The global pandemic,coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),has significantly affected tourism,especially in Spain,as it was among the first countries to be affected by the pandemic and is among the world’s biggest touris...The global pandemic,coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),has significantly affected tourism,especially in Spain,as it was among the first countries to be affected by the pandemic and is among the world’s biggest tourist destinations.Stock market values are responding to the evolution of the pandemic,especially in the case of tourist companies.Therefore,being able to quantify this relationship allows us to predict the effect of the pandemic on shares in the tourism sector,thereby improving the response to the crisis by policymakers and investors.Accordingly,a dynamic regression model was developed to predict the behavior of shares in the Spanish tourism sector according to the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in the medium term.It has been confirmed that both the number of deaths and cases are good predictors of abnormal stock prices in the tourism sector.展开更多
As Spain and China celebrate the 50th anniversary of the establishment of their diplomatic ties,it is time to review the bilateral exchange history,finding inspiration for today’s engagement.BOTH China and Spain boas...As Spain and China celebrate the 50th anniversary of the establishment of their diplomatic ties,it is time to review the bilateral exchange history,finding inspiration for today’s engagement.BOTH China and Spain boast of languages of intercontinental reach.Chinese and Spanish are two of the UN’s six official languages used at major international events.Parallelly,Spain and China do not haveany political,geopolitical,territorial or historical disputes.Actually there are significant synergies.展开更多
This year marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of China-Spain diplomatic relations,and also the China-Spain Culture and Tourism Year.As an important project under the framework of the China-Spain Culture an...This year marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of China-Spain diplomatic relations,and also the China-Spain Culture and Tourism Year.As an important project under the framework of the China-Spain Culture and Tourism Year.展开更多
MARCH 9,2023 marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Spain.To gain more insight into the development of this relationship,China Today recently spoke to Wu Haitao,Chine...MARCH 9,2023 marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Spain.To gain more insight into the development of this relationship,China Today recently spoke to Wu Haitao,Chinese ambassador to Spain.According to Wu,the two sides have planned a series of celebrations for the occasion.展开更多
Introduction In 1990 Pope John Paul II returned to Mexico a text that may be the first one composed on medical matters in New Spain[1].According to reputable scholars,this codex was composed under the inspiration of D...Introduction In 1990 Pope John Paul II returned to Mexico a text that may be the first one composed on medical matters in New Spain[1].According to reputable scholars,this codex was composed under the inspiration of Don Francisco de Mendoza,son of the then Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza.Fray Jacobo de Grado,of the order of San Francisco,commissioned its writing to the"principal Indian"Martín de la Cruz,who composed it in Nahuatl and Spanish.展开更多
The Iberian Peninsula was first inhabited by Celts, Iberians, Carthaginians, Romans, Visigoths, and later Berbers. How is it possible that in a spam of only 50 years, the Berbers were able to go pass the Pyrenees and ...The Iberian Peninsula was first inhabited by Celts, Iberians, Carthaginians, Romans, Visigoths, and later Berbers. How is it possible that in a spam of only 50 years, the Berbers were able to go pass the Pyrenees and practically ruled what today is Portugal, Spain, and region of France? This article attempts to uncover the sociological aspects that helped the Berbers and Arabs rule the Iberian Peninsula quite rapidly. It was due to the commonalities and not the differences that Spain's political leaders went from Arian Visigoths to Muslims for the next 800 years. Ignacio Olague's book La Revoluci6n Isldmica en Occidente (The Islamic Revolution in the West), also translated as Les Arabes N'ont Jamais Envahi l'Espagne (The Arabs Never Invaded Spain), serves as one instrument to shed light to how this historical event took place. The result of this fusion of cultures not only created a rich civilization that would planted the seeds of the Renaissance three centuries before it began in Italy, but also contributed to the formation of a new language (between 720-750 AD): El castellano o espahol (Spanish language), which today is the official language in 21 st countries.展开更多
