Submarine micro-geomorphology is a geo-morphological type occurring in shallow and surface areas of seabed.The combined relationships and distribution of the micro-geomorphology indirectly reflect coupling relationshi...Submarine micro-geomorphology is a geo-morphological type occurring in shallow and surface areas of seabed.The combined relationships and distribution of the micro-geomorphology indirectly reflect coupling relationships among the sediment deposition,dynamic environment,and geomorphologic evolution.Spatial differentiation and dynamic changes in micro-geomorphology were studied based on acoustic data interpretation from a wide range(3200 km^(2))of the Huanghe(Yellow)River delta(HRD).The combination of the sub-bottom profiler and the side-scan sonar methods allowed for the identification of submarine shallow micro-geomorphologic types,as well as their scale and spatial distributions.There were seven typical micro-geomorphologic features in the shallow and surface areas of the HRD,including buried ancient channels,stratigraphic disturbances,scour troughs,sand waves,pits,erosional remnants,and sand spots.The coupling and superposition of the sediment,sediment characteristics,seabed scouring and silting,and hydrodynamic conditions of the Huanghe River had combined effects on the patterns of micro-geomorphologic types,characteristics,and ranges.From the perspective of acoustic profile interpretations,the scale,range,and spatial locations of the microgeomorphology in the HRD revealed seasonal variation characteristics,and the spatial distributions displayed significant regional differentiation characteristics.In addition,strong stratigraphic disturbances and areas with densely distributed buried ancient channels reflected the activity and instability of the submarine shallow strata.Through the interpretation of the sub-bottom profile detection data,the diversion processes of the flow paths in the lower reaches of the Huanghe River were obtained for a certain historical period in the coastal waters of the HRD.This study further clarified the relationships between the micro-geomorphologic features and spatial combinations,which is important for research on micro-geomorphologic features and their dynamic mechanisms.展开更多
The scientific analyses of the spatial patterns of regional eco-environment livability,along with the explorations of the correlations between ecoenvironments and population and economic activity distributions,are of ...The scientific analyses of the spatial patterns of regional eco-environment livability,along with the explorations of the correlations between ecoenvironments and population and economic activity distributions,are of major significance in the guidance of the coordinated development between social economies,natural resources,and environments.In this study,the topography,climate,hydrology,land cover,air quality,and the dangers presented by natural hazards in the study area were investigated in order to establish an evaluation model for the regional eco-environmental livability.Then,the observed spatial patterns and regional differences in the eco-environmental livability,as well as their relationships with the distributions of population and economic activities in Zhejiang Province,were investigated.The results showed that the ecoenvironmental livability in Zhejiang Province displayed a gradual decreasing trend from southwest to northeast,as well as from the mountains to the hills,valleys,and plains areas.During the compartmentalization of the eco-environmental livability,it was observed that the lowest livable area covered the largest population,accounting for approximately 29.64%of the total population in the study area.The higher livable areas covered the widest land areas,accounting for approximately 26.15%of the total area.Moreover,it was found that the eco-environmental livability in the mountain areas was higher than that in the plain areas in Zhejiang Province.Furthermore,the ecoenvironmental livability was found to have a significant exponential relationship with the population and GDP densities of Zhejiang Province,with the R^2 of the curve-fittings reaching 0.835 and 0.656,respectively.However,it was determined that the coefficient of the exponential function was negative,which indicated that a strong negative relationship existed between the eco-environmental livability and densities of the population and economic activities.It was assumed that the impacts of anthropogenic factors were the fundamental causes of this negative correlation.This study introduced two new factors(air quality and natural hazards)into the evaluation framework of eco-environmental livability.As a result,a more comprehensive model was established for the evaluation of eco-environmenta livability in certain segments of the study area Additionally,the correlation between ecoenvironment livability and human activities was discussed in-depth,which can potentially provide theoretical and practical guidance for the implementation of eco-livability in China,and possibly even those of other vast developing countries.展开更多
The Changtang Plateau(CTP)in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China is one of the top-10 uninhabited areas with the most important ecological value in the world.It is of great academic and practical significance to carry out ...The Changtang Plateau(CTP)in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China is one of the top-10 uninhabited areas with the most important ecological value in the world.It is of great academic and practical significance to carry out research on human settlements in the marginal zones of the uninhabited areas to promote harmonious coexistence between humans and nature on the CTP.Using high-definition remote-sensing images to visually interpret and identify settlement-patch data,combined with field investigations,this study explores the spatial characteristics of human settlements in Shuanghu and Nyima counties and their responses to natural and socioeconomic conditions in the hinterland of the CTP.Findings reveal that the scale of human settlements on the CTP is extremely small,and density is very sparse.Settlements on the CTP primarily consist of several households,with some containing more than a dozen households,or are sub-village scale.Socioeconomic development is low and socioeconomic factors have a weak influence on the settlement layout on the CTP.Natural factors are the core elements affecting the layout of human settlements on the CTP.Settlements tend to occur on low mountains,gentle slopes,and areas with high average annual temperatures.Careful settlement site selection can help to mitigate the impact of natural disasters.To meet the needs of grazing,settlement layouts must typically have a high-quality grassland orientation.Riverbanks are key settlement areas,and settlement sites are often far away from alpine salt lakes.The characteristics of settlements on the CTP and their responses to environmental conditions significantly differ from those of human settlements in low-altitude inland areas.展开更多
The protection and development problems in ethnic minority villages have received great attention from the Chinese government.This study aims to systematically identify the spatial differentiation characteristics of e...The protection and development problems in ethnic minority villages have received great attention from the Chinese government.This study aims to systematically identify the spatial differentiation characteristics of ethnic minority villages and their influencing factors in Guizhou Province.Applying ArcGIS and GeoDa,a total of 1,014 ethnic minority villages in the four batches announced by the Ethnic and Religious Affairs Commission of Guizhou Province(272in the first batch,240 in the second batch,255 in the third batch,and 247 in the fourth batch)served as the research objects.Utilizing the economic development data in Guizhou Statistical Yearbook 2018-2020 for analysis,the coupling calculation of the spatial layout and economic development level of ethnic minority villages was conducted.The results indicate that the number of ethnic minority village points varies in spatial distribution with remarkable agglomeration.The spatial equilibrium distribution of ethnic minority villages in the province is imbalanced.The kernel density is characterized by independent single kernel centers with sporadic distributions of subcenters and an echelon distribution whole.The spatial complexity distribution indicates that ethnic minority villages in Guizhou possess unequal characteristics,and the fractal of the system structure is more complicated.The findings reveal that the spatial distribution of ethnic minority characteristic villages in Guizhou is highly consistent with that of ethnic minorities in Guizhou.The distribution is the combined results of geographical factors and socialeconomic factors.Most ethnic minority characteristic villages in Guizhou Province are located in areas with complex terrain,inconvenient transportation,and relatively backward economic development.Based on the current geospatial distribution of ethnic minority villages,the present study will provide remarkable implications for the Chinese government to implement the Rural Revitalization Strategy from several key aspects.The Chinese government should establish a protection and development mechanism in ethnic minority villages and strive to enhance the characteristics of ethnic cultural industries.Meanwhile,the"integration of culture and tourism"should be taken as the development strategy while the industry should support rural economic development and help eliminate poverty.This is of crucial practical significance to national unity and rural revitalization in China.展开更多
