitation.Understanding the relationship between modern topsoil properties and climatic factors is essential for quantitative paleoclimate reconstruction.Motuo located in the eastern Himalayas,exhibits a significant elevation gradient of over 7000 m from Nnamjagbarwa Peak(7782 m a.s.l.)to the Baxika(150 m a.s.l.).This region features a complete vertical zonation of vegetation,from alpine meadow to tropical forest,presenting an ideal place to investigate the relationships among vegetation,soil and climate conditions across altitudinal gradients.This study aims to explore the vertical variations in the physicochemical composition of topsoil and its relationship with temperature and precipitation.Materials and methods Twenty-seven topsoil samples were collected at 100 m intervals from 800 m to 3600 m a.s.l.along the southern slope of the Himalayas.Grain size,magnetic susceptibility and geochemical elements were measured to discuss the vertical variation characteristics of topsoil composition and their correlation with climatic factors.Results(1)The grain size of topsoil at different altitudes in Motuo is mainly composed of sand accounting for an averaged 53.2%,followed by silt and clay.(2)In the mixed forest zone,frequency dependent magnetic susceptibility(χfd%)shows a clear relationship with altitude,and clay is positively correlated with both altitude and climatic factors.(3)The oxides of topsoil in this area mainly consist of SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3) and Fe_(2)O_(3),followed by MgO,CaO,Na_(2)O and K_(2)O,with slight variations in the primary components at different altitudes.The sensitivity of elements to climate varies across different altitudes and vegetation zone,likely due to the region’s complex topography and vegetation.(4)Physical and biological weathering dominates in the broad-leaved forest zone of Motuo,while chemical weathering is more prominent in the coniferous forest zone,with the mixed forest zone falling in between.Discussion The formation of topsoil across the three vegetation zones is influenced by various factors,including parent material,vegetation,and climate.In the broad-leaved forest zone,physical weathering(precipitation,root wedging etc.)and pedogenesis dominate,resulting in finer grain size.The χ_(fd)% increases with altitude likely due to the high temperature and abundant precipitation in this zone,which facilitate the transformation of strong magnetic miners into weaker ones,particularly when the soil is oversaturated.Zirconium(Zr),primarily found in zircon,is depleted at lower altitudes by strong current erosion.Barium(Ba)is similarly reduced at low altitudes in this zone.In mixed forest zone,clay content is the lowest,indicating weaker physical weathering conditions than broad-leaved forest zone.The coarser grain size may result from the combined effects of topography and vegetation coverage.Magnetic susceptibility and organic matter show a positive correlation with altitude.Zr concentration is higher than that in the broad-leaved forest zone,likely resulting from decreased precipitation.In the coniferous zone,the clay content shows considerable fluctuations,with grain size generally becoming finer as altitude increases.This trend may be explained by intensified soil disintegration from seasonal freeze-thaw cycles.The χ_(fd)% values lack a clear trend or pattern,possibly due to soil erosion causing the migration of magnetic minerals or insufficient iron precipitation,which reduces the concentration of magnetic minerals in the soil.Additionally,a positive correlation is observed between altitude and organic matter content,with higher altitudes associated with greater organic matter accumulation.This may be attributed to lower microbial activity in colder conditions,which slows the decomposition and transformation of organic matter.Conclusions The variations in grain size,magnetic susceptibility,and geochemical elements differ across altitudes and vegetation zones,closely connected to the complex interplay of terrain,vegetation,and climate in Motuo.In the mixed forest,altitude has a significant impact onχfd%,and the clay component is particularly sensitive to changes in altitude,mean annual temperature,and precipitation.Zr shows a strong correlation with altitude and climate factors,making it a valuable indicator for assessing changes in atmospheric precipitation within specific altitude ranges.Recommendations and perspectives This study enhances our understanding of the relationships between the physicochemical properties of topsoil and climate conditions,offering valuable insights for paleoclimate reconstruction in Motuo.