Water yield and sediment yield in the Teba catchment, Spain, weresimulated using SWRRB (Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins)model. The model is composed of 198 mathematical equations. About 120items (variabl...Water yield and sediment yield in the Teba catchment, Spain, weresimulated using SWRRB (Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins)model. The model is composed of 198 mathematical equations. About 120items (variables) were input for the simulation, includingmeteorological and climatic factors, hydrologic factors, topographicfactors, parent materials, soils, vegetation, human activities, etc.The simulated results involved surface runoff, subsurface runoff,sediment, peak flow, evapotranspiration, soil water, total biomass,etc. Careful and thorough input data preparation and repeatedsimulation experiments are the key to get the accurate results. Inthis work in the simulation accuracy for annual water yieldprediction reached to 83.68/100.展开更多
Prejanopterus curvirostra, from the Early Cretaceous of La Rioja province, was the first pterosaur genus and species described from Spain. The material comprises disarticulated cranial and postcranial remains from sev...Prejanopterus curvirostra, from the Early Cretaceous of La Rioja province, was the first pterosaur genus and species described from Spain. The material comprises disarticulated cranial and postcranial remains from several individuals. The fossil-bearing bed is assigned to the lacustrine Leza Formation (eastern Cameros Basin, NW margin of the Iberian Range). This unit is regarded as either Berriasian-Valanginian or Barremian-Aptian. Prejanopterus curvirostris (specific name emended) was originally diagnosed on the basis of several characters of which the most significant was a lateral curvature of the rostrum. Re-examination of the holotype (rostrum) and paratype (partial rostrum with teeth) indicates that there is no genuine sideways bend of the preserved premaxilla-maxilla segments, but a slight dorsal curvature. Prejanopterus is characterized by a unique combination of characters: an emended diagnosis is provided. In contrast with previous estimates, the wing span of Prejanopterus was probably not much (if ever) in excess of 2 m. A phylogenetic analysis suggests that Prejanopterus is a basal pterodactyloid positioned between Pterodactylus and Cycnorhamphus- Gallodactylus. Prejanopterus represents the first evidence of Pterodactylidae in the Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula.展开更多
The authors intend to contribute in this paper towards a debate on the consequences of external financing needs of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) regarding its economic growth. The authors' research differs fo...The authors intend to contribute in this paper towards a debate on the consequences of external financing needs of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) regarding its economic growth. The authors' research differs for using like proxy of external financing dependence of SMEs the flows of investments that cannot be financed with generated cash flows. The results thus obtained show that financial dependence accounts for economic growth of SMEs, and that there are other variables of control of significance such as those of financial development. The authors present evidence on better soundness achievement about conclusions pertaining to SMEs if they obtained results emerge from independent sub-sectors in SMEs, especially in those countries with a higher percentage of small-sized companies, which do not answer in the same way to the considered model展开更多
AIM: To analyze the attitude of Spanish medical students toward living liver donation (LLD) and to establish which factors have an influence on this attitude.METHODS: Study type: A sociological, interdisciplinary, mul...AIM: To analyze the attitude of Spanish medical students toward living liver donation (LLD) and to establish which factors have an influence on this attitude.METHODS: Study type: A sociological, interdisciplinary, multicenter and observational study. Study population: Medical students enrolled in Spain (n = 34000) in the university academic year 2010-2011. Sample size: A sample of 9598 students stratified by geographical area and academic year. Instrument used to measure attitude: A validated questionnaire (PCID-DVH RIOS) was self-administered and completed anonymously. Data collection procedure: Randomly selected medical schools. The questionnaire was applied to each academic year at compulsory sessions. Statistical analysis: Student´s t test, χ<sup>2</sup> test and logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: The completion rate was 95.7% (n = 9275). 89% (n = 8258) were in favor of related LLD, and 32% (n = 2937) supported unrelated LLD. The following variables were associated with having a more favorable attitude: (1) age (P = 0.008); (2) sex (P < 0.001); (3) academic year (P < 0.001); (4) geographical area (P = 0.013); (5) believing in the possibility of needing a transplant oneself in the future (P < 0.001); (6) attitude toward deceased donation (P < 0.001); (7) attitude toward living kidney donation (P < 0.001); (8) acceptance of a donated liver segment from a family member if one were needed (P < 0.001); (9) having discussed the subject with one’s family (P < 0.001) and friends (P < 0.001); (10) a partner’s opinion about the subject (P < 0.001); (11) carrying out activities of an altruistic nature; and (12) fear of the possible mutilation of the body after donation (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Spanish medical students have a favorable attitude toward LLD.展开更多