Interregional migration has broad and far-reaching impacts on regional urbanization process in ethnic minority areas of Southwest China.The previous literature of interregional migration paid less attention on the eth...Interregional migration has broad and far-reaching impacts on regional urbanization process in ethnic minority areas of Southwest China.The previous literature of interregional migration paid less attention on the ethnic minority areas with fragile geographical feature and marginal socio-economic context in the developing world due to the dearth of reliable data.Based on the 2015 national 1%population sampling survey at the village/community scale,taking Yulong Naxi Autonomous County,Yunnan Province,China as the case study,this paper analyzed the spatial differentiation pattern.The results showed that:(1)migration in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County exhibited obvious spatial differentiation characteristics in terms of population aggregation,population loss,migration direction,and migration activity;(2)the overall spatial differentiation of migration exhibited a"layer+sector"pattern in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County:the first layer was active areas with net inflows(<20 km from the seat of the county government),the second layer was inactive areas(within 20–60 km of the seat of the county government),and the third layer was a mixed"layer+sector"zone(>60 km to the seat of the county government),comprised of inactive areas and active areas with net outflows;(3)the spatial differentiation pattern of migration was highly correlated with the regional contexts including the regional economic development,regional transportation accessibility and regional social development,while regional physical geographical factors had insignificant relationships with the migration pattern.展开更多
The study and protection for traditional villages are very important for us to protect Chinese historical and cultural heritage. Data show that under the condition of rapid urbanization. The number and coverage of tra...The study and protection for traditional villages are very important for us to protect Chinese historical and cultural heritage. Data show that under the condition of rapid urbanization. The number and coverage of traditional villages in western China are decreasing. It is impossible to effectively protect a large number of rural settlements at the bottom of China’s traditional settlement system. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the spatial survival status of traditional villages and protect them comprehensively and extensively. Using the digital elevation model (DEM) data of traditional villages in Gansu Province, China, published by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development and the attribute data obtained by the Statistics Bureau of Gansu Province, China, the nuclear density, the Mulan indices, the correlations between the heights and the centers are calculated and used to study the spatial different characteristics of the villages, and a number of results have been achieved: 1) In spatial differentiation, the spatial agglomeration of the villages is obvious and different, which can be seen by the distribution of the villages from along the upper reaches of the Yellow River to the southeast, and the distribution of prefecture-level cities is related to the landforms. 2) In vertical spatial distribution, the span of the altitude data is large. Among the villages, the Zagana Village in Diebu County of Gannan City is the highest and the Zhengjiashe Village in Bingkou Town of Longnan City is the lowest. With the increase of altitude, the number of traditional villages generally shows a tendency of decrease. 3) The spatial differentiation of the traditional villages has a clear normal distribution with the elevation, and the spatial differentiation is low, showing a distinct gourd-like structure;the eastern and southern regions are more concentrated, while the northern and western regions are less concentrated. 4) The spatial differences of the traditional villages have the characteristics of regional differences, which are weakly related to the distance between the central cities and occur mainly in the Longnan mountain regions, the Loess Plateau in the middle of Longzhong and the Gannan plateau. The results of this study are a useful support in protection of traditional villages in provincial scale. It helps to enhance the integrity and systematicness of the protection of the spatial distribution of traditionally villages. The Chinese government had put forward the “Poverty alleviation strategy” to help Gansu Province to get out of the villages’ trouble. Viewed from this angle, the research for effective patterns of traditional villages’ protection and exploitation plays a crucial role in the development of China’s “Poverty Alleviation Strategy”.展开更多
The differentiation of urban residential space is a key and hot topic in urban research, which has very important theoretical significance for urban development and residential choice. In this paper, web crawler techn...The differentiation of urban residential space is a key and hot topic in urban research, which has very important theoretical significance for urban development and residential choice. In this paper, web crawler technology is used to collect urban big data. Using spatial analysis and clustering, the differentiation law of residential space in the main urban area of Wuhan is revealed. The residential differentiation is divided into five types: "Garden" community, "Guozi" community, "Wangjiangshan" community, "Yashe" community, and "Shuxin" community. The "Garden" community is aimed at the elderly, with good medical accessibility and open space around the community. The "Guozi Community" is aimed at young people, and the community has accessibility to good educational and commercial facilities. The "Wangjiangshan" community is oriented towards the social elite group, with beautiful natural living environment, close to the city core, and convenient transportation. The "Yashe" community is aimed at the general income group, and its location is characterized by being adjacent to commercial districts and convenient transportation. The "Shuxin" community is aimed at the middle and lower income groups, far from the city center, and the living environment quality is not high.展开更多
In this study, housing prices data for residential quarters from the period 2001-2012 were used and Global Differentiation Index (GDI) was established to measure the overall differentiation trend in housing prices i...In this study, housing prices data for residential quarters from the period 2001-2012 were used and Global Differentiation Index (GDI) was established to measure the overall differentiation trend in housing prices in Yangzhou City, eastern China. Then the influence of the natural landscape and environment on prices of global housing market and housing submarkets was evaluated by the hedonic price model. The results are shown as follows. (1) There have been increasing gaps among housing prices since 2001. In this period, the differentiation trend has shown an upward fluctuation, which has been coupled with the annual growth rate of housing prices. (2) The spatial distribution of residential quarters of homogenous prices has changed from clustered in 2001 into dispersed in 2012. (3) Natural landscape and environmental externalities clearly influence spatial differentiation of housing prices. (4) In different housing submarkets, the influence of natural landscape and environmental eternalities are varied. Natural landscape characteristics have significant impact on housing prices of ordinary commercial houses and indemnificatory houses, while the impact of environmental characteristics have obvious influence on housing prices of cottages and villas.展开更多
