The ionosphere, as the largest and least predictable error source, its behavior cannot be observed at all places simultaneously. The confidence bound, called the grid ionospheric vertical error(GIVE), can only be dete...The ionosphere, as the largest and least predictable error source, its behavior cannot be observed at all places simultaneously. The confidence bound, called the grid ionospheric vertical error(GIVE), can only be determined with the aid of a threat model which is used to restrict the expected ionospheric behavior. However, the spatial threat model at present widespread used, which is based on fit radius and relative centroid metric(RCM), is too conservative or the resulting GIVEs will be too large and will reduce the availability of satellite-based augmentation system(SBAS). In this paper, layered two-dimensional parameters, the vertical direction double RCMs, are introduced based on the spatial variability of the ionosphere. Comparing with the traditional threat model, the experimental results show that the user ionospheric vertical error(UIVE) average reduction rate reaches 16%. And the 95% protection level of conterminous United States(CONUS) is 28%, even under disturbed days, which reaches about 5% reduction rates.The results show that the system service performance has been improved better.展开更多
Taken fractal dimension, compact ratio, urban centroid and urban principal axis as the urban spatial characteristic indices, Tianjin city＇s urban area is investigated in the last 26 years in a quantitative perspectiv...Taken fractal dimension, compact ratio, urban centroid and urban principal axis as the urban spatial characteristic indices, Tianjin city＇s urban area is investigated in the last 26 years in a quantitative perspective, and its traits and changes during different periods are also analyzed. It is clear that these indices can not only scientifically and explicitly assess the urban morphology, urban direction and its changes and trends, but also uncover long-term effects of economy and urban planning on urban morphology.展开更多
以四川地区2008—2015年期间发生的ML4.0～6.0地震为例,利用四川区域台网宽频带波形资料,采用CAP(Cut and paste)方法计算其震源机制解和最佳震源深度,在此基础上分析地震震源机制解和震源深度空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)四川地区地震...以四川地区2008—2015年期间发生的ML4.0～6.0地震为例,利用四川区域台网宽频带波形资料,采用CAP(Cut and paste)方法计算其震源机制解和最佳震源深度,在此基础上分析地震震源机制解和震源深度空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)四川地区地震震源机制解类型存在显著空间分区特征。逆冲型地震集中分布在龙门山断裂带和川东盆地,揭示青藏高原的巴颜喀拉地块与华南地块的相互作用方式——强挤压。走滑型地震绝大多数分布在川西高原和攀西地区,这是由于印度板块向北东推挤和青藏高原物质向东扩张所导致的上地壳物质沿大型断层滑移。正断型地震主要分布在金沙江断裂带北段和汶川大震主震区,金沙江断裂带北段的拉张应力状态应是由青藏高原东部下地壳物质流动对上地壳物质有拖曳作用,与多力源组合共同作用决定的;而汶川主震区的正断型地震应是主震后震源区不同来源动力作用的复杂应力调整现象。其他类型地震都分布在龙门山断裂带,属于汶川或芦山地震的余震活动,其成因为大震后震源区不同来源应力作用使主应力方向倾斜偏离了水平面和垂直面而引起的应力变形。(2)震源机制解参数中的P、T、N轴反映了地震前后震源区应力状态的变化,是震源区构造应力的一种体现。四川地区构造地震的P、T轴方位空间展布存在地区差异:川西高原地区以约31°纬线为界,北部区域P轴方位呈NEE向,南部区域呈SEE向(平均约E19°S);龙门山断裂带南段P轴方位呈SEE向(平均约E25°S),中、北段P轴方向离散,无优势方位;攀西地区P轴方位呈SE向(平均约E51°S);T轴方位在川西高原呈近SN向拉张,在攀西地区又转为NE向,呈顺时针旋转趋势。(3)四川地区地震震源深度空间分布差异显著。从整体来看,四川地区地壳优势孕震层深度范围为5～15km,深度更深的地震分布在地壳厚度存在异常的大型断裂带(龙门山、小金河断裂带)或盆地至高原的过渡地带(乐山、犍为等地)。龙门山断裂带地震震源深度空间分布呈现出西南深、东北浅的特征,西南段地震震源最深达26km,中、北段地震震源最深达19km;且断裂带上走滑型地震相对于逆冲型和正断型地震存在震源深度偏浅的现象。川东盆地地震震源深度空间分布展显出西南深、东南浅的特征,盆地东南部地震震源深度分布范围为2～5km。揭示出四川地区地震震源是沿活动的脆性上地壳分布。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41304024)
文摘The ionosphere, as the largest and least predictable error source, its behavior cannot be observed at all places simultaneously. The confidence bound, called the grid ionospheric vertical error(GIVE), can only be determined with the aid of a threat model which is used to restrict the expected ionospheric behavior. However, the spatial threat model at present widespread used, which is based on fit radius and relative centroid metric(RCM), is too conservative or the resulting GIVEs will be too large and will reduce the availability of satellite-based augmentation system(SBAS). In this paper, layered two-dimensional parameters, the vertical direction double RCMs, are introduced based on the spatial variability of the ionosphere. Comparing with the traditional threat model, the experimental results show that the user ionospheric vertical error(UIVE) average reduction rate reaches 16%. And the 95% protection level of conterminous United States(CONUS) is 28%, even under disturbed days, which reaches about 5% reduction rates.The results show that the system service performance has been improved better.