The serum of foxes and red deer from the Province of Soria (northern Spain) was screened in indirect immunofluorescence assays to determine whether these animals could be used as sentinels of the tick-borne pathogens ...The serum of foxes and red deer from the Province of Soria (northern Spain) was screened in indirect immunofluorescence assays to determine whether these animals could be used as sentinels of the tick-borne pathogens Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis. The results suggest that foxes and red deer would not make good sentinels in epidemiological studies on E. chaffeensis in this region, although red deer could be used as such for the study of A. phagocytophilum transmission.展开更多
The diversity of the Braconidae subfamilies (Hymenoptera) in the protected landscape of the Natural Park of Sierra Calderona (Eastern Spain) is analysed. Samplings have been carried out along 2010 in three different h...The diversity of the Braconidae subfamilies (Hymenoptera) in the protected landscape of the Natural Park of Sierra Calderona (Eastern Spain) is analysed. Samplings have been carried out along 2010 in three different habitats: almond crop, Oak forest (Quercus suber L.) and Pine forest (Pinus halepensis Miller). In total, 2166 braconid specimens, belonging to 23 subfamilies, have been captured. Alpha, beta and gamma diversities are analysed. As a result, almond crop habitat is proven to show the greatest diversity. The structure of the community and the phenology in each habitat are also analysed.展开更多
Purpose: This epidemiological retrospective survey aims to provide population-based estimates of the burden of hospitalisation for herpes zoster ophthalmicus in Spain during a twelve-year period (1997-2008). Methods: ...Purpose: This epidemiological retrospective survey aims to provide population-based estimates of the burden of hospitalisation for herpes zoster ophthalmicus in Spain during a twelve-year period (1997-2008). Methods: All hospital discharges and deaths related to herpes zoster ophthalmicus in patients older than 30 years old from 1997 to 2008 in Spain were obtained. Differences in proportions were assessed by the Chi-square test. ANOVA was used for multiple comparisons. Poisson regression was used to assess differences in the rates. Results: A total of 3029 hospital discharges in patients older than 30 years old were coded as herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Of those, 1009 were coded as primary cause of hospitalization. This corresponds to a hospitalization rate of 0.94 and 0.31 hospitalizations per 100,000 for any position and first diagnostic position, respectively. The 75% of the total discharges were in immunocompetent patients. The herpes zoster ophthalmicus hospitalization rate increased significantly during the study period. This increase was also observed for immunocompetent patients. A total of 127 and 21 deaths occurred in patients ≥ 30 year-old hospitalized with herpes zoster ophthalmicus in any diagnostic position and principal diagnostic code, respectively during the 12-year study period. Of them, 70 (53.4%) were in immunocompetent patients, and, of those 11 were in patients with HZO in the first diagnosis position. The hospitalization rate and case-fatality rate increase significantly with age from 50 years old onwards. Conclusion: HZO, a vaccine preventable disease, still causes hospitalization and death in adults in Spain.展开更多
Giardia is an enteric protozoan that infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts, being considered a major causative agent of gastrointestinal disease in humans in both developing and developed countries. Giardia infecti...Giardia is an enteric protozoan that infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts, being considered a major causative agent of gastrointestinal disease in humans in both developing and developed countries. Giardia infection has also a significant impact on livestock health, causing diarrhoea and resulting in significant economic lost. Transmission is either direct, through the faecal-oral route, or indirect, through ingestion of contaminated water or food. In this article, we review current knowledge about the epidemiology of giardiasis in different populations in Spain, including humans, livestock, companion animals, and wildlife. Environmental contamination of surface waters and raw foods by Giardia cysts is also addressed. Special relevance has been given to the data available on the molecular characterization of the Giardia isolates obtained from clinical and environmental samples, as determining thespecies/assemblages and subassemblages involved is essential for accurately identifying the parasite and assessing zoonotic transmission. The public health significance of these findings has also been thoroughly discussed.展开更多