Spatio-temporal variation of water conservation and its impact factors on the southern slope of Qilian Mountains

The ecology of Qilian Mountains has been seriously threatened by uncontrolled grazing and wasteland reclamation. This study examined the ecological changes on the southern slope of Qilian Mountains in China from the perspective of water conservation by classifying different clusters of water conservation functional areas to efficiently use limited human resources to tackle the water conservation protection problem. In this study, we used Integrate Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST) model to estimate water conservation and analyzed the factors that influence the function. The results of this study include:(1) from 2000 to 2015, the water conservation of the southern slope of Qilian Mountains generally showed an increasing trend, and the total water conservation in 2015 increased by 42.18% compared with that in 2000.(2) Rainfall, fractional vegetation cover(FVC), and evapotranspiration have the most significant influence on the water conservation of the study area. Among them, water conservation is positively correlated with rainfall and FVC(P<0.05) and negatively correlated with evapotranspiration(P<0.05).(3) The importance level of water conservation functional areas gradually increases from northwest to southeast, and the region surrounding Menyuan Hui Autonomous County in the southeast of the southern slope of Qilian Mountains is the core water conservation functional area. And(4) the study area was divided into five clusters(Cluster Ⅰ–Cluster Ⅴ) of water conservation, with the areas of Clusters Ⅰ through Ⅴ accounting for 0.58%, 13.74%, 41.23%, 32.43%, and 12.01% of the whole study area, respectively.

Main Detrainment Height of Deep Convection Systems over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Southern Slope

Deep convection systems (DCSs) can rapidly lift water vapor and other pollutants from the lower troposphere to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The main detrainment height determines the level to which the air parcel is lifted. We analyzed the main detrainment height over the Tibetan Plateau and its southern slope based on the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar 2B_GEOPROF dataset and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Level 2 cloud ice product onboard the Atrain constellation of Earth-observing satellites. It was found that the DCSs over the Tibetan Plateau and its southern slope have a higher main detrainment height (about 10-16 km) than other regions in the same latitude. The mean main detrainment heights are 12.9 and 13.3 km over the Tibetan Plateau and its southern slope, respectively. The cloud ice water path decreases by 16.8% after excluding the influences of DCSs, and the height with the maximum increase in cloud ice water content is located at 178 hPa (about 13 km). The main detrainment height and outflow horizontal range are higher and larger over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau, the west of the southern slope, and the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau than that over the northwestern Tibetan Plateau. The main detrainment height and outflow horizontal range are lower and broader at nighttime than during daytime.

Episodic Carbonate Deposits on the Triassic Continental Slope in Southern China

Abstract Episodic carbonate deposits on the Triassic continental slope in southern China are mainly composed of gravity-flow limestones and contourite limestones. Gravity-flow limestones were well developed in the lower and middle Yangtze area in the Early Triassic and in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi area in the Early and Middle Triassic. Five fundamental types of gravity-flow limestones are recognized: slide limestone, debris-flow limestone, grain-flow limestone, turbidite limestone and rockfall limestone. They form six types of assemblage beds: slide-debris-flow limestones, slide-debris-flow-turbidite limestone, slide-debris-flow-grain-flow-turbidite limestone, rockfall-debris-flow limestone, debris-flow-turbidite limestone, and debris-flow-grain-flow-turbidite limestone. The first two were formed mainly in the Early Triassic slopes. The Middle Triassic slopes were characterized by widespread rockfall limestone. Growth faults, storms, earthquakes and oversteepened slopes are considered to be the probable triggers of the gravity flows.

塔里木盆地库车坳陷英买力地区白垩系巴什基奇克组中深层砂岩储层孔隙保存机制

塔里木盆地库车坳陷南部斜坡带英买力地区白垩系巴什基奇克组砂岩储层物性好,油气勘探潜力大,但其非均质性强、油气分布规律不明。综合利用岩心观察、系列薄片(普通、铸体、阴极发光及包裹体)、扫描电镜、物性测试和X射线衍射等分析测试资料和成岩过程重建与物性恢复技术,分析英买力地区中深层巴什基奇克组砂岩储层的岩性与物性,探寻其孔隙特征与保存机制,划分储层类型和明确有利储层分布规律及控制因素。该砂岩主要为长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩,杂基含量较低,其成分和结构成熟度均中等;储层孔隙类型主要为残余原生孔隙,其次为次生孔隙,主要为粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔,为中高孔—中高渗储层。巴什基奇克组中深层砂岩原生孔隙得以保存主要在于其形成的沉积环境与经历的成岩和成储演化:首先砂岩形成于高水动力的辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道微相,不断叠置的河道形成了厚度较大且分布稳定的水道复合砂体,强水动力使得砂岩碎屑颗粒含量高、分选较好,为原生孔隙形成提供了物质基础;其次早期长期浅埋和后期快速深埋的埋藏演化方式使砂岩经历了较弱的压实作用改造,同时晚期深层超压作用大大增强了砂体抗压实能力,残余原生孔隙得以保存;最后坳陷不断降低的古地温梯度使得残余原生孔隙得以有效保存。

