Quantitative evaluation of space charge effects of laser-cooled three-dimensional ion system on a secular motion period scale

In this paper,we introduce a method of quantitatively evaluating and controlling the space charge effect of a lasercooled three-dimensional（3 D） ion system in a linear Paul trap.The relationship among cooling efficiency,ion quantity,and trapping strength is analyzed quantitatively,and the dynamic space distribution and temporal evolution of the 3 D ion system on a secular motion period time scale in the cooling process are obtained.The ion number influences the eigen-micromotion feature of the ion system.When trapping parameter q is ～ 0.3,relatively ideal cooling efficiency and equilibrium temperature can be obtained.The decrease of axial electrostatic potential is helpful in reducing the micromotion heating effect and the degradation in the total energy.Within a single secular motion period under different cooling conditions,ions transform from the cloud state（each ion disperses throughout the envelope of the ion system） to the liquid state（each ion is concentrated at a specific location in the ion system） and then to the crystal state（each ion is subjected to a fixed motion track）.These results are conducive to long-term storage and precise control,motion effect suppression,high-efficiency cooling,and increasing the precision of spectroscopy for a 3 D ion system.

Space Charges Effect of Static Induction Transistor

The space charge effect (SCE) of static induction transistor (SIT) that occurs in high current region is systematically studied.The I V equations are deduced and well agree with experimental results.Two kinds of barriers are presented in SIT,corresponding to channel voltage barrier control (CVBC) mechanism and space charge limited control (SCLC) mechanism respectively.With the increase of drain voltage,the gradual transferring of operational mechanism from CVBC to SCLC is demonstrated.It points out that CVBC mechanism and its contest relationship with space charge barrier makes the SIT distinctly differentiated from JFET and triode devices,etc.The contest relationship of the two potential barriers also results in three different working regions,which are distinctly marked and analyzed.Furthermore,the extreme importance of grid voltage on SCE is illustrated.

Transport characteristics of space charge-dominated multi-species deuterium beam in electrostatic low-energy beam line

The transport characteristics of a space chargedominated multi-species deuterium beam consisting of D_1^+,D_2^+, and D_3^+ particles in an electrostatic low-energy beam line are studied. First, the envelope equations of the primary D_1^+ beam are derived considering the space charge effects caused by all particles. Second, the evolution of the envelope of the multi-species deuterium beam is simulated using the PIC code TRACK, with the results showing a significant effect of the unwanted beam on the transport of the primary beam. Finally, different injected beam parameters are used to study beam matching, and a new beam extraction system for the existing duoplasmatron source is designed to obtain the ideal injected beam parameters that allow a D_1^+ beam of up to 50 m A to pass unobstructed through the electrostatic low-energy beam transport line in the presence of an unwanted(D_2^+, D_3^+)beam of 20 m A; at the same time, distortions of the beam emittance and particle distributions are observed.

Electron beam modeling and analyses of the electric field distribution and space charge effect

In electron beam technology, one of the critical focuses of research and development efforts is on improving the measurement of electron beam parameters. The parameters are closely related to the generation, emission, operation environment, and role of the electron beam and the corresponding medium. In this study, a field calculation method is proposed, and the electric field intensity distribution on the electron beam’s cross-section is analyzed. The characteristics of beam diffusion caused by the space charge effect are investigated in simulation, and the obtained data are compared with the experiment. The simulation demonstrated that the cross-sectional electric field distribution is primarily affected by the electron beam current, current density distribution, and electron beam propagation speed.

Space Charge Effects in CSL Gauge——with previously assumed charge distribution

The "cascade static lens （CSL） gauge" has a high sensitivity（S） because the emitted electrons repeat the go and back oscillation before they are received by the electrodes. (S=18.6 Pa-1 (2480 Torr-1 in a

Space Charge Effect of Bunched Beam With Gaussian Distribution

The nonlinear space charge effect of a bunched beam with Gaussian distribu-tion in the longitudinal direction is discussed.Some useful formulae are derived for cal-culating the potential induced by a cylinder model of space charge in the waveguide of alinac with different combinations of density distribution:Gaussian distribution in thelongitudinal direction versus Kapchinskij Vladimirskij,waterbag,parabolic andGaussian distribution in the transverse direction,rcspectively.