Speleothems from Nerja Cave in southern Spain provide a record during interglacial period MIS5a. Period of speleothem deposition occurred from 70,000 90,000 yr ago. Oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δD) isotope ratios of ...Speleothems from Nerja Cave in southern Spain provide a record during interglacial period MIS5a. Period of speleothem deposition occurred from 70,000 90,000 yr ago. Oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δD) isotope ratios of speleothem and fluid inclusions enable the reconstruction of climatic variability in this region of southern Spain. Fluid inclusions trapped in speleothems represent samples of drip water from which the speleothems grew. The isotopic compositions of cave dripwaters approximate average annual δ18O and δD of precipitation, therefore δ18O can be calculated from D/H of inclusion water using the MWL relationship δD = 8δ18O + 10. The measurements of the δD values of fluid-inclusion water and δ18O values from speleothems have been applied to paleoclimate reconstruction in Southern Spain indicating a colder condition than at present.展开更多
This paper will deal with the history of an important political change in Spain during the transition to democracy between 1976 and 1982: the transformation of a unitary and centralized state to one composed of sever...This paper will deal with the history of an important political change in Spain during the transition to democracy between 1976 and 1982: the transformation of a unitary and centralized state to one composed of several political units capable of self-government. The starting point of that process was the confirmation of regional diversity and of the existence of clearly differentiated political sensibilities in some of its territories. The researchers shall rely especially on the legacy of some of the principal actors, and explore the connection between such diversity and the political change that took place.展开更多
The orthometric heights can be obtained without levelling by means of the ellipsoidal and geoidal heights. For engineering purposes, these orthometric heights must be determined with high accuracy. For this reason, th...The orthometric heights can be obtained without levelling by means of the ellipsoidal and geoidal heights. For engineering purposes, these orthometric heights must be determined with high accuracy. For this reason, the determination of a high-resolution geoid is necessary. In Andalusia (South Spain) a new geopotential model (EIGEN-GL04C) has been available since the publication of a more recent regional geoid. As a consequence, these new data bring about improvements that ought to be included in a new regional geoid of Andalusia. With this aim in mind, a new gravimetric geoid determination has been carried out, in which these new data have been included. Thus, a new geoid is provided as a data grid distributed for the South Spain area from 36 to 39 degrees of latitude and –7 to –1 degrees of longitude (extending to 3 × 6 degrees), in a 120 × 240 regular grid with a mesh size of 1.5’ × 1.5’ and 28800 points in the GRS80 reference system. This calculated geoid and previous geoids are compared to the geoid undulations obtained for 262 GPS/levelling points, distributed within the study area. The new geoid shows an improvement in accuracy and reliability, fitting the geoidal heights determined for these GPS-levelling points better than any previous geoid.展开更多
The D'' layer,which is located atop the core–mantle boundary,has long been an area of focus for global seismology studies. A widely used approach to study the discontinuities in the D'' layer involves the use of ...The D'' layer,which is located atop the core–mantle boundary,has long been an area of focus for global seismology studies. A widely used approach to study the discontinuities in the D'' layer involves the use of the SdS phases between the S and ScS phases,which requires that certain stringent conditions be satisfied with respect to an epicentral distance and earthquake depth. Therefore,this approach is only practical for investigating the presence and topography of velocity interfaces in certain local regions around the world. The Russia–Kazakhstan border region has been a ‘‘blind spot'' with respect to this detection method. The seismic network deployed in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau has recorded relatively clear SdS phases for the MS6.3 earthquake that occurred in Spain on April 11,2010,allowing this blind spot to be studied. This paper compares the observed waveforms and synthetics and uses the travel times of the relevant phases to obtain a D'' discontinuity depth between2,610 and 2,740 km in the examined area. This study provides the first results regarding the depth of the D'' layer discontinuity for this region and represents an important addition to the global studies of the D'' layer.展开更多