气候变化影响下多年冻土区铁路路基热稳定性分析

全球气候变暖加剧了青藏高原气候暖湿化,威胁着高原铁路路基及下伏多年冻土的热稳定性,但以往研究缺乏综合考虑铁路沿线气候、多年冻土及路基稳定性的系统分析。针对这一研究的不足,基于铁路沿线气象和多年冻土路基地温监测数据,分析铁路沿线多年冻土区气温降水、天然场地年平均地温与天然上限、路基人为上限及路基左右路肩沉降变化,揭示气候暖湿化背景下铁路多年冻土路基热稳定性变化,为多年冻土区铁路建设和维护提供参考。结果表明:近20年来,铁路沿线年均气温和年均降水量的平均值分别增加了1.2℃和80mm;相较于2007年,2020年铁路沿线天然场地多年冻土年均地温平均升高0.1℃,多年冻土天然上限平均下降0.58 m,路基人为上限平均抬升2.34 m,路基左路肩平均沉降大于右路肩,存在阴阳坡效应。整体而言,铁路多年冻土路基状态稳定,运行状态良好,建设运营期间采取的一系列工程措施有效,但面向未来气候加剧变化趋势,应提前谋划多年冻土保护新技术。

间伐对秦岭松栎混交林土壤异养呼吸的影响

【目的】研究间伐对秦岭松栎混交林土壤异养呼吸的影响,可深入了解该地区间伐对森林土壤异养呼吸造成的碳损失情况,为研究区森林经营碳汇提供科学依据。【方法】以秦岭松栎混交林为研究对象,对未间伐样地(ck)、间伐4 a、间伐12 a的样地采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测生长季土壤异养呼吸速率的月变化,并计算各处理异养呼吸的温度敏感性(Q_(10))。【结果】①相比ck,间伐4 a、间伐12 a的样地土壤微生物生物量碳均显著下降(P<0.05),土壤pH均显著上升(P<0.05),土壤总有机碳质量分数在间伐4 a的样地中显著下降(P<0.05)。间伐12 a样地的理化指标相比间伐4 a的样地更接近ck。②生长季土壤异养呼吸呈现“双峰型”变化规律,峰值分别出现在6和10月。异养呼吸累计通量在间伐后略有上升但不显著,不同样地从大到小依次为间伐12 a、间伐4 a、ck。③土壤温度与异养呼吸呈极显著指数正相关(P<0.001);间伐后Q_(10)降低,不同样地Q_(10)从大到小依次为ck、间伐12 a、间伐4 a。【结论】土壤温度是影响松栎混交林异养呼吸的关键因素。间伐没有导致秦岭松栎混交林异养呼吸通量显著增大。

祁连山南坡鸟类物种多样性与垂直分布格局

祁连山位于中国青藏高原东北部,是中国西北重要生态屏障,具有丰富的野生动物资源和地貌类型。为探究祁连山南坡鸟类组成与垂直分布特征,于2019年5月和9月采用样线法和直接计数法对不同生境、季节和分布海拔的鸟类资源进行了全面调查。结果显示,祁连山南坡共观测到鸟类17目41科157种,其中留鸟81种(51.59%)、夏候鸟61种(38.85%)、冬候鸟3种(1.91%)、旅鸟12种(7.64%);在区系组成上以古北界鸟类为主,共102种(64.97%),其次为广布种34种(21.66%)、东洋界21种(13.38%)。在季节变化中,夏季鸟类物种多样性显著高于秋季(P<0.001);在划分的8种生境类型中,草地生境鸟类丰富度最高(108种),且与湿地生境鸟类群落最相似,而与荒漠生境鸟类群落相似度最低;在鸟类垂直分布格局上,祁连山南坡鸟类丰富度随海拔升高呈现为中锋模式,在海拔3100—3400 m处达到最大值。另外,该地区留鸟垂直分布特征存在季节性变化,随着夏季向秋季的季节变换,鸟类的垂直分布范围主要向下或向上移动。物种本底数据的调查是开展生物多样性保护工作的基础,了解该地区鸟类物种多样性数据及其随海拔梯度变化的规律,对保护祁连山南坡地区生物多样性具有重要意义。