Village classification is the first step to implementing China’s rural revitalization(RR)strategy,and understanding the geographic differences in the distribution of village types helps to grasp the pathway of their ...Village classification is the first step to implementing China’s rural revitalization(RR)strategy,and understanding the geographic differences in the distribution of village types helps to grasp the pathway of their unique development.This study spatialized9250 villages in Jilin Province(divided into six types)of China,and their distribution characteristics and influencing factors were examined using methods such as kernel density estimation,Ripley’s K function,the co-location quotient,and Geodetector.The results indicate that the spatial distribution balance and density of village types are different.All types of villages show an agglomeration distribution pattern,but the scale and intensity vary.There is a strong spatial association between agglomerative promotion(AP)and stable improvement(SIm)villages,as well as between characteristic protection(CP)and prospering frontier and enriching people(PE)villages.The factors affecting their distribution include terrain undulation,the percentage of arable land,the distance to the county town,road network density,population density,gross domestic product(GDP),and industrial enterprise density.The influencing factors for the distribution of village types are closely related to the function of each village.Based on the differences in the spatial distribution and influencing factors of different village types,policy suggestions are given for classified development.展开更多
Dielectric metasurfaces-based planar optical spatial differentiator and edge detection have recently been proposed to play an important role in the parallel and fast image processing technology.With the development of...Dielectric metasurfaces-based planar optical spatial differentiator and edge detection have recently been proposed to play an important role in the parallel and fast image processing technology.With the development of dielectric metasurfaces of different geometries and resonance mechanisms,diverse on-chip spatial differentiators have been proposed by tailoring the dispersion characteristics of subwavelength structures.This review focuses on the basic principles and characteristic parameters of dielectric metasurfaces as first-and second-order spatial differentiators realized via the Green's function approach.The spatial bandwidth and polarization dependence are emphasized as key properties by comparing the optical transfer flinctions of metasurfaces for different incident wavevectors and polarizations.To present the operational capabilities of a two-dimensional spatial differentiator in image information acquisition,edge detection is described to illustrate the practicability of the device.As an application example,experimental demonstrations of edge detection for different biological cells and a flower mold are discussed,in which a spatial differentiator and objective lens or camera are integrated in three optical pathway configurations.The realization of spatial differentiators and edge detection with dielectric metasurfaces provides new opportunities for ultrafast information identification in biological imaging and machine vision.展开更多
By using digitized land use maps of Beijing in 1982, 1992 and 1997 and employing GIS spatial analysis techniques, this paper conducts an empirical study on the spatial differentiation and spatial patterns of urban lan...By using digitized land use maps of Beijing in 1982, 1992 and 1997 and employing GIS spatial analysis techniques, this paper conducts an empirical study on the spatial differentiation and spatial patterns of urban land use growth in Beijing in the period of 1982–1997. It is observed that urban land use growth in Beijing went beyond the control of urban planning, in terms of the extraordinary high growth rate and undesired spatial pattern. The rate of urban expansion after 1982, which was predominated by growth of industrial land, was extraordinary high compared to its historical period. While its growth centers have been actively shifting toward the northern part, rather than toward the southern and eastern parts as designated by the latest General Plan (1991–2010) of Beijing, its spatial pattern of urban land use growth in general was in distinct concentric sprawl, which seriously violated the General Plan of Beijing.展开更多
The spatial distribution of vegetation in Qaidam Basin was analyzed using GIMMS(Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies) /NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data set from January 1982 to December 2...The spatial distribution of vegetation in Qaidam Basin was analyzed using GIMMS(Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies) /NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data set from January 1982 to December 2006.Based on the data of precipitation,terrain,stream systems,land use and the map of vegetation distribution in Qaidam Basin,we studied the factors influencing the spatial distribution of vegetation.The results showed that the vegetation was generally low in Qaidam Basin and there was a clear semi-ring structure from southeast to northwest.In some areas,the existence of rivers,lakes and spring belts turned this semi-ring structure into a non-continuous state and formed distinct bright spots and continuous linear features.There were four main factors that affected the spatial distribution of vegetation coverage in Qaidam Basin,i.e.,precipitation,hydrological conditions,altitude and human activities.Precipitation and altitude have a correlation and determine the basic pattern of vegetation distribution in Qaidam Basin.The impacts of hydrological conditions and human activities were mainly embodied in partial areas,and often broke the pattern of vegetation distribution dominated by precipitation and altitude.展开更多
To investigate the spatial synergy between agricultural development level and transport superiority degree in grain-producing areas of the central Jilin Province and the driving mechanism between them,22 counties in t...To investigate the spatial synergy between agricultural development level and transport superiority degree in grain-producing areas of the central Jilin Province and the driving mechanism between them,22 counties in the central Jilin Province were used as the research units to calculate agricultural development level and transport superiority degree using the entropy weighting method,weighted travel time and raster cost distance.The spatial econometric model was used to analyze the mechanism of the mutual influence between the two.The main conclusions are as follows.1)Agricultural development level around Changchun,the provincial capital city,and in the areas of Changchun-Jilin and Changchun-Gongzhuling is high,whereas the development level of the counties in the southwest is low.2)Transport superiority degree of each county has improved,the overall connectivity of the road networks has been optimized,and the level of transportation accessibility has shown the development trend of‘centralization’,exhibiting the characteristics of proximity diffusion.3)Locally,there is spatial heterogeneity in the mutual driving effects of the two,with six main patterns.4)The theoretical conditions of von Thunen’s agricultural location have changed under the conditions of market economy due to the improvement of the transport networks,the new model of agricultural development,and the changes of the market system.展开更多
A favorable tourism image of high-quality mountain scenic spots(HQMSS)is crucial for tourism prosperity and sustainability.This paper establishes a framework for investigating the tourism image based on cognitive-emot...A favorable tourism image of high-quality mountain scenic spots(HQMSS)is crucial for tourism prosperity and sustainability.This paper establishes a framework for investigating the tourism image based on cognitive-emotion theory and uses natural language processing(NLP)tools to clarify the cognition,emotion,and overall tourist image of the HQMSS in China from the perspective of tourist perception.This paper examines the multi-dimensional spatial differentiation of China's overall image,including province,scenic spot scales,as well as the spatial pattern of the overall comprehensive tourism image.Strategies for comprehensively improving HQMSS's tourism image are also formulated.The results show that:(1)The cognitive image of Chinese HQMSS is categorized into core and marginal images,and the core images such as scenery and cable car are the expression of the uniqueness of mountainous scenic spots.Additionally,the cognitive image is classified into six dimensions:tourism environment,tourism supporting facilities,tourism experience,tourism price,tourism service,and tourism safety.(2)Positive emotions are the dominant mood type of HQMSS in China,followed by neutral emotions,with negative emotions being the least frequent.Emotional images vary across dimensions,with tourism environment and tourism experience evoking relatively higher emotion.(3)The spatial pattern of HQMSS for each dimension at the national,provincial,and scenic scales is diversifying.This article provides a multidimensional perspective for investigating the tourism image of mountainous scenic spots,proposes targeted recommendations to improve the overall image of HQMSS in China,and can greatly contribute to the sustainable development of mountain tourism.展开更多
