A Study on Anti-oxidative Activity of Soybean Peptideswith Linoleic Acid Peroxidation Systems

Soybean bioactive peptides（SBPs） were prepared from the isolated soybean protein by proteolysis with an alkaline protease, alcalase, at 50℃ and pH = 8.0. The dependence of hydrolysis time on hydrolysis degree and molecular weight distribution were examined. The hydrolysate was fractionated on a Sephadex G-25 column and the anti-oxidative activities of the fractions were detected by the method of pyrogallol auto-oxidation. The average chain length of soybean peptides that have anti-oxidative activity was estimated to be about 7. The anti-oxidative properties of the soy- bean peptide were also studied by using linoleic acid peroxidation systems. The optimal condition of the peroxidation system was set up, Vc/Cu^2 ＋ as the inducer at pH = 7.4 and 25 ℃. In addition, soybean peptides show higher antioxidative activity compared with GSH.

Preparation and Antioxidative Effects of Soybean Peptides

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Effect of Soybean Peptides on in vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Microbial Population

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Soybean Peptides(SPs) on ruminal fermentation and microbial diversity in vitro. Four levels of SPs supplements(0, 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% dry matter basis) were tested. p H, NH3-N, Neutral Detergent Fiber(NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber(ADF), Dry Matter Digestibility(DMD) and the Total Volatile Fatty Acid(TVFA) were measured at 6, 24, 48 h of in vitro mixed incubation the fluids. Microbial populations were determined at 24 h and Microbial Proteins(MCP) were determined at 24 and 48 h. The gas production after 48 h in vitro incubation presented linear growth(p<0.05) and the highest content was the level of 0.5% SPs(dry matter basis). NH3-N concentration reached the highest concentration with 0.75%(dry matter basis) at 48 h. p H linearly increased(linear, p<0.05) from 6 to 48 h. The digestion of DMD increased with increasing doses of SPs at 24 h. NDF and ADF linearly(p<0.01) decreased by adding SPs. The concentration of TVFA linearly increased(p<0.05) at 6, 24 and 48 h, and reached the highest concentration at the level of 0.75%(dry matter basis). SPs decreased(p<0.05) the molar proportion of acetate and propionate, respectively at 24 and 48 h. Acetat to Propionate ratio(A/P; linear, p<0.05) increased at 48 h, and reached the greatest value at the level of 0.75%(dry matter basis) at 48 h. The populations of rumen Ruminococcus flavefaciens(R. flavefaciens), Ruminococcusalbus(R. albus), Fibrobacter succinogenes(F. succinogenes), Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens(B. fibrisolvens), Streptococcus bovis(S.bovis), Ruminobacter amylophilus(R. amylophilus) and Succinimonas amylolytica(S. amylolytica) were analyzed based on the total rumen bacterial 16 S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid(r DNA). The relative abundance of R. flavefaciens and R. albus increased at 24 h, but the relative abundance of F. succinogenes decreased at this time. The incubation of SPs had no effect on the abundance of S. bovis and R. amylophilus. The relative abundance of B. fibrisolvens and S. amylolytica reached the greatest value(p<0.05) at middle doses of SPs inclusion at 24 h. The value of MCPs linearly increased(p<0.05) at 24 and 48 h. These results showed that SPs could improve in vitro fermentation and nutrient digestion of feed substrates, and had the ability to modulate the ruminal fermentation pattern by regulating the composition of functional rumen microbes. Hence, SPs might be a potential feed additive applied in the diets of ruminants.

