An RVT-based power allocation method for dynamic LEO-MEO links

Optimizing the power resources allocation method of low earth orbit(LEO)satellites to medium earth orbit(MEO)satellite'links is a significant way to construct efficient satellite constellations for satellite communication.A game theory power allocation method based on remaining visible time(RVT)of LEO-MEO satellites is proposed.Firstly,one LEO-MEO satellite network is classified as a cluster in which the RVT of LEO satellites is modeled.Secondly,the cost function of RVT concerning the character of orbit and throughput in each LEO satellite is mainly designed,which gives greater punishment of utility value to LEO satellites with less RVT and is an essential part of the reasonable utility function applied in diverse motion scenes.Meanwhile,the existence of Nash equilibrium for the proposed utility function in game theory area is proved.Thirdly,an off-cluster scheme for LEO satellites through the proposed threshold is raised to ensure the overall utility value of the whole LEO satellites in cluster.Finally,the performance improvement of the proposed algorithm to the baseline algorithm is verified through simulations in different scenarios.

Dynamic Characteristics of Inter-Satellite Links in LEO Networks

To establish an efficient inter-satellite link (ISL) in an LEO network, the effect of geometric characteristics of ISL on the ISLs and the devices on the LEO satellite should be examined. Because of the continuous movement of the LEO satellite, the time-varying behaviours of the ISL's geometric charactersistics continuously change with the changes of the satellite's position on the orbit. These dynamic geometric characteristics of the ISLs are important for ISL's performance analyzing and the design of the devices on the LEO satellite. This paper describes dynamic geometric characteristics of ISL, analyzes the impact of these regulations on the tracking system of the satellite's antenna and the power adjusting system of the satellite's transmitter, with the Iridium system as an example.

Adaptive frame length algorithm for inter-satellite links

In view of the low ranging efficiency of the conventional fixed frame-length algorithm in the inter-satellite link,an adaptive frame-length algorithm is proposed. The frame length is adjusted adaptively according to the results of ranging and velocity measuring to improve ranging efficiency. Buffers which enable the frame length to be selected discretely and adaptively are introduced to avoid frequent hopping of the frame-length.Frame length marker is created to automatically identify the frame-length for frame synchronization procedures in receivers. The feasibility and the validity of the proposed algorithm to improve the efficiency of ranging are verified through both theoretic analysis and simulation,and the efficiency improves up to 88% when there are five buffers. This improvement can be further enhanced by increasing the number of buffers. Proper allocation of inter-satellite buffers is required to make a balance between the ranging efficiency and the system complexity.

Impacts of inter-satellite links on the ECOM model performance for BDS-3 MEO satellites

Inter-satellite link(ISL)plays an essential role in current and future Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS).In this study,we investigate the impact of ISL observations on precise orbit determination for BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System(BDS-3)Medium Earth Orbit(MEO)satellites based on different Extended CODE Orbit Models(ECOM).Thanks to the better observation geometry of the Ka-band ISL data compared to the L-band data for BDS-3 MEO satellites,the ISL solution substantially reduces Orbit Boundary Discontinuity(OBD)errors,except for C30,which suffers from unstable Ka-band hardware delay.From the external quality analysis,ISL significantly enhances the reliability of the orbit of MEO satellites manufactured by the China Academy of Space Technology(CAST).The standard deviation(STD)of the satellite laser ranging(SLR)residuals is approximately 2.5 cm,and the root mean square(RMS)is reduced by 10–23%compared to L-band solutions.Besides,the Sun-elongation angle dependent systematic error in SLR residuals nearly vanishes based on the reduced 5-parameter ECOM(ECOM1)or extended 7-parameter ECOM(ECOM2)with ISL data.This is because the ISL reduces the correlation between state parameters and solar radiation pressure(SRP)parameters as well as those among SRP parameters,leading to a more accurate estimation of both orbit and SRP perturbations,particularly those along B direction.This confirms that the deficiency of the SRP models for BDS-3 CAST satellites can be compensated by using better observation geometry from ISL data.On the other hand,for the satellite manufactured by Shanghai Engineering Center for Microsatellites(SECM),the ISL allows for a more accurate estimation of the Bc_(1)parameter in the ECOM1 model.This only reduces linear systematic error,possibly because the impact generated by the satellite bus cannot be entirely absorbed by the B-direction parameters.