Space Charge Effects of Bunched Beam with Nonuniform Distribution in Both Longitudinal and Transverse Directions

The nonlinear space charge effect of bunched beam with nonuniform densitydistribution in both longitudinal and transverse directions is discussed.Some usefulformulae are derived for calculating the potential induced by a cylinder model of spacecharge in the waveguide of a linac with longitudinal density distributions of waterbag(WB) or parabolic (PA) type combining with transverse density distributions ofKapchinskij-Vladimirskij (K-V).waterbag,parabolic and Gaussian (GA) types,resepectively.

Analytical Charge Voltage Model in MOS InversionLayer Based on Space Charge Capacitance

The concept of Space Charge Capacitance (SCC) is proposed and used to make a novel analytical charge model of quantized inversion layer in MOS structures. Based on SCC, continuous expressions of surface potential and inversion layer carrier density are derived. Quantum mechanical effects on both inversion layer carrier density and surface potential are extensively included. The accuracy of the model is verified by the numerical solution to Schrodinger and Poisson equation and the model is demonstrated,too.

Mitigating Deep Dielectric Charging Effects at the Orbits of Jovian Planets

Deep dielectric charging/discharging,caused by high energy electrons,is an important consideration in electronic devices used in space environments because it can lead to spacecraft anomalies and failures.The Jovian planets,including Saturn,Uranus,Neptune and Jupiter’s moons,are believed to have robust electron radiation belts at relativistic energies.In particular,Jupiter is thought to have caused at least 42 internal electrostatic discharge events during the Voyager 1 flyby.With the development of deep space exploration,there is an increased focus on the deep dielectric charging effects in the orbits of Jovian planets.In this paper,GEANT4,a Monte Carlo toolkit,and radiation-induced conductivity(RIC)are used to calculate deep dielectric charging effects for Jovian planets.The results are compared with the criteria for preventing deep dielectric charging effects in Earth orbit.The findings show that effective criteria used in Earth orbit are not always appropriate for preventing deep dielectric charging effects in Jovian orbits.Generally,Io,Europa,Saturn(R_S=6),Uranus(L=4.73)and Ganymede missions should have a thicker shield or higher dielectric conductivity,while Neptune(L=7.4)and Callisto missions can have a thinner shield thickness or a lower dielectric conductivity.Moreover,dielectrics grounded with double metal layers and thinner dielectrics can also decrease the likelihood of discharges.

直流电缆用交联聚乙烯绝缘的击穿概率及其尺度效应仿真

电力电缆在远距离大容量电力传输和海上风电并网中起着极其重要的作用。受直流电场影响,交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆存在着空间电荷积聚和电荷能量积累现象,导致绝缘材料被击穿而引发故障。该文建立电荷输运与分子链位移击穿模型,对XLPE介质中载流子输运和能量积累过程进行了仿真,得到XLPE特征击穿场强-试样厚度依赖特性以及击穿概率分布。仿真结果表明,XLPE直流击穿场强受尺度效应影响明显,击穿场强随着试样厚度的增加而减少,且击穿强度概率计算结果服从威布尔分布。建立电荷输运随机变量参数分散性与击穿概率分布的定量关系。随着试样厚度的增加,绝缘材料内部的缺陷分散性增加,电荷输运随机变量参数高斯分布中的方差增加,击穿威布尔分布形状参数减小。陷阱能级是影响击穿威布尔分布形状参数的最关键因素。该研究为电力电缆的优化设计和可靠性评估提供了仿真技术支撑。

Analytical treatment of the nonlinear electron cloud effect and the combined effects with beam-beam and space charge nonlinear forces in storage rings

In this paper we treat first some nonlinear beam dynamics problems in storage rings, such as beam dynamic apertures due to magnetic multipoles, wiggles, beam-beam effects, nonlinear space charge effect, and then nonlinear electron cloud effect combined with beam-beam and space charge effects, analytically. This analytical treatment is applied to BEPC II. The corresponding analytical expressions developed in this paper are useful both in understanding the physics behind these problems and also in making practical quick hand estimations.