乡村振兴背景下脱贫山区乡村韧性演变及影响因素--以陕南秦巴山区为例

探究乡村振兴背景下乡村韧性动态演变及影响因素,对于脱贫山区推进乡村全面振兴与实现乡村可持续发展具有重要意义。陕南秦巴山区受脆弱生态环境以及薄弱经济基础的双重胁迫,脱贫乡村发展与农户生计仍面临不确定性风险。以陕南秦巴山区28个县区为例,将乡村韧性分解为经济、社会、生态以及制度四个维度,构建乡村韧性指标体系并对其进行量化,运用GIS技术和地理探测器探究乡村韧性的时空演变及影响因素。结果显示:(1)陕南秦巴山区2010—2021年乡村韧性整体呈先下降后上升的趋势。社会韧性与经济韧性变化较小,制度韧性逐年上升,生态韧性逐年下降。(2)近10年土地资源利用、文化教育等是乡村韧性分异的主导因子,且制约因子由生态维度转向社会维度,乡村基础教育与农业生产效率影响程度不断加深,土地利用与人口结构的作用不断减弱。(3)依据研究区乡村振兴背景下面临的现实问题,针对各县区乡村韧性提升的短板和关键影响因子,从产业、人才、组织、文化、生态五大振兴出发提出了脱贫山区韧性提升的建设路径及对策。乡村产业振兴方面应打造新兴产业集群,提升农业现代化水平;乡村人才振兴方面应开展农户就业扶持活动,政策吸引人才返乡下乡;乡村文化振兴方面应推进教育新型基础设施建设,建立农民群众文化需求反馈机制;乡村生态振兴方面应优化农业生产结构和区域布局,盘活耕地资源促进绿色生产;乡村组织振兴方面应探索多元组织协作,全面建立健全村务监督委员会,为未来脱贫山区韧性建设提供了参考依据。

高寒山区季节冻土冻融特征参数变化及其影响因素——以天山南坡为例

季节冻土在高寒山区广泛分布,其冻融过程会对水文水资源和生态环境产生深刻影响。研究气候变化背景下高寒山区季节冻土冻融特征参数变化及影响机理,可为高寒山区水资源管理和生态保护提供科学依据。本文选择天山南坡作为研究区,基于13个气象站点1958年以来季节冻土冻融参数(最大冻深、冻结期、始冻日、解冻日)、气温、地表温度、降雨和积雪等数据,使用空间分析和多元线性回归统计等方法对冻融参数的时空变化特征进行分析,量化不同气候因素对季节冻土冻融变化的影响权重。结果表明,季节冻土最大冻深在(48.5±11.4)~(96.8±8.5)cm之间,冻结天数在(102±10)~(141±14)d之间,多年平均始冻日在11月7日至19日之间,多年平均解冻日在3月1日至28日之间。1950年代至2010年代期间,始冻日逐渐推迟,解冻日逐渐提前,冻结天数缩短。空间分布上,最大冻深有“海拔高,最大冻深大”的规律;空间变化趋势上,最大冻深在研究区中部显著增加;冻结天数在研究区内大范围显著缩短。季节冻土冻融变化与气温相关性最强,温度(气温和地表温度)是季节冻土冻融变化的主导因子。定量评价发现,气温影响占比(24.1±3.6)%,地表温度影响占比(12.1±3.1)%,降雨影响占比(9.6±1.7)%,积雪影响占比(5.1±1.5)%。

宁夏南部山区植被覆盖度变化及其地形因子相关性分析

以宁夏南部山区为研究区,基于Landsat影像,运用改进的像元二分模型估算1996、2008和2018年3个时相的植被覆盖度,用数字高程模型提取坡度、坡向等地形因子,分析研究区植被覆盖度的变化以及与地形因子的相关性。结果表明:研究期间,研究区植被覆盖度呈现显著增加,尤以高植被覆盖度为甚。总体来看,高程在2400 m以下的植被覆盖度随高程增加呈现上升趋势;随坡度增加,植被覆盖度呈现上升趋势;1996和2018年2个年份的植被覆盖度在各坡向差异不大,但是2008年植被覆盖度有较明显的差异,变化趋势为阴坡>半阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡。

