Adding Value to Crop Production Systems by Integrating Forage Cover Crop Grazing

In addition to their value as cereal grains, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) are important cool-season annual forages and cover crops. Yearling steer (Bos taurus) performance was compared in the spring following autumn establishment as for age cover crops after soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grain harvest. Replicated pastures (0.4 ha) were no-till seeded in three consecutive years into soybean stubble in autumn, fertilized, and grazed the following spring near Ithaca, NE, USA. Each pasture (n = 3) was continuously stocked in spring with four yearling steers (380 ± 38 kg) for 17, 32, and 28 d in 2005, 2006, and 2007, respectively. In 2005, average daily gain (ADG) for steers grazing triticale exceeded the ADG for wheat by 0.31 kghd-1d-1. In 2006, wheat ADG exceeded that for triticale by 0.12 kghd-1d-1. In 2007, steers grazing wheat lost weight, while steers grazing triticale gained 0.20 kghd-1d-1. Based on the 3-year average animal gains valued at $1.32 kg-1, mean net return ($ ha-1 yr-1) was $62.15 for triticale and $22.55 for wheat. Since these grazed cover crops provide ecosystem services in addition to forage, grazing could be viewed as a mechanism for recovering costs and adds additional value to the system. Based on this 3-year grazing trial, triticale was superior to wheat and likely will provide the most stable beef yearling performance across years with variable weather for the western Cornbelt USA.

Soil mineral nitrogen and yield-scaled soil N2O emissions lowered by reducing nitrogen application and intercropping with soybean for sweet maize production in southern China

The increasing demand for fresh sweet maize （Zea mays L. saccharata） in southern China has prioritized the need to find solutions to the environmental pollution caused by its continuous production and high inputs of chemical nitrogen fertilizers. A promising method for improving crop production and environmental conditions is to intercrop sweet maize with legumes. Here, a three-year field experiment was conducted to assess the influence of four different cropping systems （sole sweet maize （SS）, sole soybean （SB）, two rows sweet maize-three rows soybean （S2B3） intercropping, and two rows sweet maize-four rows soybean （S2B4） intercropping）, together with two rates of N fertilizer application （300 and 360 kg N ha-1） on grain yield, residual soil mineral N, and soil N2O emissions in southern China. Results showed that in most case, inter- cropping achieved yield advantages （total land equivalent ratio （TLER=0.87-1.25） was above one）. Moreover, intercropping resulted in 39.8% less soil mineral N than SS at the time of crop harvest, averaged over six seasons （spring and autumn in each of the three years of the field experiment）. Generally, intercropping and reduced-N application （300 kg N ha-1） produced lower cumulative soil N20 and yield-scaled soil N20 emissions than SS and conventionaI-N application （360 kg N ha-l）, respectively. $2B4 intercropping with reduced-N rate （300 kg N ha-~） showed the lowest cumulative soil N20 （mean value=0.61 kg ha-1） and yield-scaled soil N20 （mean value=0.04 kg t-1） emissions. Overall, intercropping with reduced-N rate maintained sweet maize production, while also reducing environmental impacts. The system of S2B4 intercropping with reduced-N rate may be the most sustainable and environmentally friendly cropping system.

Effects of Se on Reducing Membrane Lipid Peroxidation of Soybean under Continuous Cropping Stress

Reports the effects of selenium on lipid peroxidation of soybean under continuous cropping stress.Results of pot culture and plot experiment showed that appropriate amount of Se addition increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) significantly,and cleared away the excessive free radicals existing in soybean plant under continuous cropping stress,decreased the concentration of malonaldehyde(MDA),which is the end product of lipid peroxidation,maintained the perfection of chloroplast and mitochondrion structure,enhanced the resistance of continuous cropped soybean,and therefore increased the dry weight of seedlong and yield.