采用多丝正比室读出的屏栅电离室能量分辨研究

搭建了一个基于多丝正比室读出的屏栅电离室探测器,使其保留屏栅电离室屏蔽特性的同时具备雪崩放大功能,通过在探测器内部对原初电离信号进行预放大,以提高信噪比,改善探测器的能量分辨率。利用241Am源详细测试了探测器在不同气压、沉积能量、阳极丝径时能量分辨率及增益随阳极电压的变化关系。探测器最佳能量分辨对应的工作电压与入射粒子在漂移区中沉积的能量有关,能量沉积越小,对应的最佳工作电压越高,探测器的增益越大。对于5.486 MeV的241Am α粒子源的能量分辨率可达1.45%。

Study on time-dependent lattice to alleviate space charge effects in CSNS/RCS

Purpose Tune shift and spread due to the space charge effects and collective instabilities in intense proton synchrotrons,such as the CSNS/RCS,a rapid cycling synchrotron at China Spallation Neutron Source,are the main causes of beam loss.Tune shift/spread is large when the beam kinetic energy is low and will cause particles to cross dangerous resonances,while they will gradually decay with the increase of kinetic energy.Methods An efficient way,which was verified in operational accelerators,is to tune the working point during different acceleration periods:injection,acceleration and extraction.With the newly added function of time-dependent lattice in the ORBIT code,one can simulate the physical performance with different tune patterns to find the best way to reduce beam loss.Results The method to tune the working point by time-dependent lattice to weaken the crossing of dangerous resonances has been exploited,and implemented in the ORBIT code.It is the first of such try to apply the method in CSNS/RCS.Conclusions The results presented in this paper show that the time-dependent lattice method does help reduce beam loss in the injection and early acceleration.

卫星柔性热控薄膜材料充放电效应试验

针对柔性热控薄膜材料导电/绝缘多层复合、微纳尺寸厚度的结构特点,采用10~70 KeV电子辐照的方法开展了kapton基二次表面镜薄膜材料充放电特性的测试试验,获得了表面充电电位、静电放电频次等关键参数,并采用蒙特卡罗方法研究了辐照电子在多层薄膜材料内的输运规律。研究结果表明由于kapton基二次表面镜薄膜结构的特殊性,当辐照电子能量为10 KeV时未发生静电放电现象,随着电子能量不断增加,薄膜材料的表面充电电位幅值与静电放电频次呈先上升后下降的变化规律,且在电子能量为25 KeV时空间充放电效应最为显著。

温-频耦合效应对高频固态变压器绝缘局部放电特性的影响

高频固态变压器的强温-频耦合效应会导致其绝缘过早失效,而局部放电是其失效的主要原因之一。为研究温度和频率交互作用对高频绝缘系统局部放电特性的影响,建立了电-热联合实验平台,模拟了固态变压器聚酰亚胺绝缘在30~160℃四个温度点和10~50k Hz五个频率点下的局部放电情况,阐明了典型局放特征参量随温度和频率的变化规律,并分析了其作用机理。实验结果表明,随着温度升高,最大放电幅值、放电次数和平均放电幅值都呈上升趋势,而频率则与这些特征量呈负相关,放电起始电压基本不随频率而改变。频变导致的空间电荷累积效应对局放特征变化起主导作用,频率-温度的协同作用改变了绝缘电导率以及电极-绝缘系统的切向电场分量,对局部放电发展具有显著影响。