Effect of Duodenal Soybean Small Peptides Infusion on Mammary Uptake of Amino Acid and Expression of APN in Lactating Goat

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of duodenal infusion of soybean small peptides(SSP) on mammary uptake of amino acids(AA).Eight Chinese Saanen goats with duodenal fistulae and catheters were used in a crossover design trial.Goats were infused with 0,60,120,180 g/d SSP.The experimental period lasted for 14 d.The results showed:1) milk protein yield and content were increased,with the increment in milk protein yield being significant(P【0.05).Milk fat yield and content were decreased with the increased amount of SSP infused(P【0.05).2) Mammary plasma flow was not changed(P】0.05) by SSP infusion though the average was slightly higher.Mammary plasma flow/milk yield was decreased by SSP infusion and there was significant difference between the 120 g/d treatment and the control(P【0.05).3) Compared with the control treatment,uptakes of most free amino acids were increased in the 60 and 120 g/d treatments,but decreased by the 180 g/d treatment.The uptakes of all peptide-bound essential amino acids(PB-EAA) were increased except for PB-Ile.Uptake of PB-Val,PB-Leu, PB-Phe,PB-Thr,PB-Met and PB-Lys was highest in the 120 g/d treatment.Among the peptide-bound nonessential amino acids(PB-NEAA),uptake of PB-Ser,PB-Tyr,and PB-Pro was increased(P【0.05) while that of PB-Gly was decreased(P】0.05).4) With the exception of Lys,secretion of all essential AA(EAA) was increased by SSP infusion from 0-120 g/d(P【0.05),while in the 180 g/d treatment the increase was not significant and was lower than that in the 120 g/d treatment.5) The expression of APN was increased by SSP;in the 60,120,180 g/d treatments expression was 13.55-,18.69-,and 10.01-fold over that of the controls.Conclusion:SSP might be used as substrates for milk protein synthesis by mammary gland,and can increase synthesis and secretion of milk protein.There was reason to believe that uptake and use of AA was either saturated or inhibited at high levels of infusion of SSP.Increased APN expression with infusion of SSP related to mammary uptake of PBAA by mammary gland,which suggested that APN was one of the peptidases regulating use of AA from small peptides in mammary tissue.

Effects of Soybean Active Peptides on Performance and Serum Lipid of 14-day Old Early Weaned Piglets

This purpose was to evaluate the efficacy of soybean active peptides (SAP) in 14-day old early weaned piglets feed. Eighteen crossbreed piglets Duroc ×Landrace ×Yorkshire (14-day old) were randomly divided into three groups with six piglets each group. Control was fed with 8% animal plasma (AP). Trial 1 was fed with 4.9% AP and 4.9% SAP. Trial 2 was fed with 12.62% SAP. This raising period was 30 days and divided into three periods with earlier period (0-15 days), latter period (16-30 days) and whole period (0-30 days). The results showed that average daily gains (ADG) in trial 1 were increased 16.33%, 12.64% and 13.94% (P >0.05) and Efficiency of feed conversions (EFC) improved 17.35%, 11.40% and 13.46% than control in respective periods; ADG in trial 2 were reduced 12.24%, increased 4.21% and reduced 0.40% (P>0.05) and EFC were improved 19.81%, 13.08% and 15.76% than control in respective periods. Means of TG and LDL-C/ HDL-C in trial 1 were lowest in three groups and reduced 6.54% (P >0.05) and 0.96% than control. Means of TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C/ HDL-C were the highest in trial 2 among three groups and increased 8.93% (P >0.05), 39.69% (P <0.05), 34.94% (P >0.05), 27.31% (P >0.05) and 5.96% than control respectively. It was concluded that substituting part Ap for SAP in 14-day old piglets Feed was practicable.

Changes of the Content and Antioxidant Activity of Natural Peptides in Germinated Soybeans