CROPGRO-Soybean Model Calibration and Assessment of Soybean Yield Responses to Climate Change

Process-based crop simulation models are useful for simulating the impacts of climate change on crop yields. Currently, estimation of spatially calibrated soil parameters for crop models can be challenging, as it requires the availability of long-term and detailed input data from several sentinel sites. The use of aggregated regional data for model calibrations has been proposed but not been employed in regional climate change studies. The study: 1) employed the use of county-level data to estimate spatial soil parameters for the calibration of CROPGRO-Soybean model and 2) used the calibrated model, assimilated with future climate data, in assessing the impacts of climate change on soybean yields. The CROPGRO-Soybean model was calibrated using major agricultural soil types, crop yield and current climate data at county level, for selected counties in Alabama for the period 1981-2010. The calibrated model simulations were acceptable with performance indicators showing Root Mean Square Error percent of between 27 - 43 and Index of Agreement ranging from 0.51 to 0.76. Projected soybean yield decreased by an average of 29% and 23% in 2045, and 19% and 43% in 2075, under Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5, respectively. Results showed that late-maturing soybean cultivars were most resilient to heat, while late-maturing cultivators needed optimized irrigation to maintain appropriate soil moisture to sustain soybean yields. The CROPGRO-Soybean phenological and yield simulations suggested that the negative effects of increasing temperatures could be counterbalanced by increasing rainfall, optimized irrigation, and cultivating late-maturing soybean cultivars.

Study on the Yield Reduction Mechanism of Soybean Planted under Continuous and every Second Year Cropping Conditions

Three-year investigation was conducted to demonstrate the mechanism of reduction of soybean yield aroused by continuous and every second year cropping. Compared to normal cropping, there are many unfavorable changes in some major elements of soybean plant and soil environment. Chloropyll content was lower. Phosphorous content of soybean plant was decreased seriously. Potassium content was lower while calcium content was higher. Magnesium content was wot affected and decreased in susceptive varieties. Some deseases and insects of soybean under continuous and wery second year cropping conditions became serious as continuous years prolonged. Organic matter content tended to go down from normal rotation to continuous cropping. Amount of bacteria and antinomyces decreased while amount of fungi increased. The development of symbiotic nitrogen fixation system wsa deteriorated.

Impacts of climate change on the yields of leguminous crops in the Guinea Savanna agroecological zone of Ghana

The impacts of climate change on crop yields are receiving renewed interest,with focus on cereals and staple crops at the regional and national scales.Yet,the impacts of climate change on the yields of leguminous crops in the local context has not been explored.Thus,an in-depth understanding of climate change in the local context may support the design of locally relevant adaptation responses to current and future climate risks.This study examined the impacts of climate variables(annual rainfall,annual average temperature,rainfall indices(rainfall onset,rainfall cessation,and the length of rainy days),and the number of dry days)on the yields of leguminous crops(groundnuts,cowpeas,and soybeans)in the Guinea Savanna agroecological zone of Ghana during the period of 1989-2020.The data were analysed using Mann-Kendall’s trend,Sen’s slope test,correlation analysis,and Multiple Regression Analysis(MRA).The findings revealed that annual rainfall,annual average temperature,rainfall onset,rainfall cessation,and the length of rainy days,and the number of dry days all showed varied impacts on the yields of groundnuts,cowpeas,and soybeans.The trend analysis detected a marginal decrease in the amount of rainfall,rainfall onset,and the number of dry days from 1989 to 2020(P>0.050).Annual average temperature and the length of rainy days substantially varied(P<0.050)from 1989 to 2020,showing an increasing trend.The findings also showed a marked upward trend for the yields of groundnuts,cowpeas,and soybeans during 2005-2020.The climate variables analysed above increased the yields of groundnuts,cowpeas,and soybeans by 49.0%,55.0%,and 69.0%,respectively.The yields of groundnuts,cowpeas,and soybeans fluctuated with the variability of 30.0%,28.0%,and 27.0%from 2005 to 2020,respectively.The three leguminous crops under study demonstrated unpredictable yields due to the variations of annual rainfall,annual average temperature,rainfall onset,rainfall cessation,the length of rainy days,and the number of dry days,which stressed the need for agricultural diversification,changing planting dates,using improved seed variety,and irrigation to respond to climate change.The results of this study implied that climate change considerably impacts crop production in the Guinea Savanna agroecological zone of Ghana,emphasizing the urgency of locally based and farmer-induced adaptation measures for food security and resilient agricultural systems.