冲击电压下SF_6棒-板间隙放电极性效应的反转现象

电压等级较高的系统中,由特快速暂态过电压(VFTO)引起的气体绝缘组合电器设备(GIS)绝缘事故日益严重。为给GIS绝缘结构的优化设计提供参考,研制了陡前沿冲击实验装置,并利用其研究了SF6棒–板间隙在VFTO和雷电冲击(LI)作用下的绝缘特性。结果表明稍不均匀和极不均匀电场下,SF6间隙放电均存在极性效应。稍不均匀电场下,正极性VFTO与雷电冲击50%放电电压均高于负极性。极不均匀电场中,随着气压增加雷电冲击下SF6放电出现了极性反转现象:气压较低时,负极性雷电冲击放电电压高于正极性;当气压高于某临界气压时,正极性雷电冲击放电电压高于负极性。出现极性反转的临界气压值与间隙电场不均匀系数相关,随电场不均匀度增加而减小。极不均匀场中,VFTO作用下,负极性50%放电电压较正极性高,但在较低气压时,会出现负极性VFTO放电电压低于正极性的现象。分析表明,极性效应反转是由不同极性电压下SF6间隙中空间电荷迁移和扩散的差异而形成的。

a-Si/μc-Si叠层结构太阳能电池中的光诱导性能衰退

通过应用 Scharfetter- Gummel解法数值求解 Poisson方程 ,对经高强度光辐照过的a- Si/ μc- Si叠层太阳能电池进行计算机数值模拟分析。结果表明 ,光生空穴俘获造成的 a- Si∶H(与μc- Si∶ H)中正空间电荷密度增加改变了电池内部的电场分布 ,普遍抬高 a- Si∶ H薄膜中电场强度。在光照射下 ,空间电荷效应不会给 a- Si/μc- Si叠层结构中的 a- Si∶ H薄膜带来准中性区 (低场“死层”) ,因而没有发生 a- Si/μc- Si叠层太阳能电池顶电池 (a- Si∶ H p- i- n)的光诱导性能衰退。a- Si/μc- Si叠层结构太阳能电池具有较高的光稳定性。

空间等离子体环境对高压太阳电池静电放电特性研究

随着3D打印等新技术的空间应用,新一代航天装备对能源系统的功率需求将日益增加。运行于低地球轨道航天器将面临低能高密度等离子体环境,导致高压太阳电池阵产生静电放电效应。通过模拟低轨道等离子体环境特点,测试了不同等离子体能量、密度以及电池偏置电压下高压太阳电池静电放电试验,揭示了等离子体参数对放电特性的影响规律。研究结果显示,当高压太阳电池的偏置电压达到-70 V时,静电放电现象开始显现,并且随着偏置电压幅值的增加,静电放电频次也相应增多。此外,空间等离子体的密度越大,越容易诱发静电放电,而轨道等离子体的能量对静电放电次数的影响则相对较小。

a-Si/poly-Si叠层太阳能电池稳定性研究

通过应用Scharfetter-Gummel解法数值求解泊松方程,对经高强度光辐照过的a-Si/poly-Si叠层太阳能电池进行计算机数值模拟分析。结果表明,光生空穴俘获造成的a-Si∶H中正空间电荷密度增加改变了电池内部的电场分布,普遍抬高a-Si∶H薄膜中电场强度。在光照射下,空间电荷效应不会给a-Si/poly-Si叠层结构中的a-Si∶H薄膜带来准中性区(低场“死层”),因而没有发生a-Si/poly-Si叠层太阳能电池的光诱导性能衰退。a-Si/poly-Si叠层结构太阳能电池具有较高的光稳定性。

Building Blocks of Nature

By means of a representation of the elementary objects by the Lagrange density and by the commutators of the communication relations, correlations can be formed using the Fourier transform, which under the conditions of the Hamilton principle, describes correlation structures of the elementary objects with oscillator properties. The correlation structures obtained in this way are characterized by physical information, the essential component of which is the action. The correlation structures describe the physical properties and their interactions under the sole condition of the Hamilton’s principle. The structure, the properties and the interactions of elementary objects can be led back in this way to a fundamental four dimensional structure, which is therefore in their different modifications the building block of nature. With the presented method, an alternative interpretation of elementary physical effects to quantum mechanics is obtained. This report provides an overview of the fundamentals and statements of physical information theory and its consequences for understanding the nature of elementary objects.