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the content and antioxidant activity of natural peptides in various soybean sprouts during the germination process. [Method] By using black soybean sprouts, yellow soybean sprouts and green soybean sprouts as raw materials, the content, DPPH ·clearance rate, OH · clearance rate and reduction capacity of natural peptides in various soybean sprouts at different germination time were determined, to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of natural peptides and compare it with that of Vc. [ Result] The results showed that the contents of natural peptides in black soybean sprouts, yellow soybean sprouts and green soybean sprouts varied at different germination time. To be specific, the content of natural peptides in black soybean sprouts reached the maximmn of 0. 194 mg/g at 2 d post-germination; the content of natural pepfides in yellow soybean sprouts reached the maximum of 0.231 mg/g at 2 d post-germination; the content of natural peptides in green soybean sprouts exhibited a negative correlation with the germination time, which reached the maximum of 0. 164 mg/g at 1 d post-germination. [ Conclusion] According to the determination of DPPH ·clearance rate, OH ·clearance rate and reduction capacity of natural peptides in three varieties of soybean sprouts, natural peptides in yellow soybean sprouts possess the highest antioxidant activity, followed by those in black soybean

Preparation of Active Peptides from Corn and Soybean by Bi-enzyme Hydrolysis

[Objective] The aim was to study the optimal test condition for preparation of active peptides from corn and soybean by bi-enzyme hy- drolysis. [Metbod]Taking soybean peptide and corn peptide as materials, different concentrations of soy-corn protein isolate solution were pre- pared. Through pretreatment, and based on compound protease, flavor protease, neutral protease, papaya protease, pineapple hydrolysis, and by measuring the degree of hydrolysis activity and enzyme activity, tested enzyme was determined. Mixing two of those enzymes in certain proportion and by orthogonal test, the optimal condition of enzyme hydrolysis of a double was determined. [ Result] The optimal hydrolysis condition was 2% of substrate concentration, 1 ： 1of hydrolyze compound protease and flavor protease, and 8 h of hydrolysis time, 75.14% of DH. [ Condasien] The study provided a basis for the development and application of active peptides from corn and soybean by bi-enzyme hydrolysis.

Separation and Identification of Glutamine Peptides from Defatted Soybean Meal by Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Glutamine peptides were obtained from defatted soybean meal by enzymatic hydrolysis using a combination of Protamex~? and trypsinase. The results showed that the extent of hydrolysis and the concentration of Gln peptides in the hydrolysate were 22.02%and 6.05 mmol/L, respectively. The hydrolysates were fractionated by size-exclusion chromatography on a Sephadex G-15 into five major fractions(GelF1–GelF5). The peptide(GelF1) fraction with the highest glutamine peptide content(51.8%) was further evaluated to determine its molecular weight distribution. Most(92.37%) peptides were less than 1 000 Da. Glutamic acid and glutamine were the most abundant amino acids, accounting for up to 12.98% of the total amino acid content. In addition, the total amino acid content in GelF1 was higher than that in GelF2 and GelF3.

The Function and Development of Soybean Peptides

Soybean peptides are small molecules hydrolyzed soy protein, from three to six amino acid composition of the peptide mixture, in1000Da molecular weight below.Because it has a lot of good physical and chemical properties and physiological functions, in many areas has been widely used. This paper reviews the soybean peptide physical and chemical characteristics, physiological functions, technology and applications in the food industry.

The Applied Research of Soybean Peptide in Feedstuffs

The soybean peptide has the trait of amino acid balance,digestible and easy to absorb,low allergy and low antigenicity.Furthermore,it also showed the feature of good mobility and thermal stability at high concentrations.This paper seeks to study the processing and nutritional characteristics of soybean peptide.And on that basis to lucubrate soybean peptide as a safe,efficient feedstuffs additives.The aim is to improve the feedstuffs quality.

Novel soybean peptide iglycin ameliorates insulin resistance of high-fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice and differentiated 3T3L1 adipocytes with improvement of insulin signaling and mitochondrial function