Artisanal fisheries are characterized by using a vast array of different fishing gears and target species. Such heterogeneity has traditionally complicated their management and the availability of accurate data on fis...Artisanal fisheries are characterized by using a vast array of different fishing gears and target species. Such heterogeneity has traditionally complicated their management and the availability of accurate data on fishing effort and incomes. This study identifies and characterizes the métiers currently used by an artisanal fishing fleet based in a coastal Atlantic region in South-Europe (Asturias, Northwest Spain), by applying an integrated method of analysis which combines administrative data on fishing licenses, daily sales statistics and information from surveys. As a result, 21 artisanal fishing métiers have been identified, with special relevance of the trammel net (targeting Lophius spp.), the Merluccius longline and the Merluccius gillnet métiers. Spatio-temporal patterns of fishing effort have been also described, and outputs and inputs demands per métier have been quantified. It has been also found a high degree of alternation between different métiers during the fishing season and significant differences in terms of technical aspects and workforce. Finally, fishermen’s short- and long-term strategies (métier choice) are discussed, different comparisons are made on the basis of other South-European studies and main findings are linked to artisanal fisheries management.展开更多
As one of the largest industries in Spain,the textile and garment industry accounts for 3.3%of its GDP,ranking fifth in the European Union.Spain is not only an exporter of wedding dresses and fast fashion brands,but a...As one of the largest industries in Spain,the textile and garment industry accounts for 3.3%of its GDP,ranking fifth in the European Union.Spain is not only an exporter of wedding dresses and fast fashion brands,but also a producer of textile machinery.展开更多
文摘The global pandemic,coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),has significantly affected tourism,especially in Spain,as it was among the first countries to be affected by the pandemic and is among the world’s biggest tourist destinations.Stock market values are responding to the evolution of the pandemic,especially in the case of tourist companies.Therefore,being able to quantify this relationship allows us to predict the effect of the pandemic on shares in the tourism sector,thereby improving the response to the crisis by policymakers and investors.Accordingly,a dynamic regression model was developed to predict the behavior of shares in the Spanish tourism sector according to the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in the medium term.It has been confirmed that both the number of deaths and cases are good predictors of abnormal stock prices in the tourism sector.
文摘As Spain and China celebrate the 50th anniversary of the establishment of their diplomatic ties,it is time to review the bilateral exchange history,finding inspiration for today’s engagement.BOTH China and Spain boast of languages of intercontinental reach.Chinese and Spanish are two of the UN’s six official languages used at major international events.Parallelly,Spain and China do not haveany political,geopolitical,territorial or historical disputes.Actually there are significant synergies.
文摘This year marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of China-Spain diplomatic relations,and also the China-Spain Culture and Tourism Year.As an important project under the framework of the China-Spain Culture and Tourism Year.
文摘MARCH 9,2023 marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Spain.To gain more insight into the development of this relationship,China Today recently spoke to Wu Haitao,Chinese ambassador to Spain.According to Wu,the two sides have planned a series of celebrations for the occasion.
文摘Introduction In 1990 Pope John Paul II returned to Mexico a text that may be the first one composed on medical matters in New Spain[1].According to reputable scholars,this codex was composed under the inspiration of Don Francisco de Mendoza,son of the then Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza.Fray Jacobo de Grado,of the order of San Francisco,commissioned its writing to the"principal Indian"Martín de la Cruz,who composed it in Nahuatl and Spanish.
文摘The Iberian Peninsula was first inhabited by Celts, Iberians, Carthaginians, Romans, Visigoths, and later Berbers. How is it possible that in a spam of only 50 years, the Berbers were able to go pass the Pyrenees and practically ruled what today is Portugal, Spain, and region of France? This article attempts to uncover the sociological aspects that helped the Berbers and Arabs rule the Iberian Peninsula quite rapidly. It was due to the commonalities and not the differences that Spain's political leaders went from Arian Visigoths to Muslims for the next 800 years. Ignacio Olague's book La Revoluci6n Isldmica en Occidente (The Islamic Revolution in the West), also translated as Les Arabes N'ont Jamais Envahi l'Espagne (The Arabs Never Invaded Spain), serves as one instrument to shed light to how this historical event took place. The result of this fusion of cultures not only created a rich civilization that would planted the seeds of the Renaissance three centuries before it began in Italy, but also contributed to the formation of a new language (between 720-750 AD): El castellano o espahol (Spanish language), which today is the official language in 21 st countries.