Data-Driven Heuristic Assisted Memetic Algorithm for Efficient Inter-Satellite Link Scheduling in the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

Inter-satellite link(ISL)scheduling is required by the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS)to guarantee the system ranging and communication performance.In the BDS,a great number of ISL scheduling instances must be addressed every day,which will certainly spend a lot of time via normal metaheuristics and hardly meet the quick-response requirements that often occur in real-world applications.To address the dual requirements of normal and quick-response ISL schedulings,a data-driven heuristic assisted memetic algorithm(DHMA)is proposed in this paper,which includes a high-performance memetic algorithm(MA)and a data-driven heuristic.In normal situations,the high-performance MA that hybridizes parallelism,competition,and evolution strategies is performed for high-quality ISL scheduling solutions over time.When in quick-response situations,the data-driven heuristic is performed to quickly schedule high-probability ISLs according to a prediction model,which is trained from the high-quality MA solutions.The main idea of the DHMA is to address normal and quick-response schedulings separately,while high-quality normal scheduling data are trained for quick-response use.In addition,this paper also presents an easy-to-understand ISL scheduling model and its NP-completeness.A seven-day experimental study with 10080 one-minute ISL scheduling instances shows the efficient performance of the DHMA in addressing the ISL scheduling in normal(in 84 hours)and quick-response(in 0.62 hour)situations,which can well meet the dual scheduling requirements in real-world BDS applications.

Inter-satellite Link Topology Design and Relative Navigation for Satellite Clusters

A distributed relative navigation approach via inter-satellite sensing and communication for satellite clusters is proposed. The inter-satellite link(ISL)is used for ranging and exchanging data for the relative navigation,which can improve the autonomy of the satellite cluster. The ISL topology design problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem where the energy consumption and the navigation performance are considered. Further,the relative navigation is performed in a distributed fashion,where each satellite in the cluster makes observations and communicates with its neighbors via the ISL locally such that the transmission consumption and the computational complexity for the navigation are reduced. The ISL topology optimization problem is solved via the NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm,and the consensus Kalman filter is used for the distributed relative navigation. The proposed approach is flexible to varying tasks,with satellites joining or leaving the cluster anytime,and is robust to the failure of an individual satellite. Numerical simulations are presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed approach.

商业载人航天器测控通信模式初步构想

随着商业航天的快速发展与可重复使用等前沿技术应用的逐步成熟,以往以国家行为为主体的载人航天领域已开始积极吸纳商业航天力量融合发展。针对载人航天高可靠性要求与商业航天低成本控制之间的矛盾,梳理分析了现役载人航天器测控需求、链路配置与使用模式,在此基础上,综合考虑载人航天传统需求与商业航天特点,提出了标配+选配的测控链路配置模式;针对在轨关键事件与常态化运行场景,设计了中继、对地等传统链路与卫星互联网系统、北斗短报文系统等非传统链路相结合,支持遥测、遥控、图像、话音等多样化业务的载人航天器测控通信模式。相关研究成果可为商业载人航天器测控通信设计提供借鉴参考。

Model Based Data Transmission: Analysis of Link Budget Requirement Reduction

Communications capability can be a significant constraint on the utility of a spacecraft. While conventionally enhanced through the use of a larger transmitting or receiving antenna or through augmenting transmission power, communications capability can also be enhanced via incorporating more data in every unit of transmission. Model Based Transmission Reduction (MBTR) increases the mission utility of spacecraft via sending higher-level messages which rely on preshared (or, in some cases, co-transmitted) data. Because of this a priori knowledge, the amount of information contained in a MBTR message significantly exceeds the amount the amount of information in a conventional message. MBTR has multiple levels of operation;the lowest, Model Based Data Transmission (MBDT), utilizes a pre-shared lower-resolution data frame, which is augmented in areas of significant discrepancy with data from the higher-resolution source. MBDT is examined, in detail, herein and several approaches to minimizing the required bandwidth for conveying data required to conform to a minimum level of accuracy are considered. Also considered are ways of minimizing transmission requirements when both a model and change data required to attain a desired minimum discrepancy threshold must be transmitted. These possible solutions are compared to alternate transmission techniques including several forms of image compression.