Soy consumption has been associated with potential health benefits in reducing chronic diseases.These physiological functions have been attributed to soy proteins or more commonly to bioactive peptides.Thus,more studies are required to identify these bioactive peptides,and elucidate their biological mechanisms of action.In the present study,a novel peptide iglycin was purifi ed from soybean seeds with a molecular mass of 3.88 k Da.Thereafter,iglycin reduced fasting blood glucose and restored insulin sensitivity of C57 BL/6 J mice on a high-fat diet with increased phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1(IRS1)and AKT in adipose tissue.Furthermore,it improved glucose uptake,induced translocation of intracellular GLUT4 to plasma membrane and activation of insulin signaling in adipocytes under insulin-resistant condition.In addition,it decreased reactive oxygen species production,lipid peroxidation and inhibited adipocyte apoptosis with improved mitochondrial function as evidenced by up-regulation of succinate dehydrogenase activity,mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ATP store.These data suggested that iglycin ameliorated insulin resistance via activation of insulin signaling,which was associated with inhibition of oxidative stress,adipocyte apoptosis,and improvement of mitochondrial function.

大豆活性肽对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质、免疫功能及抗氧化能力的影响

本文旨在研究大豆活性肽对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质、免疫功能及抗氧化能力的影响。选用1日龄健康大恒黄羽肉鸡公鸡800只,随机分成5组,每组10个重复,每个重复16只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,抗生素组饲喂基础饲粮+0.2 g/kg恩拉霉素,试验组分别饲喂以0.2%、0.4%、0.6%的大豆活性肽替代基础饲粮中豆粕的试验饲粮。试验期70 d。结果表明:1)抗生素组和0.2%大豆活性肽组的末重、平均日增重显著高于对照组(P<0.05),料重比显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。各组之间平均日采食量无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)各组之间屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率和腹脂率无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)各组之间血常规指标无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)0.2%大豆活性肽组的胸肌45 min肉色显著高于对照组、抗生素组和0.4%大豆活性肽组(P<0.05)。各组之间胸肌45 min和24 h pH、24 h肉色、滴水损失、蒸煮损失以及肌纤维直径、横截面积和密度无显著差异(P>0.05)。5)抗生素组和0.2%、0.4%、0.6%大豆活性肽组的血清溶菌酶含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。0.2%大豆活性肽组的血清白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。6)各组之间脾脏指数和法氏囊指数无显著差异(P>0.05)。7)抗生素组和0.2%大豆活性肽组的血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。各组之间血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性无显著差异(P>0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加0.2%大豆活性肽可提高黄羽肉鸡生长性能和免疫功能,改善肉品质和增强机体抗氧化能力,且具有替代抗生素的作用。

豆粕抗营养因子及酶解豆粕制备肽的研究进展

豆粕作为大豆提取豆油过程中产生的副产品,因其蛋白质含量高、氨基酸均衡和营养元素全面而成为中国主要的植物蛋白质饲料原料之一。然而,豆粕中存在的抗营养因子(如胰蛋白酶抑制剂、脲酶、大豆球蛋白和非淀粉多糖等)会严重阻碍动物对豆粕营养物质的消化吸收。豆粕肽作为豆粕蛋白质不完全水解的产物,具有转运速度快、载体不易饱和、耗能低、避免氨基酸相互竞争以及多种生物学活性的特点。因此提高豆粕中肽的含量可以显著提高豆粕的营养价值。目前以豆粕为原料制备肽的主要方式有化学法、微生物发酵法以及酶解法,相较于前两种制备方法,酶解法对于豆粕中抗营养因子的去除,以及提高豆粕中肽的含量具有更强的特异性。作者概括了豆粕的营养特点以及影响其营养价值的主要因素,并分析了豆粕中抗营养因子的作用机理。此外,还对化学法以及微生物发酵法制备肽的优缺点进行了讨论,总结了酶解豆粕制备肽的优势和实际应用效果,并对存在的问题进行了分析。为酶解法消除豆粕抗营养因子和制备肽提供了参考依据。