The Loess positive and negative terrains (P-N terrains), which are widely distributed on the Loess Plateau, are discussed for the first time by introducing its characteristic, demarcation as well as extraction metho...The Loess positive and negative terrains (P-N terrains), which are widely distributed on the Loess Plateau, are discussed for the first time by introducing its characteristic, demarcation as well as extraction method from high-resolution Digital Elevation Models. Using 5 m-resolution DEMs as original test data, P-N terrains of 48 geomorphological units in different parts of Shaanxi Loess Plateau are extracted accurately. Then six indicators for depicting the geomorphologic landscape and spatial configuration characteristic of P-N terrains are proposed. The spatial distribution rules of these indicators and the relationship between the P-N terrains and Loess relief are discussed for further understanding of Loess landforms. Finally, with the integration of P-N terrains and traditional terrain indices, a series of un-supervised classification methods are applied to make a proper landform classification in northern Shaanxi. Results show that P-N terrains are an effect clue to reveal energy and substance distribution rules on the Loess Plateau. A continuous change of P-N terrains from south to north in Shaanxi Loess Plateau shows an obvious spatial difference of Loess land-forms and the positive terrain area only accounted for 60.5% in this region. The P-N terrains participant landform classification method increases validity of the result, especially in the Loess tableland, Loess tableland-ridge and the Loess low-hill area. This research is significant on the study of Loess landforms with the Digital Terrains Analysis methods.展开更多
The core issue of sustainable development refers to the coordinated development of economic-social-environmental issues.In the present study,by complying with the China Sustainable Development Indicator System(CSDIS)c...The core issue of sustainable development refers to the coordinated development of economic-social-environmental issues.In the present study,by complying with the China Sustainable Development Indicator System(CSDIS)concept,a comprehensive index system was built;besides,Natural Breaks(Jenks)Classification Method,Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis and Geographic Detector Analysis were conducted to delve into the sustainability and coordinated degree at city level in China from 2007 to 2017.The achieved results are presented as follows.First,for spatial differentiation,the overall spatial distribution pattern was characterized by the high-value units in eastern China and the low-value units in western China from 2007 to 2017.To be specific,the high-value units were radiated along the Beijing-Guangdong Axis(Jing-Guang Axis)centered on the core of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,the middle-value units were distributed in strips along the coast,and the low-value units were vastly gathered in western China and gradually break via the Hu Huanyong line(Hu Line)in south China from 2007 to 2017.More specifically,based on the five subsystems,the pattern of each system was consistent with the whole,whereas the degree of concentration was different.Second,for spatial correlation,the significant High-High(HH)areas were primarily distributed in the core of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta Regions.The significant Low-Low(LL)areas were continuously distributed in the southwest China and broke through the Hu Line from 2007 to 2017.There were insufficient number of significant High-Low(HL)and significant Low-High(LH)areas,whereas the spatial agglomeration of them was less obvious.Third,for internal coupling coordination,the spatial differentiation between the coupling degree and the coupling coordinated degree was significantly consistent in 2007 and 2017.The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta Regions have demonstrated a high level of coordinated evolution,and the pattern of western mountainous areas exhibited a low degree of coordinated growth.Lastly,based on the combination of quantitative and qualitative,its factors were underpinned by robust economic strength,the vitality support of the information level and the basic support function of the topography,active guidance of national policies and path dependence and industrial transfer.展开更多
This paper investigates secure transmission in a wireless powered communication network(WPCN)with an energy harvesting(EH)source configured with multiple antennas.In the WPCN,the EH source harvests energy from the rad...This paper investigates secure transmission in a wireless powered communication network(WPCN)with an energy harvesting(EH)source configured with multiple antennas.In the WPCN,the EH source harvests energy from the radio frequency(RF)signals broadcasted by a power beacon(PB),and purely relies on the harvested energy to communicate with the destination in the presence of passive eavesdroppers.It is noteworthy that the RF-EH source is equipped with a finite energy storage to accumulate the harvested energy for the future usage.Moreover,due to energy-constraint and complexitylimitation,the multi-antenna source is only configured with a single RF-chain.To enhance the security for the WPCN,we propose two adaptive transmission schemes,i.e.,energy-aware transmit antenna selection(EATAS)and energy-aware differential spatial modulation(EADSM).According to the energy status and the channel quality,the source adaptively decides whether to transmit confidential information or harvest RF energy.To evaluate the secrecy performance of the proposed schemes,we first study the evolution of the energy storage,and then derive the analytical expressions of connection outage probability(COP),secrecy outage probability(SOP)and efficient secrecy throughput(EST).Numerical results demonstrate that our proposed schemes outperform the existing schemes,i.e.,time-switching based TAS(TS-TAS)Received:May 19,2020 Revised:Sep.13,2020 Editor:Deli Qiao and accumulate-then-transmit(ATT).And,increasing the transmit power of the PB or the capacity of the source’s energy storage is helpful to improve the secrecy performance.Moreover,there exists an optimal transmission rate for each proposed scheme to achieve best secrecy performance.展开更多
The logistics nodes and logistics enterprises are the core carriers and organiza- tional subjects of the logistics space, and their location characteristics and differentiation strategies are of key importance to opti...The logistics nodes and logistics enterprises are the core carriers and organiza- tional subjects of the logistics space, and their location characteristics and differentiation strategies are of key importance to optimizing urban logistics spatial patterns and ensuring reasonable resource allocation. Based on Tencent Online Maps Platform from December 2014, 4396 logistics points of interest (POI) were collected in Beijing, China. By the methods of industrial concentration evaluation and kernel density analysis, the spatial distribution pattern of logistics in Beijing are explored, the interaction mechanism among the type differ- ence, supply-demand side factors and location choice behavior are clarified, and the internal mechanism of spatial differentiation under the combined influence of transportation, land rent and assets are revealed. The following conclusions are drawn in the paper. (1) Logistics en- terprises and logistics nodes exhibit the characteristic of both co-agglomeration and spatial separation in location, and logistics activities display the spatial pattern of "marginal area of downtown area, suburbs and exurban area", which have a weak coupling degree with logis- tics employment space. (2) The public logistics space, namely, logistics parks and logistics centers, is produced under the guidance of the government, and the terminal logistics space consisting of logistics distribution centers serving for the specific industries and terminal users is dominated by enterprises. The Iocational differentiation between the two modes of logistics space is significant. (3) In the formation of the logistics spatial location, the government can change the traffic condition by re-planning the transport routes and freight station locations, and control the land rent and availability of different areas by increasing or decreasing the land use of logistics, to impact the enterprise behavior and form different types of logistics space and function differentiation. In comparison, logistics enterprises meet the diverse de- mands of service objects through differentiation of asset allocation to promote the specializa- tion of division and form the object differentiation of logistics space.展开更多