复杂地质背景下大陆坡脚点的确定方法:以莫桑比克南部陆缘为例

针对复杂地质背景下的大陆架划界问题,提出了一种新的大陆坡脚点(foot point of the continental slope,FOS)确定方法。该方法基于水深平均梯度变化计算坡脚点所在位置,并结合相反证明以及凸包性、分段性、连续性原则进行优化。以莫桑比克南部陆缘为研究区域,利用2021年实测的高精度多波束地形数据,应用该方法提取了大陆架划界最关键的依据——FOS,并与联合国大陆架界限委员会使用的Geocap软件提取的结果进行对比,确认了相同的FOS位置,证明该方法是准确有效的。

太行山南麓鱼鳞坑坡面产流特征及其影响因素

[目的]通过研究太行山南麓鱼鳞坑坡面土壤产流特征,探讨其影响因素,为该区水土流失治理及生态环境保护提供科学依据。[方法]以太行山南麓鱼鳞坑坡和自然荒坡为研究对象,测定草本、灌木、乔木群落下坡面产流特征并分析其影响因素,运用地理探测器统计学方法量化各因素单独和交互作用对坡面产流的影响力。[结果]①鱼鳞坑坡草本、灌木、乔木群落的平均径流深之间没有显著性差异,自然荒坡灌木群落和草本群落的平均径流深显著大于乔木;与自然荒坡相比,鱼鳞坑坡草本群落、灌木群落、乔木群落的平均径流深分别减少了56.61%,72.80%,39.58%;平均径流深随着砾石含量的增加呈减少趋势;砾石覆盖度对坡面产流的控制作用有一个阈值,当砾石覆盖度为6%~9%时,坡面径流深最小。②太行山南麓鱼鳞坑坡面产流单因子影响力最大的是砾石覆盖度(0.31),其次是植被盖度(0.29)。③坡面产流影响因子交互作用后大多表现为非线性增强和双因子增强作用;降雨因子与非降雨因子交互后均表现为非线性增强作用。[结论]大量砾石的存在导致了太行山南麓坡面产流过程的复杂性,增加植被盖度是减少该地区鱼鳞坑坡面产流的重要措施。

大兴安岭南段蒙古栎粗根非结构性碳对不同坡向的响应

在半干旱区,掌握树木根部碳储存规律对探究水分胁迫影响地上、地下器官碳分配机制至关重要。本研究以蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)为研究对象,在2021年(湿润年)、2022年(干旱年)、2023年(正常年)的生长季每月采集不同坡向(阳坡、半阳坡、阴坡)蒙古栎粗根样本,测定非结构性碳(Non-Structural Carbohydrate,NSC)及其组分(可溶性糖、淀粉)含量并分析其动态变化规律。结果表明:(1)粗根NSC组成以淀粉为主,粗根NSC及其组分含量随5月、6月、7月、8月、9月的顺序递增且差异显著(P<0.05)。(2)NSC含量及淀粉含量随湿润年、正常年、干旱年的顺序递增;不同坡向淀粉含量随阳坡、半阳坡、阴坡的顺序递减,且二者均差异显著(P<0.05)。(3)通过对粗根NSC及其组分影响的主导因素分析,坡向因素影响大,反应了粗根NSC对潜在蒸散量梯度反应敏感。研究结果有助于理解干旱环境下地下器官对树木生长碳分配的调节机制。

陕南千枚岩地区护坡基材优化及抗侵蚀性能

为了进一步探究适宜于陕南千枚岩地区的边坡生态防护基材,以陕南当地废弃的千枚岩碎石为主要基材,添加秸秆、硅酸盐水泥、有机肥、草炭土和保水剂,组成护坡基材。设计正交试验,选取陕南地区的乡土草本植物高羊茅作为试验草种进行盆栽种植。运用综合评分法和极差分析法分析护坡基材的最佳配比和各因素对高羊茅生长影响的重要性程度,最后用室内模拟降雨侵蚀试验来验证基材的强度。结果表明,在陕南地区,适合高羊茅生长的最优基材配比为秸秆含量4%、水泥含量4%、有机肥含量5%、草炭土含量8%、保水剂含量0.25%。根据极差结果分析可知,各因素对高羊茅生长因素的影响从大到小依次为水泥、秸秆、草炭土、保水剂、有机肥。室内模拟降雨侵蚀试验表明,本研究的护坡基材具有较好的抗侵蚀能力,实用性较强。