基金Project (No. B/II-923262) supported by the Marie Curie Research Bursary, European Union. Corresponding author.
文摘Water yield and sediment yield in the Teba catchment, Spain, weresimulated using SWRRB (Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins)model. The model is composed of 198 mathematical equations. About 120items (variables) were input for the simulation, includingmeteorological and climatic factors, hydrologic factors, topographicfactors, parent materials, soils, vegetation, human activities, etc.The simulated results involved surface runoff, subsurface runoff,sediment, peak flow, evapotranspiration, soil water, total biomass,etc. Careful and thorough input data preparation and repeatedsimulation experiments are the key to get the accurate results. Inthis work in the simulation accuracy for annual water yieldprediction reached to 83.68/100.
基金provided by the projects CGL2010-16447/BTE,CGL2010-18851/BTE,CGL2009-12143/BTE of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (currently Ministerio de Economía y Comptetitividad,MINECO) of Spainby the research group IT-320-10 of the Gobierno Vasco/EJ (XPS)+1 种基金by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through a sponsorship of renewed research stay in Germany (FK)by the protocol CN-04-226 of the Principado de Asturias/Universidad de Oviedo (JIR-O)
文摘Prejanopterus curvirostra, from the Early Cretaceous of La Rioja province, was the first pterosaur genus and species described from Spain. The material comprises disarticulated cranial and postcranial remains from several individuals. The fossil-bearing bed is assigned to the lacustrine Leza Formation (eastern Cameros Basin, NW margin of the Iberian Range). This unit is regarded as either Berriasian-Valanginian or Barremian-Aptian. Prejanopterus curvirostris (specific name emended) was originally diagnosed on the basis of several characters of which the most significant was a lateral curvature of the rostrum. Re-examination of the holotype (rostrum) and paratype (partial rostrum with teeth) indicates that there is no genuine sideways bend of the preserved premaxilla-maxilla segments, but a slight dorsal curvature. Prejanopterus is characterized by a unique combination of characters: an emended diagnosis is provided. In contrast with previous estimates, the wing span of Prejanopterus was probably not much (if ever) in excess of 2 m. A phylogenetic analysis suggests that Prejanopterus is a basal pterodactyloid positioned between Pterodactylus and Cycnorhamphus- Gallodactylus. Prejanopterus represents the first evidence of Pterodactylidae in the Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula.
文摘The authors intend to contribute in this paper towards a debate on the consequences of external financing needs of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) regarding its economic growth. The authors' research differs for using like proxy of external financing dependence of SMEs the flows of investments that cannot be financed with generated cash flows. The results thus obtained show that financial dependence accounts for economic growth of SMEs, and that there are other variables of control of significance such as those of financial development. The authors present evidence on better soundness achievement about conclusions pertaining to SMEs if they obtained results emerge from independent sub-sectors in SMEs, especially in those countries with a higher percentage of small-sized companies, which do not answer in the same way to the considered model
文摘AIM: To analyze the attitude of Spanish medical students toward living liver donation (LLD) and to establish which factors have an influence on this attitude.METHODS: Study type: A sociological, interdisciplinary, multicenter and observational study. Study population: Medical students enrolled in Spain (n = 34000) in the university academic year 2010-2011. Sample size: A sample of 9598 students stratified by geographical area and academic year. Instrument used to measure attitude: A validated questionnaire (PCID-DVH RIOS) was self-administered and completed anonymously. Data collection procedure: Randomly selected medical schools. The questionnaire was applied to each academic year at compulsory sessions. Statistical analysis: Student´s t test, χ<sup>2</sup> test and logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: The completion rate was 95.7% (n = 9275). 89% (n = 8258) were in favor of related LLD, and 32% (n = 2937) supported unrelated LLD. The following variables were associated with having a more favorable attitude: (1) age (P = 0.008); (2) sex (P < 0.001); (3) academic year (P < 0.001); (4) geographical area (P = 0.013); (5) believing in the possibility of needing a transplant oneself in the future (P < 0.001); (6) attitude toward deceased donation (P < 0.001); (7) attitude toward living kidney donation (P < 0.001); (8) acceptance of a donated liver segment from a family member if one were needed (P < 0.001); (9) having discussed the subject with one’s family (P < 0.001) and friends (P < 0.001); (10) a partner’s opinion about the subject (P < 0.001); (11) carrying out activities of an altruistic nature; and (12) fear of the possible mutilation of the body after donation (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Spanish medical students have a favorable attitude toward LLD.