Phase is a fundamental resource for optical imaging but cannot be directly observed with intensity measurements.The existing methods to quantify a phase distribution rely on complex devices and structures and lead to ...Phase is a fundamental resource for optical imaging but cannot be directly observed with intensity measurements.The existing methods to quantify a phase distribution rely on complex devices and structures and lead to difficulties of optical alignment and adjustment.We experimentally demonstrate a phase mining method based on the so-called adjustable spatial differentiation,by analyzing the polarization of light reflection from a single planar dielectric interface.Introducing an adjustable bias,we create a virtual light source to render the measured images with a shadow-cast effect.From the virtual shadowed images,we can further recover the phase distribution of a transparent object with the accuracy of 0.05λRMS.Without any dependence on wavelength or material dispersion,this method directly stems from the intrinsic properties of light and can be generally extended to a broad frequency range.展开更多
基金Supported by the General Program of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2020MD063)the Youth Program of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2013DQ025)the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Shandong Province Joint Funds(No.U1706214)。
文摘Submarine micro-geomorphology is a geo-morphological type occurring in shallow and surface areas of seabed.The combined relationships and distribution of the micro-geomorphology indirectly reflect coupling relationships among the sediment deposition,dynamic environment,and geomorphologic evolution.Spatial differentiation and dynamic changes in micro-geomorphology were studied based on acoustic data interpretation from a wide range(3200 km^(2))of the Huanghe(Yellow)River delta(HRD).The combination of the sub-bottom profiler and the side-scan sonar methods allowed for the identification of submarine shallow micro-geomorphologic types,as well as their scale and spatial distributions.There were seven typical micro-geomorphologic features in the shallow and surface areas of the HRD,including buried ancient channels,stratigraphic disturbances,scour troughs,sand waves,pits,erosional remnants,and sand spots.The coupling and superposition of the sediment,sediment characteristics,seabed scouring and silting,and hydrodynamic conditions of the Huanghe River had combined effects on the patterns of micro-geomorphologic types,characteristics,and ranges.From the perspective of acoustic profile interpretations,the scale,range,and spatial locations of the microgeomorphology in the HRD revealed seasonal variation characteristics,and the spatial distributions displayed significant regional differentiation characteristics.In addition,strong stratigraphic disturbances and areas with densely distributed buried ancient channels reflected the activity and instability of the submarine shallow strata.Through the interpretation of the sub-bottom profile detection data,the diversion processes of the flow paths in the lower reaches of the Huanghe River were obtained for a certain historical period in the coastal waters of the HRD.This study further clarified the relationships between the micro-geomorphologic features and spatial combinations,which is important for research on micro-geomorphologic features and their dynamic mechanisms.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41901205&41701127)he Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20190482)+1 种基金the Philosophy and Social Science Research Project of Jiangsu University(No.2019SJA0034&2016SJD790012)the Scientific Research Start-up Project of Nanjing University of Science and Technology(No.AE89991/117)。
文摘The scientific analyses of the spatial patterns of regional eco-environment livability,along with the explorations of the correlations between ecoenvironments and population and economic activity distributions,are of major significance in the guidance of the coordinated development between social economies,natural resources,and environments.In this study,the topography,climate,hydrology,land cover,air quality,and the dangers presented by natural hazards in the study area were investigated in order to establish an evaluation model for the regional eco-environmental livability.Then,the observed spatial patterns and regional differences in the eco-environmental livability,as well as their relationships with the distributions of population and economic activities in Zhejiang Province,were investigated.The results showed that the ecoenvironmental livability in Zhejiang Province displayed a gradual decreasing trend from southwest to northeast,as well as from the mountains to the hills,valleys,and plains areas.During the compartmentalization of the eco-environmental livability,it was observed that the lowest livable area covered the largest population,accounting for approximately 29.64%of the total population in the study area.The higher livable areas covered the widest land areas,accounting for approximately 26.15%of the total area.Moreover,it was found that the eco-environmental livability in the mountain areas was higher than that in the plain areas in Zhejiang Province.Furthermore,the ecoenvironmental livability was found to have a significant exponential relationship with the population and GDP densities of Zhejiang Province,with the R^2 of the curve-fittings reaching 0.835 and 0.656,respectively.However,it was determined that the coefficient of the exponential function was negative,which indicated that a strong negative relationship existed between the eco-environmental livability and densities of the population and economic activities.It was assumed that the impacts of anthropogenic factors were the fundamental causes of this negative correlation.This study introduced two new factors(air quality and natural hazards)into the evaluation framework of eco-environmental livability.As a result,a more comprehensive model was established for the evaluation of eco-environmenta livability in certain segments of the study area Additionally,the correlation between ecoenvironment livability and human activities was discussed in-depth,which can potentially provide theoretical and practical guidance for the implementation of eco-livability in China,and possibly even those of other vast developing countries.
基金Under the auspices of the Second Comprehensive Scientific Investigation and Research Project of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(No.2019QZKK0406,2019QZKK1007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42001139,42101170)+1 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences Strategic Leading Science and Technology Project(No.XDA20010102)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M670472,2020M680660)。
文摘The Changtang Plateau(CTP)in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China is one of the top-10 uninhabited areas with the most important ecological value in the world.It is of great academic and practical significance to carry out research on human settlements in the marginal zones of the uninhabited areas to promote harmonious coexistence between humans and nature on the CTP.Using high-definition remote-sensing images to visually interpret and identify settlement-patch data,combined with field investigations,this study explores the spatial characteristics of human settlements in Shuanghu and Nyima counties and their responses to natural and socioeconomic conditions in the hinterland of the CTP.Findings reveal that the scale of human settlements on the CTP is extremely small,and density is very sparse.Settlements on the CTP primarily consist of several households,with some containing more than a dozen households,or are sub-village scale.Socioeconomic development is low and socioeconomic factors have a weak influence on the settlement layout on the CTP.Natural factors are the core elements affecting the layout of human settlements on the CTP.Settlements tend to occur on low mountains,gentle slopes,and areas with high average annual temperatures.Careful settlement site selection can help to mitigate the impact of natural disasters.To meet the needs of grazing,settlement layouts must typically have a high-quality grassland orientation.Riverbanks are key settlement areas,and settlement sites are often far away from alpine salt lakes.The characteristics of settlements on the CTP and their responses to environmental conditions significantly differ from those of human settlements in low-altitude inland areas.