塔里木盆地库车南斜坡托探1井油气勘探重大突破及意义

塔里木盆地库车坳陷南部斜坡带温宿—西秋地区托探1井在寒武系潜山白云岩储层获得重大突破,对库车南斜坡迎烃面多目的层潜山勘探具有重要意义。受制于地质条件复杂,该地区的油气富集规律认识不清、地质结构落实及圈闭刻画难度大,制约了潜山油气勘探。基于构造特征、潜山地层分布、生—储—盖组合、油气输导体系及勘探实践的系统分析,探讨了潜山油气成藏新模式。温宿—西秋地区古生界构造为受前冲断裂沙井子—西秋断裂和反冲断裂乌什南断裂控制的背冲式构造,F1和F2两条次级反冲断裂使得背冲构造复杂化,形成3排古生界潜山构造,每排构造自近断层到远断层区古生界潜山地层由老变新。其中寒武系潜山地层分布范围最广、呈北东东向大面积展布,潜山储层以局限台地颗粒滩相白云岩为主,受多期构造活动、长时期暴露溶蚀叠加改造,裂缝—孔洞型白云岩优质储层规模连片发育。潜山油气藏表现为三叠系黄山街组和侏罗系恰克马克组泥岩联合供烃、裂缝—孔洞型白云岩成储、上覆古近系膏盐岩封盖的生—储—盖组合样式;成藏具有“库车油气远源供烃、不整合面输导、迎烃面构造富集”的特征,主要成藏期在喜马拉雅晚期(4—1Ma)。托探1井的成功钻探,证实了温宿—西秋地区多排多类型潜山巨大的勘探潜力,重新刻画潜山圈闭面积近840km2、石油资源量约2.0×10^(8)t、天然气资源量约590×10^(8)m^(3),有望成为油气增储上产新的战略接替区。

陕南中低海拔山区植物物种多样性与海拔及坡向的关系

为了研究陕南中低海拔山区植物物种多样性与坡向、海拔之间的关系,在研究区内设置并选取了具有代表性的样方91处,统计分析了每150 m海拔区间内乔木层、灌木层、草本层物种多样性及其关系。结果表明:(1)研究区内共有维管束植物129科、312属、460种;阴坡乔木、灌木、草本植物的物种数均多于阳坡;相同坡向内草本植物的科、属、种数量最多,灌木次之,乔木最少。(2)除草本植物的H、D值外,其他层次物种多样性指数的变异系数阴坡均大于阳坡;阳坡海拔1250 m以上草本植物物种数逐渐降低,优势种逐渐显现;在阴坡,海拔500—650 m处草本植物物种数最多,而海拔1400—1550 m灌木的个体数量最多。(3)回归分析中,多样性指数与海拔之间大多能呈现较好的拟合效果。阴、阳坡向内乔木层的多样性指数均先降低再升高,海拔950 m以上,阴坡乔木层的H、M值大于阳坡,差异显著(P<0.05);而D、J值差异不显著。阴坡灌木层的H、J、M值在海拔800 m处呈现单峰格局;阳坡灌木层的H、M值在研究区域内单调升高,而J值与海拔之间没有很好的拟合效果。在研究区内,阳坡草本层的H、J、M值随海拔升高呈现先增加再降低趋势,而阴坡草本层各指数与海拔之间没有很好的拟合效果。(4)不同层次间相关性检验中,阳坡乔木层H值与灌木层的H、D、M为显著负相关(0.01<P≤0.05),乔木层的J值与灌木层的J值、灌木层的J值与草本层的J值为显著正相关(0.01<P≤0.05);阴坡灌木的多样性指数与草本层各指数(D值除外)多呈显著或极显著正相关;其他相关性均达不到显著水平。(5)阳坡的种间共同出现率的峰值位于海拔800—950 m、950—1100 m的两个区间内,最低值在海拔1100—1250 m、1250—1400 m两个区间内。阴坡的峰值海拔比阳坡峰值海拔高100—400 m,而最低值所处的海拔区间与阳坡相同。

