Principle for the Working of the Lithium-Ion Battery

The technological advances in Lithium-ion batteries have created many new applications, including electric vehicles. In this short note, we shall explain in simple terms the basic physics why and how it is possible to have high energy capacity in Lithium-ion batteries. However, heating has been a common problem and without appropriate design, they might give fire and explosion as reported.

闪电河流域农牧交错带微波遥感土壤水分产品评价

空间网格分辨率为9 km的SMAP(Soil Moisture Active and Passive)、0.1D(Degree)的ASCAT(The Advanced Scatterometer)、25 km的FY-3B以及25 km ESA-CCI(European Space Agency-Climate Change Initiative)是较为广泛应用的卫星遥感土壤水分产品,对数据质量的评价是进一步应用于旱情监测、蒸散发估算等研究的前提。本研究基于2018年9月在闪电河流域内蒙古农牧交错带区域开展的碳、水循环与能量平衡遥感综合试验,采用近似同步的两种尺度观测数据即点尺度地面实测土壤水分数据以及面尺度(1 km×1 km)机载土壤水分数据,利用RMSE(Root Mean Square Error),MAE(Mean Absolute Error),R(Correlation Coefficient),Bias以及ubRMSE(unbiased Root Mean Square Error)等评价指标分别对SMAP,ASCAT,FY-3B,ESA-CCI土壤水分卫星遥感产品进行了评价。本研究利用机载土壤水分数据作为桥梁,实现了从点尺度地面实测土壤水分数据、至面尺度(1 km×1 km)机载土壤水分数据、再至粗格网面尺度(9 km×9 km、0.1 D×0.1 D、25 km×25 km)卫星遥感土壤水分产品的对比分析过程。利用地面观测值对机载观测土壤水分开展评价分析,发现在裸土区域,机载土壤水分数据与地面实测数据较为一致,RMSE,MAE,Bias,ubRMSE以及R值分别为0.033 cm^(3)/cm^(3),0.030 cm^(3)/cm^(3),-0.004 cm^(3)/cm^(3),0.033 cm^(3)/cm^(3),0.474。对卫星土壤水分产品的评价结果显示,SMAP的9 km土壤水分卫星产品与地面观测更为一致,其RMSE,MAE,Bias,ubRMSE以及R值分别为0.037 cm^(3)/cm^(3),0.032 cm^(3)/cm^(3),-0.008 cm^(3)/cm^(3),0.036 cm^(3)/cm^(3),0.507。SMAP,ASCAT,FY-3B以及ESA-CCI与机载土壤水分数据有更高的相关性,R值分别为0.735,0.558,0.558,0.575。综上,闪电河流域实验区内的4种卫星遥感土壤水分产品中,SMAP产品与地面土壤水分、机载土壤水分数据均较为一致,其次是FY-3B与ESA-CCI。