极端高温天气条件下不同鲜食玉米品种的种植表现

为科学选择适宜鲜食玉米/鲜食大豆带状复合种植的耐密、抗病、抗倒的鲜食玉米品种,为玉米大豆带状复合种植技术示范推广提供品种支撑,开展了11个鲜食玉米品种与鲜食大豆的带状复合种植试验。结果表明:在2022年夏季极端高温且持续时间较长的气候条件下,鲜食玉米/鲜食大豆带状复合种植模式下不同鲜食玉米品种在双穗率、空秆率等植株性状及千粒鲜重、出籽率、结实率等产量性状上差异明显,其中晶白甜糯、虞珑糯1612、苏玉糯5号、苏科糯1801、苏科糯1901这5个品种结实率较高,表现出较强的耐高温能力;苏甜糯818、斯达糯41、扬甜糯104结实率较低,表现出较低的耐高温能力。复种区各玉米品种鲜穗产量在7332~11440 kg/hm^(2)之间,除苏科糯1801、晶白甜糯较对照苏玉糯5号(CK)略增产外,其他各品种均较对照苏玉糯5号(CK)减产,减产幅度在1.53%~34.58%之间,以苏甜糯818、苏科糯1501减产最严重。清种区各玉米品种鲜穗产量在7638.89~14828.70 kg/hm^(2)之间,除苏科糯1801较对照苏玉糯5号(CK)略增产1.42%外,其他各品种均较对照苏玉糯5号(CK)减产,减产幅度在0.95%~47.75%之间,以苏科糯1501减产最严重。

垄作和覆膜下盐碱地水盐运移和大豆产量的变化

选择河北省黄骅市中度盐碱土区布置夏播大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]田间试验,共设平播(对照)、平播覆膜、垄作及垄作覆膜4个处理,研究垄作和覆膜对土壤水盐运移和大豆产量的影响。结果表明,与传统平播方式相比,平播覆膜处理对土壤水盐运移和大豆产量的影响不显著;垄作处理能显著改变土壤水盐分布,特别是大豆生长中后期降雨量开始减少后,垄作定植沟会产生叠加集雨效果,显著提高大豆生长中期0~20 cm和20~40 cm土壤含水量,减缓作物生长后期向表层返盐进程,有效降低土壤表层盐分含量,对保障大豆植株生长和产量均有一定的促进效果,可增产27.2%;垄作覆膜处理效果与垄作处理类似,覆膜措施影响不显著。垄作技术可以作为滨海盐碱地夏播大豆种植的农耕措施。

北大荒集团大豆重迎茬单产提升集成配套技术指导意见

近年来,随着北大荒集团大豆种植面积不断扩大,大豆重迎茬现象普遍,导致大豆病虫害加重,产量和品质降低,严重制约大豆产业发展。文章以“良田良种良法配套”的标准化生产模式为技术载体,以土壤、品种、栽培、植保等为技术发力方向,形成大豆重迎茬单产提升集成配套技术指导意见,以期为北大荒集团大豆科学生产提供技术指导,助力大豆油料产能提升。