Modeling and Simulation Study of Space Data Link Protocol

This research paper describes the design and implementation of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) standards REF _Ref401069962 \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT [1] for Space Data Link Layer Protocol (SDLP). The primer focus is the telecommand (TC) part of the standard. The implementation of the standard was in the form of DLL functions using C++ programming language. The second objective of this paper was to use the DLL functions with OMNeT++ simulating environment to create a simulator in order to analyze the mean end-to-end Packet Delay, maximum achievable application layer throughput for a given fixed link capacity and normalized protocol overhead, defined as the total number of bytes transmitted on the link in a given period of time (e.g. per second) divided by the number of bytes of application data received at the application layer model data sink. In addition, the DLL was also integrated with Ground Support Equipment Operating System (GSEOS), a software system for space instruments and small spacecrafts especially suited for low budget missions. The SDLP is designed for rapid test system design and high flexibility for changing telemetry and command requirements. GSEOS can be seamlessly moved from EM/FM development (bench testing) to flight operations. It features the Python programming language as a configuration/scripting tool and can easily be extended to accommodate custom hardware interfaces. This paper also shows the results of the simulations and its analysis.

一种基于链路状态的舱内环境自适应干扰消除算法

针对舱内无线光传输系统多种干扰问题,比如多径损耗和突发干扰等,提出一种基于链路状态的自适应干扰消除技术,该方法分析舱内链路状态,完成链路状态估计,采用环境自适应的变遗忘因子RLS(recursive least squares)算法,针对不同链路状态采取差异化的干扰消除策略,以提高舱内通信质量。仿真结果表明:该算法在尽力避免增加算法复杂度的条件下,相对于传统固定遗忘因子算法,在平稳状态下优先保证传输的误码性能,在链路状态变化时具有更好的收敛性能,灵活适应了舱内多种传输情况。

航天器测控与通信分系统自主健康管理方法

目前,大多数航天器的测控与通信分系统的自主健康管理功能局限于物理层设计,缺乏基于分层结构的系统设计,难以适应特殊工况。针对航天器长期在轨自主飞行对测控与通信分系统的需求,提出一种分层结构的自主健康管理方法,分别从物理层、数据链路层和应用层进行设计。物理层从“看门狗”和回读重配置2个方面开展设计;数据链路层完成基于射频链路的自主检测设计;应用层分别完成导航接收机自主健康监测、航天器掉电恢复后自主建链和发射机的自动功率控制策略设计。该方法在地面测试及在轨飞行中的验证结果表明:它能分别从物理层、数据链路层和应用层实现航天器测控与通信分系统的自主健康管理功能,适应航天器长期在轨自主飞行的需求及特殊工况。

Autonomous satellite constellation orbit determination using the star sensor and inter-satellite links data

A method of autonomous orbit determination for a satellite constellation using a star sensor combined with inter satellite links(ISLs) is studied.Two types of simulated observation data,Three-Satellite Constellation ISLs and background stellar observations by a CCD star sensor,are first produced.Based on these data,an observation equation is built for the constellation joint autonomous orbit determination,in which the simulations are run.The accuracy of this method with different orbital determination models are analyzed and compared with regard to the effect of potential measurement errors.The results show that autonomous satellite constellation orbit determination using star sensor measurement and ISLs data is feasible.Finally,this paper arrives at several conclusions which contribute to extending this method to a more general satellite constellation.

Analysis of the connectivity and robustness of inter-satellite links in a constellation

In the design of new constellation configurations or research of existing constellation performance,the connectivity and robustness of inter-satellite links (ISL) are needed for analysis.In this paper,graph theory is used to analyze the connectivity and robustness of the ISL in constellations,which are measured under the requirements of a short average distance and a small range of ISL azimuth angles,elevation angles and distances.The method to determine ISL connectivity by using the adjacency matrix of graph theory is put forward for the first time,and the standards of the ISL performance are given using:the number of ways between any two satellites,cutting point,cutting edge,k-connectivity degree and k-edge connectivity degree of graph theory.Finally,in the simulation,the ISLs in the Walker 24/6/1 constellation and the ISLs in the Walker 24/3/1 constellation are established from the optimal perspective of the azimuth angle,elevation angle and distance,and the characteristics of ISL in the Walker 24/6/1 and Walker 24/3/1 constellations are compared.The conclusions of this paper can be used as a reference for the design of new constellation configurations and analysis of existing ISLs.