碱性蛋白酶酶解蛋白制备活性肽的质控研究

以胶原蛋白和大豆分离蛋白为主要研究对象,应用体积排阻色谱(SEC)结合多角度激光光散射(MALLS)及示差折光(RI)联用技术对碱性蛋白酶酶解蛋白制备肽段的过程进行了详细分析。在酶解过程中,不同来源的胶原蛋白(牛、鸡)和大豆分离蛋白在分子量分布、体系的分散度及粒径变化规律上表现出了典型的差异。结果表明,牛胶原蛋白在酶解开始时就迅速被降解产生了大量小分子肽段,鸡胶原蛋白相对于牛胶原蛋白在相同的酶解条件下更难产生小分子肽段,大豆分离蛋白随着酶的加入则是表现出了先聚集再降解的特性。SEC-MALLS技术可以有效把控蛋白酶解的过程以及体系中肽段分子量分布,该技术可以为活性肽产品的开发及品质检测提供依据。

大豆肽的功能活性及在食品加工产业中的应用

大豆肽是大豆蛋白水解后得到的小分子化合物,分子量小,一般由3~6个氨基酸组成。大豆肽富含多种生物活性成分,具有易吸收、高营养、低成本等优点,并且具有抗癌症、抗氧化、增强免疫力等生物功能,在食品、制药、化妆品等领域具有较好的应用前景。但其存在应用限制因素,常见的限制因素如具有苦味、乳化性差、色泽不佳等,阻碍了其在生产中的大量使用。文章综述了大豆肽的功能和在食品加工中的应用情况,以期为大豆肽的综合利用提供理论依据。

大豆分离蛋白和大豆肽对鼠李糖乳杆菌GG生长代谢的影响

为探究氮源类营养物质对鼠李糖乳杆菌GG(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG,LGG)生长和代谢的影响,本研究以模拟胃肠道消化后的大豆分离蛋白和大豆肽为原料,通过单培养的方式分别测定鼠李糖乳杆菌GG的活菌数和乳酸及乙酸产量,并将鼠李糖乳杆菌GG与单增李斯特菌共培养测定其在致病菌存在下利用大豆蛋白和大豆肽的情况。结果表明,在单培养的条件下消化后大豆分离蛋白和大豆肽都能显著提高鼠李糖乳杆菌的活菌数(P<0.05),而消化后大豆肽的作用比消化后大豆蛋白的作用提前4 h,且二者都能显著提高乳酸和乙酸的生成(P<0.05)。在共培养体系中,消化后大豆蛋白显著削弱了单增李斯特菌的竞争能力,提高了鼠李糖乳杆菌的竞争能力,且培养4 h和8 h后,鼠李糖乳杆菌的活细胞数显著高于单培养(P<0.05)。本研究结果将氮源作为具有潜在益生功能的营养物质,为消化后大豆蛋白和大豆肽功能性食品的开发提供理论依据。

小麦胚芽肽和大豆酶解蛋白的体外抗氧化活性研究

试验旨在研究小麦胚芽肽和大豆酶解蛋白的分子质量分布和体外抗氧化活性。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,以维生素C为对照,分别测定小麦胚芽肽和大豆酶解蛋白在0.625、1.25、2.5、5、10 mg/mL浓度下对DPPH自由基、羟自由基和2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基的清除率,并通过测定T-AOC吸光度值计算总还原力。结果表明:使用高效液相色谱测定小麦胚芽肽和大豆酶解蛋白重均分子质量分别为513 u和551 u,二者分子质量小于1000 u的比例分别为90.22%和86.93%。在一定浓度范围内,随小麦胚芽肽和大豆酶解蛋白浓度的升高,其体外抗氧化性能线性增加(P<0.05),且呈正相关关系。在10 mg/mL浓度时,小麦胚芽肽对DPPH自由基、羟自由基和ABTS自由基清除率和总还原力分别为90.39%、70.66%、96.24%和2.23,大豆酶解蛋白对DPPH自由基、羟自由基和ABTS自由基清除率和总还原力分别达到65.55%、68.21%、75.14%和0.51。综上,在本试验条件下,不同浓度小麦胚芽肽和大豆酶解蛋白均具有一定的抗氧化能力,且小麦胚芽肽相较于大豆酶解蛋白的抗氧化能力更强。