接种丛枝菌根真菌配合氮肥减施对辣椒–大豆间作体系氮素吸收的影响

【目的】叶菜及经济效益较高的茄果类如辣椒、番茄等占云南省设施蔬菜栽培面积的62.19%,蔬菜连作以及氮肥的大量施用制约了设施蔬菜高产优质,降低了土壤质量。研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和氮水平对作物生长、土壤氮残留及生物相关特性的影响,为提高设施蔬菜产量,减少氮肥施用量,降低土壤氮残留提供理论依据。【方法】以大豆和辣椒间作为种植模式进行盆栽试验。设计了接种AMF、氮肥用量、种植模式三因素试验。在大豆、辣椒单作、大豆辣椒间作3个种植模式下,分别设3个施氮(N)水平:0、100、200 mg/kg土(N0、N1、N2);每个氮水平下,再设土壤不接种、接种AMF菌剂处理(NM、AMF),共组成18个处理。在蔬菜收获期,取样测定蔬菜生物量、根系长度、AMF侵染率,测定根际土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量、氮代谢酶活性以及菌丝密度。【结果】接种AMF、施氮量、种植模式及三者的交互作用对辣椒和大豆根系AMF侵染率、植株生物量和根长的影响都达到显著水平(P<0.01)。N1处理显著增加了辣椒、大豆根系的菌根侵染率,且在间作条件下的增幅最高;N1处理下,接种AMF和间作均显著增加了辣椒、大豆植株生物量和氮吸收量,抑制了根系的伸长。N2处理显著增加了土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量,接种AMF显著降低了辣椒、大豆植株根际土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量,间作则显著降低了辣椒根际土壤硝态氮含量和大豆根际土壤铵态氮含量。接种AMF、间作均明显增加了植物根际土壤中蛋白酶、脲酶及硝酸还原酶活性。N1处理显著增加了土壤菌丝密度,间作条件下接种AMF显著增加了辣椒根际土壤菌丝密度。【结论】配合间作和接种AMF措施,氮肥减施可提高蔬菜根际菌根侵染率,增加土壤中菌丝密度,提高氮代谢酶活性,从而促进蔬菜生长和氮素吸收,减少土壤氮残留,因此,蔬菜间作种植下,接种AMF配合氮肥减施有望成为改善设施土壤肥力,提高氮肥利用效率,促进蔬菜健康生长,减少土壤氮素残留的配套技术。

施氮与种间距离下大豆/玉米带状套作作物生长特性及其对产量形成的影响

为明确施氮和种间距离下套作作物生长特性及其对产量形成的影响。本文以大豆/玉米带状套作系统为研究主体,探究不同氮水平(施氮与不施氮)与种间距离(玉豆间距30、45、60和75 cm、单作100 cm)下作物生长率、干物质积累与分配及产量差异,并对作物干物质积累过程进行拟合,综合分析作物生长规律和产量效益。结果表明:玉米生长率在抽雄期至乳熟期达最大,不施氮下以间距30 cm(MS30)最高,较玉米单作(MM100)高出34.99%。套作大豆生长率在初花期前显著低于单作(SS100),而初花期后高于SS100,以间距60cm(MS60)最高,盛花期—盛荚期在不施氮下较SS100高出78.91%。Logistic方程可较好的拟合玉米、大豆的干物质积累过程,且R2均在0.95以上。与不施氮相比,施氮推迟了玉米干物质积累高峰,提高了干物质积累量;套作大豆生育前期干物质积累慢于单作,而生育后期间距45cm(MS45)、MS60干物质积累逐渐与单作持平甚至超过单作。施氮提高了玉米籽粒干物质分配率而显著提高产量,2年间玉米产量分别提高10.05%、40.90%。随种间距离增加套作大豆产量呈先增后减趋势,以MS60最高,MS30最低,MS60两年间在不施氮与施氮下较MS30分别平均高出23.88%、31.77%。套作下土地当量比均在1.35以上,其中以施氮下MS60最大(1.89)。适宜的种间距离(间距60 cm)可实现套作下玉米和大豆协同生长,提高作物生长率、促进干物质积累与分配、提高系统产量和土地当量比。

大豆玉米带状复合种植技术初探

大豆玉米带状复合种植模式是农业农村部推广的稳玉米、扩大豆的种植模式,目标是在保证玉米基本不减产的基础上,通过间种或套种增收一季大豆。2022—2023年,汨罗市对大豆玉米带状复合种植模式进行试验与示范推广,全市种植面积达2000 hm^(2),玉米平均单产6900 kg/hm^(2),大豆平均单产1740 kg/hm^(2),与单作玉米相比,玉米单产仅减少690 kg/hm^(2),且全市增产大豆约3500 t,2年合计增收2100多万元。重点介绍了大豆玉米带状复合种植模式从整地到收获的全程规范化栽培技术。