不同放牧强度下祁连山南麓高寒草甸植物群落及土壤水分特征

为探讨不同放牧强度对祁连山南麓高寒草甸植物群落演替及水源涵养功能的影响,本研究以青海海北地区典型高寒草甸为研究对象,通过野外实地监测与室内分析相结合的方法,分析轻度(LG,4.5羊·hm^(−2))、中度(MG,7.5羊·hm^(−2))、重度(HG,15羊·hm^(−2))和极重度放牧(SG,30羊·hm^(−2))条件下植物群落特征、土壤容重及持水能力的变化特征。结果表明:1)随着放牧强度的增加,植物群落结构呈先稳定后显著变化的趋势。从LG至HG,禾本科、莎草科和杂类草重要值占比分别稳定在52.3%、4.2%和43.5%上下。至SG,禾本科重要值占比HG显著下降92.6%(P<0.05),莎草科和杂类草分别比HG显著增加202.6%、100.2%(P<0.05)。2)从LG到HG,植物群落平均高度、盖度和特征性指数均无显著变化。至SG,植被平均高度、盖度、Shannon-Wiener指数和Patrick指数较HG显著降低94.8%、25.0%、41.8%和68.5%。3)从LG到HG,地上生物量和地上生物量与地下生物量比值均呈缓慢增加趋势,而地下生物量和总生物量无显著变化。至SG,地上生物量、地下生物量及地上地下总生物量较HG分别显著降低71.9%、55.96%、58.7%。4)放牧强度对祁连山南麓高寒草甸土壤容重、持水及导水性能的影响主要集中在0-10 cm内。随着放牧强度的增加,0-10 cm各指标呈先稳定后显著变化的趋势,从LG到HG,土壤容重、饱和导水率、饱和持水量均无显著变化。至SG,0-10 cm土壤容重较HG显著增加12.6%,0-10 cm饱和导水率和饱和持水量分别降低50.0%、5.9%。保持适当厚度的草毡层是维持祁连山南麓高寒草甸水源涵养功能的关键,在祁连山南麓高寒草甸的利用过程中一定要重视草毡层的保护。

天山南坡山前荒漠草地植物群落分布对环境因子的响应——以拜城县为例

为探明天山南坡拜城县山前荒漠草地植物群落分布对地形与土壤因子的响应,本研究选取了拜城山前荒漠草地典型区域进行调查,采用优势度法和典范对应分析(Canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)法,研究山地荒漠草地植物群落分布与地形和土壤因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)不同调查样点灌木层和草本层物种多样性存在差异,东坡调查样点Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数和Simpson指数均表现为灌木大于草本,西坡和北坡调查样点Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数和Simpson指数均表现为草本大于灌木;(2)典范对应分析法分析结果表明,地形因子对植物群落的影响大小顺序为:坡向(SA)>坡度(SG)>坡位(SP),土壤因子对植物群落的影响大小为:30~100 cm土层土壤水分(SMC-2)>土壤总孔隙度(STP)>0~30 cm土层土壤水分(SMC-1)。地形和土壤因子对不同植物群落的形成具有一定的筛选作用,30~100 cm土层土壤水分和坡向是影响天山南坡拜城县山前荒漠草地植物群落分布的关键因子。

祁连山南坡青海云杉林碳密度随海拔分布特征

森林生物量是研究森林第一性生产力的基础,其碳密度是评价森林生态系统结构功能的重要指标。为探究祁连山南坡阿咪东索小流域内青海云杉典型林分密度随海拔的变化特征,按不同海拔,采用生物量模型计算法,选择海拔2900~3200 m调查分析该区域内青海云杉乔木层和土壤层碳密度沿海拔梯度的变化特征,以期为祁连山青海云杉林碳储量估算提供基础数据。结果表明:研究区总生物量平均值为135.59 t·hm^(-2),随着海拔升高,总生物量呈递减的趋势。乔木层碳密度平均值为70.51 t·hm^(-2),0~50 cm土层土壤有机碳密度平均值为154.01 t·hm^(-2),随海拔升高,乔木层碳密度呈递减的趋势,土壤有机碳密度呈先降低后升高的变化趋势。区内不同海拔青海云杉林生态系统碳密度为224.51 t·hm^(-2),其中乔木层和土壤层碳密度分别占总碳密度的30.5%和69.5%,随海拔上升呈下降的变化趋势。森林土壤碳库占比较大,加强对森林土壤的保护是维持森林生态平衡的强有力推进方向。