基金supported by 2019 Guizhou Provincial Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project(19GZQN11)。
文摘The protection and development problems in ethnic minority villages have received great attention from the Chinese government.This study aims to systematically identify the spatial differentiation characteristics of ethnic minority villages and their influencing factors in Guizhou Province.Applying ArcGIS and GeoDa,a total of 1,014 ethnic minority villages in the four batches announced by the Ethnic and Religious Affairs Commission of Guizhou Province(272in the first batch,240 in the second batch,255 in the third batch,and 247 in the fourth batch)served as the research objects.Utilizing the economic development data in Guizhou Statistical Yearbook 2018-2020 for analysis,the coupling calculation of the spatial layout and economic development level of ethnic minority villages was conducted.The results indicate that the number of ethnic minority village points varies in spatial distribution with remarkable agglomeration.The spatial equilibrium distribution of ethnic minority villages in the province is imbalanced.The kernel density is characterized by independent single kernel centers with sporadic distributions of subcenters and an echelon distribution whole.The spatial complexity distribution indicates that ethnic minority villages in Guizhou possess unequal characteristics,and the fractal of the system structure is more complicated.The findings reveal that the spatial distribution of ethnic minority characteristic villages in Guizhou is highly consistent with that of ethnic minorities in Guizhou.The distribution is the combined results of geographical factors and socialeconomic factors.Most ethnic minority characteristic villages in Guizhou Province are located in areas with complex terrain,inconvenient transportation,and relatively backward economic development.Based on the current geospatial distribution of ethnic minority villages,the present study will provide remarkable implications for the Chinese government to implement the Rural Revitalization Strategy from several key aspects.The Chinese government should establish a protection and development mechanism in ethnic minority villages and strive to enhance the characteristics of ethnic cultural industries.Meanwhile,the"integration of culture and tourism"should be taken as the development strategy while the industry should support rural economic development and help eliminate poverty.This is of crucial practical significance to national unity and rural revitalization in China.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41930644).
文摘Interregional migration has broad and far-reaching impacts on regional urbanization process in ethnic minority areas of Southwest China.The previous literature of interregional migration paid less attention on the ethnic minority areas with fragile geographical feature and marginal socio-economic context in the developing world due to the dearth of reliable data.Based on the 2015 national 1%population sampling survey at the village/community scale,taking Yulong Naxi Autonomous County,Yunnan Province,China as the case study,this paper analyzed the spatial differentiation pattern.The results showed that:(1)migration in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County exhibited obvious spatial differentiation characteristics in terms of population aggregation,population loss,migration direction,and migration activity;(2)the overall spatial differentiation of migration exhibited a"layer+sector"pattern in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County:the first layer was active areas with net inflows(<20 km from the seat of the county government),the second layer was inactive areas(within 20–60 km of the seat of the county government),and the third layer was a mixed"layer+sector"zone(>60 km to the seat of the county government),comprised of inactive areas and active areas with net outflows;(3)the spatial differentiation pattern of migration was highly correlated with the regional contexts including the regional economic development,regional transportation accessibility and regional social development,while regional physical geographical factors had insignificant relationships with the migration pattern.
文摘The study and protection for traditional villages are very important for us to protect Chinese historical and cultural heritage. Data show that under the condition of rapid urbanization. The number and coverage of traditional villages in western China are decreasing. It is impossible to effectively protect a large number of rural settlements at the bottom of China’s traditional settlement system. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the spatial survival status of traditional villages and protect them comprehensively and extensively. Using the digital elevation model (DEM) data of traditional villages in Gansu Province, China, published by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development and the attribute data obtained by the Statistics Bureau of Gansu Province, China, the nuclear density, the Mulan indices, the correlations between the heights and the centers are calculated and used to study the spatial different characteristics of the villages, and a number of results have been achieved: 1) In spatial differentiation, the spatial agglomeration of the villages is obvious and different, which can be seen by the distribution of the villages from along the upper reaches of the Yellow River to the southeast, and the distribution of prefecture-level cities is related to the landforms. 2) In vertical spatial distribution, the span of the altitude data is large. Among the villages, the Zagana Village in Diebu County of Gannan City is the highest and the Zhengjiashe Village in Bingkou Town of Longnan City is the lowest. With the increase of altitude, the number of traditional villages generally shows a tendency of decrease. 3) The spatial differentiation of the traditional villages has a clear normal distribution with the elevation, and the spatial differentiation is low, showing a distinct gourd-like structure;the eastern and southern regions are more concentrated, while the northern and western regions are less concentrated. 4) The spatial differences of the traditional villages have the characteristics of regional differences, which are weakly related to the distance between the central cities and occur mainly in the Longnan mountain regions, the Loess Plateau in the middle of Longzhong and the Gannan plateau. The results of this study are a useful support in protection of traditional villages in provincial scale. It helps to enhance the integrity and systematicness of the protection of the spatial distribution of traditionally villages. The Chinese government had put forward the “Poverty alleviation strategy” to help Gansu Province to get out of the villages’ trouble. Viewed from this angle, the research for effective patterns of traditional villages’ protection and exploitation plays a crucial role in the development of China’s “Poverty Alleviation Strategy”.
文摘The differentiation of urban residential space is a key and hot topic in urban research, which has very important theoretical significance for urban development and residential choice. In this paper, web crawler technology is used to collect urban big data. Using spatial analysis and clustering, the differentiation law of residential space in the main urban area of Wuhan is revealed. The residential differentiation is divided into five types: "Garden" community, "Guozi" community, "Wangjiangshan" community, "Yashe" community, and "Shuxin" community. The "Garden" community is aimed at the elderly, with good medical accessibility and open space around the community. The "Guozi Community" is aimed at young people, and the community has accessibility to good educational and commercial facilities. The "Wangjiangshan" community is oriented towards the social elite group, with beautiful natural living environment, close to the city core, and convenient transportation. The "Yashe" community is aimed at the general income group, and its location is characterized by being adjacent to commercial districts and convenient transportation. The "Shuxin" community is aimed at the middle and lower income groups, far from the city center, and the living environment quality is not high.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41401164, No.41201128
文摘In this study, housing prices data for residential quarters from the period 2001-2012 were used and Global Differentiation Index (GDI) was established to measure the overall differentiation trend in housing prices in Yangzhou City, eastern China. Then the influence of the natural landscape and environment on prices of global housing market and housing submarkets was evaluated by the hedonic price model. The results are shown as follows. (1) There have been increasing gaps among housing prices since 2001. In this period, the differentiation trend has shown an upward fluctuation, which has been coupled with the annual growth rate of housing prices. (2) The spatial distribution of residential quarters of homogenous prices has changed from clustered in 2001 into dispersed in 2012. (3) Natural landscape and environmental externalities clearly influence spatial differentiation of housing prices. (4) In different housing submarkets, the influence of natural landscape and environmental eternalities are varied. Natural landscape characteristics have significant impact on housing prices of ordinary commercial houses and indemnificatory houses, while the impact of environmental characteristics have obvious influence on housing prices of cottages and villas.