文摘The serum of foxes and red deer from the Province of Soria (northern Spain) was screened in indirect immunofluorescence assays to determine whether these animals could be used as sentinels of the tick-borne pathogens Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis. The results suggest that foxes and red deer would not make good sentinels in epidemiological studies on E. chaffeensis in this region, although red deer could be used as such for the study of A. phagocytophilum transmission.
文摘The diversity of the Braconidae subfamilies (Hymenoptera) in the protected landscape of the Natural Park of Sierra Calderona (Eastern Spain) is analysed. Samplings have been carried out along 2010 in three different habitats: almond crop, Oak forest (Quercus suber L.) and Pine forest (Pinus halepensis Miller). In total, 2166 braconid specimens, belonging to 23 subfamilies, have been captured. Alpha, beta and gamma diversities are analysed. As a result, almond crop habitat is proven to show the greatest diversity. The structure of the community and the phenology in each habitat are also analysed.
文摘Purpose: This epidemiological retrospective survey aims to provide population-based estimates of the burden of hospitalisation for herpes zoster ophthalmicus in Spain during a twelve-year period (1997-2008). Methods: All hospital discharges and deaths related to herpes zoster ophthalmicus in patients older than 30 years old from 1997 to 2008 in Spain were obtained. Differences in proportions were assessed by the Chi-square test. ANOVA was used for multiple comparisons. Poisson regression was used to assess differences in the rates. Results: A total of 3029 hospital discharges in patients older than 30 years old were coded as herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Of those, 1009 were coded as primary cause of hospitalization. This corresponds to a hospitalization rate of 0.94 and 0.31 hospitalizations per 100,000 for any position and first diagnostic position, respectively. The 75% of the total discharges were in immunocompetent patients. The herpes zoster ophthalmicus hospitalization rate increased significantly during the study period. This increase was also observed for immunocompetent patients. A total of 127 and 21 deaths occurred in patients ≥ 30 year-old hospitalized with herpes zoster ophthalmicus in any diagnostic position and principal diagnostic code, respectively during the 12-year study period. Of them, 70 (53.4%) were in immunocompetent patients, and, of those 11 were in patients with HZO in the first diagnosis position. The hospitalization rate and case-fatality rate increase significantly with age from 50 years old onwards. Conclusion: HZO, a vaccine preventable disease, still causes hospitalization and death in adults in Spain.
基金Supported by A grant from the Department of Health,Basque Government,Spain,Exp.No.2007111002
文摘Giardia is an enteric protozoan that infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts, being considered a major causative agent of gastrointestinal disease in humans in both developing and developed countries. Giardia infection has also a significant impact on livestock health, causing diarrhoea and resulting in significant economic lost. Transmission is either direct, through the faecal-oral route, or indirect, through ingestion of contaminated water or food. In this article, we review current knowledge about the epidemiology of giardiasis in different populations in Spain, including humans, livestock, companion animals, and wildlife. Environmental contamination of surface waters and raw foods by Giardia cysts is also addressed. Special relevance has been given to the data available on the molecular characterization of the Giardia isolates obtained from clinical and environmental samples, as determining thespecies/assemblages and subassemblages involved is essential for accurately identifying the parasite and assessing zoonotic transmission. The public health significance of these findings has also been thoroughly discussed.
文摘Speleothems from Nerja Cave in southern Spain provide a record during interglacial period MIS5a. Period of speleothem deposition occurred from 70,000 90,000 yr ago. Oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δD) isotope ratios of speleothem and fluid inclusions enable the reconstruction of climatic variability in this region of southern Spain. Fluid inclusions trapped in speleothems represent samples of drip water from which the speleothems grew. The isotopic compositions of cave dripwaters approximate average annual δ18O and δD of precipitation, therefore δ18O can be calculated from D/H of inclusion water using the MWL relationship δD = 8δ18O + 10. The measurements of the δD values of fluid-inclusion water and δ18O values from speleothems have been applied to paleoclimate reconstruction in Southern Spain indicating a colder condition than at present.