9种杀虫剂对玉米大豆带状复合种植大豆田甜菜夜蛾的防治效果

为了探究杀虫剂对玉米大豆带状复合种植大豆田甜菜夜蛾的防治效果,选取9种杀虫剂开展药剂筛选试验,结果表明,各处理试验药剂对大豆植株安全;喷施6%乙基多杀菌素SC 450 mL/hm^(2)、20%多杀霉素SC 450 mL/hm^(2)、5%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC 450 mL/hm^(2)对玉米大豆带状复合种植大豆田甜菜夜蛾具有较好的防治效果,药后1 d对大豆田甜菜夜蛾的防效均达65%以上,药后3 d均达85%以上,药后7 d均达90%以上。以上3种处理药剂防治效果显著高于其他药剂处理,且这3种药剂处理药效迅速,可在短时间内显著减少甜菜夜蛾的种群数量。该研究监测了2022年8月滨淮农场地区甜菜夜蛾发生情况,为玉米大豆带状复合种植大面积生产科学防控甜菜夜蛾提供依据。

“稻-豆-油”三熟制水旱轮作绿色高效栽培技术

为提高农民种植效益,稳定粮油生产,本研究充分利用地域优势和作物品种优势,通过多年的实验示范,总结集成了“早稻-鲜食秋大豆-油菜”三熟制水旱轮作绿色高效栽培模式。该模式不仅实现了粮食绿色安全生产和稳粮增粮,而且大幅提高了土地产出率,有效促进了农业增效、农民增收,是符合现代农业发展方向的高效生产技术模式。

Effects of Crop Stubble on Physicochemical Properties of Continuous Cropping Soil and Cucumber Yield and Quality

By a pot experiment, two kinds of crop stubble (wheat, soybean) were added into continuous cropping soil of cucumber according to different quantity (0.5%, 1% and 2%), the effects of different kinds of stubble and quantity on the continuous cropping soil and growth of cucumber were investigated. The results showed that two kinds of crop stubble significantly decreased soil bulk density, and increased total porosity of soil. Each of all treatments significantly decreased the accumulation of salinity in soil within the entire growth period of cucumber. 2% wheat stubble treatment had the biggest drop in soil EC in the later period of cucumber growth. Soybean stubble treatment had the lesser effect on soil EC. Wheat and soybean stubble promoted the growth of cucumber, increased the yield of cucumber, and improved the quality of cucumber. 2% of wheat stubble treatment had a biggest increase in cucumber yield, which increased the yield by 34.23% compared with the control.

Insecticidal Effects of the Annonaceous Acetogenin Squamocin and the Acetogenin Fraction of Seeds of <i>Rollinia occidentalis</i>on Soybean and Corn Pests

A treatment based on the acetogenin fraction of the methanol extract of Rollinia occidentalis seeds was applied to soybean crops for three consecutive years. In relation to the control population, the treatment reduced the population of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Rachiplusia nu, Pseudoplusia includens, Loxostege bifidalis and Spodoptera frugiperda to 52% and 65% after 48 h of application at concentrations of 500 and 750 μg/mL respectively, while low toxic effects were detected on natural enemies. The extract treatment at 500 μg/mL and a solution of the annonaceous acetogenin, squamocin, at 50 and 100 μg/mL, were also applied to a corn field to produce 75%, 93% and 100% mortality rates on the population of S. frugiperda, respectively, after 72 h of application. In addition, damages caused by lepidopterans in treated crops were lower than those observed in non treated fields, evaluated by residual biomass. This statement is based on data from trials with the commercially available insecticides lufenuron and cypermethrin.