大豆多肽中α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶抑制剂的虚拟筛选及体外活性验证

目的:通过抑制碳水化合物消化酶的活性延缓碳水化合物的消化,来预防和控制糖尿病的作用已经成为多领域的研究热点。β-伴大豆球蛋白是大豆蛋白中含量最高的功能性蛋白,但其胃肠道消化后产生的多肽是否具有抑制碳水化合物消化酶的活性还不得而知。方法:将β-伴大豆球蛋白进行胃肠道模拟消化,通过虚拟筛选和ADMET预测选出α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽和α-淀粉酶抑制肽,检测多肽对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制作用。结果:通过胃酶、胰酶和糜蛋白酶将β-伴大豆球蛋白虚拟酶解成95个小分子多肽;筛选出8个α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽和α-淀粉酶抑制肽;发现氢键和静电相互作用在多肽与α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶结合中起重要作用;体外验证发现四肽EASY具有较强α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制效果,其IC_(50)值为208.6μg/mL,未发现明显α-淀粉酶抑制效果。结论:α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽EASY具有抑制碳水化合物消化酶的活性,可能成为控制糖尿病的潜在抑制剂。

The Development of Soybean Byproducts in Heilongjiang, China

The Heilongjiang Soybean Research Institute not only focuses on improving yield and quality of soybean, but also exploring the development of various high quality soybean byproducts. Currently, the institute uses advanced extraction technology, the institute also produces new soybean chips and vitamin E from soybean pulp, soybean peptides, phosphatides and oligosaccharides. 120 broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 5 chicken in each replicate. The authors studied influence on performance and body quality of broiler chicken by using soybean phosphatides to take the place of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% corn of basal daily grain. Conclusion indicated that rates of broiler chicken weight gain were 2.1%, 4.4% and 8.7%, feed utilization rates raised 3.5%, 5.2% and 8.1%, costs reduced 2.3%, 3.5% and 5.8%, chest muscle rates improved 14.7%, 0.9% and -0.49%, belly fat rates improved 11.06%, 20.28% and 44.75% by using soybean phosphatides to take place of corn in daily grain after 42 days. More recently, the study is also involved in the research on improving the meat quality of chicken by adding extracted soybean peptide and phosphatides into feed. Furthermore, nearly 98% post-consumer waste oil with high acid value can be converted into biodiesel by using an effective supercritical methanol method.

基于2型糖尿病小鼠模型探索生品黑豆、淡豆豉对二肽基肽酶-4活性的影响

目的:比较生品黑豆、淡豆豉对2型糖尿病小鼠模型二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)活性的影响。方法:建立高糖高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的2型糖尿病小鼠模型,造模成功后随机分成正常对照组、模型组、阳性对照组、生品黑豆低剂量组、生品黑豆中剂量组、生品黑豆高剂量组、淡豆豉低剂量组、淡豆豉中剂量组、淡豆豉高剂量组。给药期间监测动物血糖变化情况,采用酶法检测血清中总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平,用酶联免疫吸附试验测定血清中DPP-4活性、胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)、葡萄糖依赖性胰岛素释放肽(GIP)水平。结果:药物干预期间,阳性对照组和淡豆豉高剂量组血糖下降最为显著(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,淡豆豉中剂量组中仅HDL-C水平相对升高,淡豆豉高剂量组中TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C水平均有明显变化(P<0.05);与模型组比较,阳性对照组、生品黑豆高剂量组、淡豆豉中剂量组、淡豆豉高剂量组小鼠血清中DPP-Ⅳ活性抑制率均有升高(P<0.01),阳性对照组和淡豆豉高剂量组GLP-1、GIP水平明显高于模型组(P<0.05)。结论:淡豆豉提取物能够降低2型糖尿病小鼠血糖、血脂等相关生化指标,对2型糖尿病小鼠DPP-4活性有抑制作用,同时可以提高GLP-1、GIP水平。