Precise orbit determination for a large LEO constellation with inter-satellite links and the measurements from different ground networks:a simulation study

Geodetic applications of Low Earth Orbit(LEO)satellites requires accurate satellite orbits.Instead of using onboard Global Navigation Satellite System observations,this contribution treats the LEO satellite constellation independently,using Inter-Satellite Links and the measurements of different ground networks.Due to geopolitical and geographical reasons,a ground station network cannot be well distributed.We compute the impact of different ground networks(i.e.,global networks with different numbers of stations and regional networks in different areas and latitudes)on LEO satellite orbit determination with and without the inter-satellite links.The results are based on a simulated constellation of 90 LEO satellites.We find that the orbits determined using a high latitude network is worse than using a middle or low latitude network.This is because the high latitude network has a poorer geometry even if the availability of satellite measurements is higher than for the other two cases.Also,adding more stations in a regional network shows almost no improvements on the satellite orbits if the number of stations is more than 16.With the help of ISL observations,however,the satellite orbits determined with a small regional network can reach the same accuracy as that with the global network of 60 stations.Furthermore,satellite biases can be well estimated(less than 0.6 mm)and have nearly no impact on satellite orbits.It does thus not matter if they are not physically calibrated for estimating precise orbits.

中继卫星与用户航天器之间星间链路的研究

中继卫星在地球同步静止轨道上运行,既能直视中低轨道用户航天器,又能直视地面站,是沟通用户航天器与地面站的桥梁。如果考虑中继卫星星座,则中低轨道用户航天器基本上在中继卫星星座的覆盖范围内,因此只考虑单颗中继卫星与用户航天器之间的星间链路情形。中继卫星与中低轨道用户航天器之间的星间链路可以用中继卫星与用户航天器之间的时间窗口个数、平均时间窗口长度、最大和最小的时间窗口长度等参数描述。利用STK,采用模拟仿真的方法,分析了中继卫星与用户航天器之间的星间链路特性。

航天器中继链路测控通信覆盖性能分析

仿真分析了航天器在不同飞行姿态、不同性能中继终端下的中继链路测控通信几何覆盖率性能,比较了几何覆盖率与有效覆盖率的差异,给出了提高有效覆盖率的建议。

航天器可靠性工程的薄弱环节分析及应对措施

从中国航天器研制中的可靠性需求出发,介绍了我国航天器可靠性工程取得的成绩。分析了美国可靠性工程的特征,针对航天器可靠性工程在可靠性专职人员的配备、可靠性设计及应用、可靠性试验验证技术、软件可靠性技术、在轨管理可靠性技术和可靠性技术基础等方面存在的薄弱环节进行了分析,并提出了应对措施。研究结果可为我国航天器可靠性工程的建设提供参考。

一种适用于我国的TDRSS星座方案

提出了一种适用于我国的跟踪与数据中继卫星系统(tracking and data relay satellite system,TDRSS)星座方案。系统以中轨卫星星座为基础,由卫星星座、星际链路和地面信关站组成,可为我国的低轨航天器与地面站之间提供不间断的数据链路。理论分析和仿真结果表明,采用该星座方案的卫星中继系统能全天时覆盖全球低空空域,有较好的对地覆盖特性。

面向航天器嵌入式软件的在轨修复方法

航天器在轨运行的修复手段主要是软件的在轨修复.SPARC平台是我国航天领域应用最广泛的处理器架构设计.针对SPARC平台的航天器软件在轨修复问题,提出一种基于二次链接的方式生成在轨软件修复注入码的方法,解决在轨修复注入码重定位的问题.通过地面遥控注入,利用航天器在轨软件预埋的钩子函数,实现在轨函数模块的动态替换及恢复,大大提升SPARC平台软件的在轨修复能力.通过多个在轨航天器的实际工程应用,证明该方法是可行的和有效的,且具有良好的工程应用价值.

航天器地面无线测试链路中断现象分析

文章对航天器地面无线测试中微多普勒频移引起测试链路中断的现象进行了研究。首先着重分析了微多普勒频移对无线测试条件下接收信号幅度和频率的影响机理,指出微小的多普勒频移就能使得接收信号产生畸变,引发测试链路中断;然后,提出采用天线分集技术来改善微多普勒环境下无线测试链路的传输质量;最后,通过计算机仿真验证了微多普勒频移对无线测试信号的影响。