基金National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program), No.2002CB412507
文摘Taken fractal dimension, compact ratio, urban centroid and urban principal axis as the urban spatial characteristic indices, Tianjin city＇s urban area is investigated in the last 26 years in a quantitative perspective, and its traits and changes during different periods are also analyzed. It is clear that these indices can not only scientifically and explicitly assess the urban morphology, urban direction and its changes and trends, but also uncover long-term effects of economy and urban planning on urban morphology.
文摘以四川地区2008—2015年期间发生的ML4.0～6.0地震为例,利用四川区域台网宽频带波形资料,采用CAP(Cut and paste)方法计算其震源机制解和最佳震源深度,在此基础上分析地震震源机制解和震源深度空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)四川地区地震震源机制解类型存在显著空间分区特征。逆冲型地震集中分布在龙门山断裂带和川东盆地,揭示青藏高原的巴颜喀拉地块与华南地块的相互作用方式——强挤压。走滑型地震绝大多数分布在川西高原和攀西地区,这是由于印度板块向北东推挤和青藏高原物质向东扩张所导致的上地壳物质沿大型断层滑移。正断型地震主要分布在金沙江断裂带北段和汶川大震主震区,金沙江断裂带北段的拉张应力状态应是由青藏高原东部下地壳物质流动对上地壳物质有拖曳作用,与多力源组合共同作用决定的;而汶川主震区的正断型地震应是主震后震源区不同来源动力作用的复杂应力调整现象。其他类型地震都分布在龙门山断裂带,属于汶川或芦山地震的余震活动,其成因为大震后震源区不同来源应力作用使主应力方向倾斜偏离了水平面和垂直面而引起的应力变形。(2)震源机制解参数中的P、T、N轴反映了地震前后震源区应力状态的变化,是震源区构造应力的一种体现。四川地区构造地震的P、T轴方位空间展布存在地区差异:川西高原地区以约31°纬线为界,北部区域P轴方位呈NEE向,南部区域呈SEE向(平均约E19°S);龙门山断裂带南段P轴方位呈SEE向(平均约E25°S),中、北段P轴方向离散,无优势方位;攀西地区P轴方位呈SE向(平均约E51°S);T轴方位在川西高原呈近SN向拉张,在攀西地区又转为NE向,呈顺时针旋转趋势。(3)四川地区地震震源深度空间分布差异显著。从整体来看,四川地区地壳优势孕震层深度范围为5～15km,深度更深的地震分布在地壳厚度存在异常的大型断裂带(龙门山、小金河断裂带)或盆地至高原的过渡地带(乐山、犍为等地)。龙门山断裂带地震震源深度空间分布呈现出西南深、东北浅的特征,西南段地震震源最深达26km,中、北段地震震源最深达19km;且断裂带上走滑型地震相对于逆冲型和正断型地震存在震源深度偏浅的现象。川东盆地地震震源深度空间分布展显出西南深、东南浅的特征,盆地东南部地震震源深度分布范围为2～5km。揭示出四川地区地震震源是沿活动的脆性上地壳分布。