黑龙江省大豆生长季旱涝时空分布特征

基于黑龙江省62个气象台站1961-2019年逐日气象资料,利用联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐的方法计算大豆需水量,应用美国农业部土壤保持局推荐的方法计算有效降水,采用M-K检验、GIS反距离加权插值等方法分析黑龙江省大豆各生育阶段水分盈亏指数及干旱与洪涝演变特征。结果表明:黑龙江省大豆生长季内有效降水在开花以前主要呈增加趋势,开花及以后主要呈减少趋势;大豆需水量在第三真叶期以前主要呈增加趋势,第三真叶期及以后呈减少趋势,结荚-鼓粒期和鼓粒-成熟期减少趋势最为显著。大豆生长季内水分盈亏指数(Crop water surplus deficit index,CWSDI)中部偏东地区和最北部地区最高,东部高于西部;开花-结荚期和结荚-鼓粒期CWSDI最低,鼓粒-成熟期最高。洪涝多发于偏北部地区,东部多于西部,出苗-第三真叶期洪涝发生站次最多。干旱发生频次高于洪涝,西部或西南部干旱发生频率高于东部,中部和北部最低,干旱多发生于开花-鼓粒期。

薯豆轮作模式下不同种衣剂对大豆农艺性状及产量的影响

为指导薯豆轮作模式下的大豆生产,选用3种种衣剂,采用田间对比试验方法,以不包衣和连作处理为对照,研究不同种衣剂对轮作大豆农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明,薯豆轮作方式下3种种衣剂应用效果优于豆豆连作,大豆种子包衣促进了大豆植株生长和发育,使株高、茎粗、节间数、单株有效结荚数、百粒重和产量增加,底荚高度降低,能促进早结荚,使植株重心降低可抗倒伏,同时也促进了根瘤的发生,且对大豆根腐病防治效果明显。其中使用复合微生物菌剂拌种处理大豆的根瘤数最多,防治大豆根腐病效果最好,促进了大豆植株的生长发育,植株粗壮,增加了有效结荚数和产量;精甲·咯菌腈包衣处理的收获株数最多,但对根腐病防治效果最差,发病率最高;阿维·多·福化学药剂处理大豆有效结荚数、百粒重和产量最高,增产效果最好。

Effect of Winter Flooding on Weeds, Soybean Yield, Straw Degradation, and Soil Chemical and Biochemical Characteristics

Winter flooding of harvested rice fields attracts migratory waterfowl and may assist in degrading rice straw residue. Field studies were conducted between 2003 and 2005 in Stoneville, MS to evaluate the impacts of winter flooding of harvested rice fields on rice straw degradation, winter weeds, soybean yield, and soil biochemical and chemical properties. The experimental area each year consisted of a harvested rice field that remained no-till after harvest and that was dissected into 7.6- by 15-m bays with constructed levees to accommodate winter flooding treatments. Flooding treatments (10-cm depth) consisted of: 1) flooded from mid-October to early March;2) flooded mid-October to early January;3) flooded mid-December to early March;4) flooded mid-December to mid-January;and 5) no flood. Winter weeds were counted, biomass determined as well as residual rice straw before flooding and in early April of each year. Winter flooding reduced rice straw biomass 32% to 60% compared to 21% to 31% reduction for no winter flood with the longest flood duration resulting in the greatest loss of carbon and nitrogen from straw residues in both years. Winter flooding treatments reduced weed populations and weed biomass from 43% to 99% when compared to no flooding treatment. Soybean yields ranged from 3295 kg.ha-1 with the longest winter flooding regime to 4295 kg.ha-1 with no flooding. Significant reductions in soil nitrate levels were most consistent in the upper 0 to 2.5-cm surface soil. Soil enzymatic activity (dehydrogenase and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis) was increased by flooding in 2003, while minimal effects were found in the second year consistent with more anaerobic conditions attained in 2003 compared to 2004. Environmental benefits of accelerated straw decomposition and weed control is achieved by winter flooding;however, there are negative consequences of nitrogen losses and reduced soybean yield.