基金Under the auspices of the Foundation of the Education Department of Jilin Province,China(No.JJKH20211290KJ)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42171198)。
文摘Village classification is the first step to implementing China’s rural revitalization(RR)strategy,and understanding the geographic differences in the distribution of village types helps to grasp the pathway of their unique development.This study spatialized9250 villages in Jilin Province(divided into six types)of China,and their distribution characteristics and influencing factors were examined using methods such as kernel density estimation,Ripley’s K function,the co-location quotient,and Geodetector.The results indicate that the spatial distribution balance and density of village types are different.All types of villages show an agglomeration distribution pattern,but the scale and intensity vary.There is a strong spatial association between agglomerative promotion(AP)and stable improvement(SIm)villages,as well as between characteristic protection(CP)and prospering frontier and enriching people(PE)villages.The factors affecting their distribution include terrain undulation,the percentage of arable land,the distance to the county town,road network density,population density,gross domestic product(GDP),and industrial enterprise density.The influencing factors for the distribution of village types are closely related to the function of each village.Based on the differences in the spatial distribution and influencing factors of different village types,policy suggestions are given for classified development.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFB1803904)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61805104,11704156,61935013,61875076,and 61865014)in part by the Open Project of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics,China(No.2018WNLOKF015).
文摘Dielectric metasurfaces-based planar optical spatial differentiator and edge detection have recently been proposed to play an important role in the parallel and fast image processing technology.With the development of dielectric metasurfaces of different geometries and resonance mechanisms,diverse on-chip spatial differentiators have been proposed by tailoring the dispersion characteristics of subwavelength structures.This review focuses on the basic principles and characteristic parameters of dielectric metasurfaces as first-and second-order spatial differentiators realized via the Green's function approach.The spatial bandwidth and polarization dependence are emphasized as key properties by comparing the optical transfer flinctions of metasurfaces for different incident wavevectors and polarizations.To present the operational capabilities of a two-dimensional spatial differentiator in image information acquisition,edge detection is described to illustrate the practicability of the device.As an application example,experimental demonstrations of edge detection for different biological cells and a flower mold are discussed,in which a spatial differentiator and objective lens or camera are integrated in three optical pathway configurations.The realization of spatial differentiators and edge detection with dielectric metasurfaces provides new opportunities for ultrafast information identification in biological imaging and machine vision.
基金The Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS, No.KZCX2-310-01, No.KZCX2-307 National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 40101010
文摘By using digitized land use maps of Beijing in 1982, 1992 and 1997 and employing GIS spatial analysis techniques, this paper conducts an empirical study on the spatial differentiation and spatial patterns of urban land use growth in Beijing in the period of 1982–1997. It is observed that urban land use growth in Beijing went beyond the control of urban planning, in terms of the extraordinary high growth rate and undesired spatial pattern. The rate of urban expansion after 1982, which was predominated by growth of industrial land, was extraordinary high compared to its historical period. While its growth centers have been actively shifting toward the northern part, rather than toward the southern and eastern parts as designated by the latest General Plan (1991–2010) of Beijing, its spatial pattern of urban land use growth in general was in distinct concentric sprawl, which seriously violated the General Plan of Beijing.
基金ssupported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (90302009,40801216)the Ministry of Water Resources' Special Funds for Scientific Research on Public Causes (201001062)
文摘The spatial distribution of vegetation in Qaidam Basin was analyzed using GIMMS(Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies) /NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data set from January 1982 to December 2006.Based on the data of precipitation,terrain,stream systems,land use and the map of vegetation distribution in Qaidam Basin,we studied the factors influencing the spatial distribution of vegetation.The results showed that the vegetation was generally low in Qaidam Basin and there was a clear semi-ring structure from southeast to northwest.In some areas,the existence of rivers,lakes and spring belts turned this semi-ring structure into a non-continuous state and formed distinct bright spots and continuous linear features.There were four main factors that affected the spatial distribution of vegetation coverage in Qaidam Basin,i.e.,precipitation,hydrological conditions,altitude and human activities.Precipitation and altitude have a correlation and determine the basic pattern of vegetation distribution in Qaidam Basin.The impacts of hydrological conditions and human activities were mainly embodied in partial areas,and often broke the pattern of vegetation distribution dominated by precipitation and altitude.
基金Under the auspices of Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA19040500)。
文摘To investigate the spatial synergy between agricultural development level and transport superiority degree in grain-producing areas of the central Jilin Province and the driving mechanism between them,22 counties in the central Jilin Province were used as the research units to calculate agricultural development level and transport superiority degree using the entropy weighting method,weighted travel time and raster cost distance.The spatial econometric model was used to analyze the mechanism of the mutual influence between the two.The main conclusions are as follows.1)Agricultural development level around Changchun,the provincial capital city,and in the areas of Changchun-Jilin and Changchun-Gongzhuling is high,whereas the development level of the counties in the southwest is low.2)Transport superiority degree of each county has improved,the overall connectivity of the road networks has been optimized,and the level of transportation accessibility has shown the development trend of‘centralization’,exhibiting the characteristics of proximity diffusion.3)Locally,there is spatial heterogeneity in the mutual driving effects of the two,with six main patterns.4)The theoretical conditions of von Thunen’s agricultural location have changed under the conditions of market economy due to the improvement of the transport networks,the new model of agricultural development,and the changes of the market system.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China[LH2019D009]。
文摘A favorable tourism image of high-quality mountain scenic spots(HQMSS)is crucial for tourism prosperity and sustainability.This paper establishes a framework for investigating the tourism image based on cognitive-emotion theory and uses natural language processing(NLP)tools to clarify the cognition,emotion,and overall tourist image of the HQMSS in China from the perspective of tourist perception.This paper examines the multi-dimensional spatial differentiation of China's overall image,including province,scenic spot scales,as well as the spatial pattern of the overall comprehensive tourism image.Strategies for comprehensively improving HQMSS's tourism image are also formulated.The results show that:(1)The cognitive image of Chinese HQMSS is categorized into core and marginal images,and the core images such as scenery and cable car are the expression of the uniqueness of mountainous scenic spots.Additionally,the cognitive image is classified into six dimensions:tourism environment,tourism supporting facilities,tourism experience,tourism price,tourism service,and tourism safety.(2)Positive emotions are the dominant mood type of HQMSS in China,followed by neutral emotions,with negative emotions being the least frequent.Emotional images vary across dimensions,with tourism environment and tourism experience evoking relatively higher emotion.(3)The spatial pattern of HQMSS for each dimension at the national,provincial,and scenic scales is diversifying.This article provides a multidimensional perspective for investigating the tourism image of mountainous scenic spots,proposes targeted recommendations to improve the overall image of HQMSS in China,and can greatly contribute to the sustainable development of mountain tourism.