文摘This paper will deal with the history of an important political change in Spain during the transition to democracy between 1976 and 1982: the transformation of a unitary and centralized state to one composed of several political units capable of self-government. The starting point of that process was the confirmation of regional diversity and of the existence of clearly differentiated political sensibilities in some of its territories. The researchers shall rely especially on the legacy of some of the principal actors, and explore the connection between such diversity and the political change that took place.
文摘The orthometric heights can be obtained without levelling by means of the ellipsoidal and geoidal heights. For engineering purposes, these orthometric heights must be determined with high accuracy. For this reason, the determination of a high-resolution geoid is necessary. In Andalusia (South Spain) a new geopotential model (EIGEN-GL04C) has been available since the publication of a more recent regional geoid. As a consequence, these new data bring about improvements that ought to be included in a new regional geoid of Andalusia. With this aim in mind, a new gravimetric geoid determination has been carried out, in which these new data have been included. Thus, a new geoid is provided as a data grid distributed for the South Spain area from 36 to 39 degrees of latitude and –7 to –1 degrees of longitude (extending to 3 × 6 degrees), in a 120 × 240 regular grid with a mesh size of 1.5’ × 1.5’ and 28800 points in the GRS80 reference system. This calculated geoid and previous geoids are compared to the geoid undulations obtained for 262 GPS/levelling points, distributed within the study area. The new geoid shows an improvement in accuracy and reliability, fitting the geoidal heights determined for these GPS-levelling points better than any previous geoid.
基金supported by Science and Technology Development Fund of Gansu Earthquake Administration of Gansu Province (No. 2012M02)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41274093)
文摘The D'' layer,which is located atop the core–mantle boundary,has long been an area of focus for global seismology studies. A widely used approach to study the discontinuities in the D'' layer involves the use of the SdS phases between the S and ScS phases,which requires that certain stringent conditions be satisfied with respect to an epicentral distance and earthquake depth. Therefore,this approach is only practical for investigating the presence and topography of velocity interfaces in certain local regions around the world. The Russia–Kazakhstan border region has been a ‘‘blind spot'' with respect to this detection method. The seismic network deployed in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau has recorded relatively clear SdS phases for the MS6.3 earthquake that occurred in Spain on April 11,2010,allowing this blind spot to be studied. This paper compares the observed waveforms and synthetics and uses the travel times of the relevant phases to obtain a D'' discontinuity depth between2,610 and 2,740 km in the examined area. This study provides the first results regarding the depth of the D'' layer discontinuity for this region and represents an important addition to the global studies of the D'' layer.
文摘Artisanal fisheries are characterized by using a vast array of different fishing gears and target species. Such heterogeneity has traditionally complicated their management and the availability of accurate data on fishing effort and incomes. This study identifies and characterizes the métiers currently used by an artisanal fishing fleet based in a coastal Atlantic region in South-Europe (Asturias, Northwest Spain), by applying an integrated method of analysis which combines administrative data on fishing licenses, daily sales statistics and information from surveys. As a result, 21 artisanal fishing métiers have been identified, with special relevance of the trammel net (targeting Lophius spp.), the Merluccius longline and the Merluccius gillnet métiers. Spatio-temporal patterns of fishing effort have been also described, and outputs and inputs demands per métier have been quantified. It has been also found a high degree of alternation between different métiers during the fishing season and significant differences in terms of technical aspects and workforce. Finally, fishermen’s short- and long-term strategies (métier choice) are discussed, different comparisons are made on the basis of other South-European studies and main findings are linked to artisanal fisheries management.
文摘As one of the largest industries in Spain,the textile and garment industry accounts for 3.3%of its GDP,ranking fifth in the European Union.Spain is not only an exporter of wedding dresses and fast fashion brands,but also a producer of textile machinery.