基金Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40930531 National Youth Science Foundation of China, No.40801148 Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation. No. 090412062
文摘The Loess positive and negative terrains (P-N terrains), which are widely distributed on the Loess Plateau, are discussed for the first time by introducing its characteristic, demarcation as well as extraction method from high-resolution Digital Elevation Models. Using 5 m-resolution DEMs as original test data, P-N terrains of 48 geomorphological units in different parts of Shaanxi Loess Plateau are extracted accurately. Then six indicators for depicting the geomorphologic landscape and spatial configuration characteristic of P-N terrains are proposed. The spatial distribution rules of these indicators and the relationship between the P-N terrains and Loess relief are discussed for further understanding of Loess landforms. Finally, with the integration of P-N terrains and traditional terrain indices, a series of un-supervised classification methods are applied to make a proper landform classification in northern Shaanxi. Results show that P-N terrains are an effect clue to reveal energy and substance distribution rules on the Loess Plateau. A continuous change of P-N terrains from south to north in Shaanxi Loess Plateau shows an obvious spatial difference of Loess land-forms and the positive terrain area only accounted for 60.5% in this region. The P-N terrains participant landform classification method increases validity of the result, especially in the Loess tableland, Loess tableland-ridge and the Loess low-hill area. This research is significant on the study of Loess landforms with the Digital Terrains Analysis methods.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41701130)The Decision-making Bidding Project of Henan Provincial Government in 2018(No.2018B163)。
文摘The core issue of sustainable development refers to the coordinated development of economic-social-environmental issues.In the present study,by complying with the China Sustainable Development Indicator System(CSDIS)concept,a comprehensive index system was built;besides,Natural Breaks(Jenks)Classification Method,Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis and Geographic Detector Analysis were conducted to delve into the sustainability and coordinated degree at city level in China from 2007 to 2017.The achieved results are presented as follows.First,for spatial differentiation,the overall spatial distribution pattern was characterized by the high-value units in eastern China and the low-value units in western China from 2007 to 2017.To be specific,the high-value units were radiated along the Beijing-Guangdong Axis(Jing-Guang Axis)centered on the core of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,the middle-value units were distributed in strips along the coast,and the low-value units were vastly gathered in western China and gradually break via the Hu Huanyong line(Hu Line)in south China from 2007 to 2017.More specifically,based on the five subsystems,the pattern of each system was consistent with the whole,whereas the degree of concentration was different.Second,for spatial correlation,the significant High-High(HH)areas were primarily distributed in the core of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta Regions.The significant Low-Low(LL)areas were continuously distributed in the southwest China and broke through the Hu Line from 2007 to 2017.There were insufficient number of significant High-Low(HL)and significant Low-High(LH)areas,whereas the spatial agglomeration of them was less obvious.Third,for internal coupling coordination,the spatial differentiation between the coupling degree and the coupling coordinated degree was significantly consistent in 2007 and 2017.The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta Regions have demonstrated a high level of coordinated evolution,and the pattern of western mountainous areas exhibited a low degree of coordinated growth.Lastly,based on the combination of quantitative and qualitative,its factors were underpinned by robust economic strength,the vitality support of the information level and the basic support function of the topography,active guidance of national policies and path dependence and industrial transfer.
基金supported in part by the National Science Foundations of China under Grant 61801496 and 61801497the Defense Science Foundations of China under Grant 2019-JCJQ-JJ-221the National University of Defense Technology Youth Innovation Award Research Project under Grant 23200306。
文摘This paper investigates secure transmission in a wireless powered communication network(WPCN)with an energy harvesting(EH)source configured with multiple antennas.In the WPCN,the EH source harvests energy from the radio frequency(RF)signals broadcasted by a power beacon(PB),and purely relies on the harvested energy to communicate with the destination in the presence of passive eavesdroppers.It is noteworthy that the RF-EH source is equipped with a finite energy storage to accumulate the harvested energy for the future usage.Moreover,due to energy-constraint and complexitylimitation,the multi-antenna source is only configured with a single RF-chain.To enhance the security for the WPCN,we propose two adaptive transmission schemes,i.e.,energy-aware transmit antenna selection(EATAS)and energy-aware differential spatial modulation(EADSM).According to the energy status and the channel quality,the source adaptively decides whether to transmit confidential information or harvest RF energy.To evaluate the secrecy performance of the proposed schemes,we first study the evolution of the energy storage,and then derive the analytical expressions of connection outage probability(COP),secrecy outage probability(SOP)and efficient secrecy throughput(EST).Numerical results demonstrate that our proposed schemes outperform the existing schemes,i.e.,time-switching based TAS(TS-TAS)Received:May 19,2020 Revised:Sep.13,2020 Editor:Deli Qiao and accumulate-then-transmit(ATT).And,increasing the transmit power of the PB or the capacity of the source’s energy storage is helpful to improve the secrecy performance.Moreover,there exists an optimal transmission rate for each proposed scheme to achieve best secrecy performance.
基金Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41501123, No.71703219
文摘The logistics nodes and logistics enterprises are the core carriers and organiza- tional subjects of the logistics space, and their location characteristics and differentiation strategies are of key importance to optimizing urban logistics spatial patterns and ensuring reasonable resource allocation. Based on Tencent Online Maps Platform from December 2014, 4396 logistics points of interest (POI) were collected in Beijing, China. By the methods of industrial concentration evaluation and kernel density analysis, the spatial distribution pattern of logistics in Beijing are explored, the interaction mechanism among the type differ- ence, supply-demand side factors and location choice behavior are clarified, and the internal mechanism of spatial differentiation under the combined influence of transportation, land rent and assets are revealed. The following conclusions are drawn in the paper. (1) Logistics en- terprises and logistics nodes exhibit the characteristic of both co-agglomeration and spatial separation in location, and logistics activities display the spatial pattern of "marginal area of downtown area, suburbs and exurban area", which have a weak coupling degree with logis- tics employment space. (2) The public logistics space, namely, logistics parks and logistics centers, is produced under the guidance of the government, and the terminal logistics space consisting of logistics distribution centers serving for the specific industries and terminal users is dominated by enterprises. The Iocational differentiation between the two modes of logistics space is significant. (3) In the formation of the logistics spatial location, the government can change the traffic condition by re-planning the transport routes and freight station locations, and control the land rent and availability of different areas by increasing or decreasing the land use of logistics, to impact the enterprise behavior and form different types of logistics space and function differentiation. In comparison, logistics enterprises meet the diverse de- mands of service objects through differentiation of asset allocation to promote the specializa- tion of division and form the object differentiation of logistics space.
基金The authors acknowledge funding through the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC Grants Nos.91850108 and 61675179)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0205700)the Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation,and the Open Research Program of Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province.Z.R.,T.Z.,and J.H.are named inventors on a number of related patent applications related to this work。
文摘Phase is a fundamental resource for optical imaging but cannot be directly observed with intensity measurements.The existing methods to quantify a phase distribution rely on complex devices and structures and lead to difficulties of optical alignment and adjustment.We experimentally demonstrate a phase mining method based on the so-called adjustable spatial differentiation,by analyzing the polarization of light reflection from a single planar dielectric interface.Introducing an adjustable bias,we create a virtual light source to render the measured images with a shadow-cast effect.From the virtual shadowed images,we can further recover the phase distribution of a transparent object with the accuracy of 0.05λRMS.Without any dependence on wavelength or material dispersion,this method directly stems from the intrinsic properties of light and can be generally extended to a broad frequency range.