Fuzzy c-means clustering based on spatial neighborhood information for image segmentation

Fuzzy c-means （FCM） algorithm is one of the most popular methods for image segmentation. However, the standard FCM algorithm is sensitive to noise because of not taking into account the spatial information in the image. An improved FCM algorithm is proposed to improve the antinoise performance of FCM algorithm. The new algorithm is formulated by incorporating the spatial neighborhood information into the membership function for clustering. The distribution statistics of the neighborhood pixels and the prior probability are used to form a new membership func- tion. It is not only effective to remove the noise spots but also can reduce the misclassified pixels. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm is more accurate and robust to noise than the standard FCM algorithm.

Spatial Relation Resolution and Spatial Relation Abstraction

This paper attempts toregard spatial relation transformationas an important process in map gener-alization. The spatial relation generali-zation can be divided into the compo-nents of abstraction: topology, dis-tance and orientation. The concept‘ spatial relation resolution' is intro-duced to describe the constraints ofrelative spatial relation. On the basisof nine intersection models, the cardi-nal direction models and the iso-dis-tance-relation models, this paper givesthree sorts of relation resolution repre-sentations for topological, distance andorientation relation, respectively. Twomapping implementations in map gen-eralization is discussed.

Influence of climatic conditions,topography and soil attributes on the spatial distribution of site productivity index of the species rich forests of Jalisco,Mexico

This paper presents an approach based on field data to model the spatial distribution of the site productivity index （SPI） of the diverse forest types in Jalisco, Mexico and the response in SPI to site and cli-matic conditions. A linear regression model was constructed to test the hypothesis that site and climate variables can be used to predict the SPI of the major forest types in Jalisco. SPI varied significantly with topog-raphy （elevation, aspect and slope）, soil attributes （pH, sand and silt）, climate （temperature and precipitation zones） and forest type. The most important variable in the model was forest type, which accounted for 35% of the variability in SPI. Temperature and precipitation accounted for 8 to 9% of the variability in SPI while the soil attributes accounted for less than 4% of the variability observed in SPI. No significant differences were detected between the observed and predicted SPI for the individual forest types. The linear regression model was used to develop maps of the spatial variability in predicted SPI for the individual forest types in the state. The spatial site productivity models developed in this study provides a basis for understanding the complex relationship that exists between forest productivity and site and climatic conditions in the state. Findings of this study will assist resource managers in making cost-effective decisions about the management of individual forest types in the state of Jalisco, Mexico.

Externalities, Floating Population and Spatial Agglomeration

With the further development of socialist market economy, the mobility of factor markets in China, especially the labor market, is strengthened. Externalities interacts with the ag- glomeration of productive factors. Under the framework of new economic geography, this article presents a theoretical model involving the endogenous population density affected by urban externalities. Results show that the population density is more concentrated around the center because the degree and extent of interaction between individuals intensifies when the distance from the center decreases. When there are several externalities re- sources, the aggregation of externalities changes the configuration of spatial factor allocation. These results fit well with the empiri- cal facts about the decreasing density of floating population along the cities of Guangzhou, Dongguan and Shenzhen in Guangdong Province which is situated in the eastern coast of the Pearl River Delta. We find that under the impacts of externalities released from Hong Kong into the coast, floating population was more concentrated around Shenzhen and Dongguan, which are more adjacent to Hong Kong compared with Guangzhou City.

Spatial Variation and Space Optimization of the Development of China’s Circular Economy

China's circular economy is still at the initial stage, whose development has many difficulties and problems requiring immediate resolution theoretically and practically. Due to the differences of regions on the scale of land, endowment of resources, economic basis and cultural background, the developmental levels and capabilities of circular economy are inevitably different. Based on establishing the indicator system for assessing the developmental level of regional circular economy, spatial variation of China's circular economy is measured by the quantitative measurement using principal component analysis, and the existing problems are also analyzed and discussed. On one hand, the differences of the development capability of the circular economy of different provinces (cities) are profound in China; ①Difference between the first category (strong) and the second category (relatively strong) is 1.1264 points. Difference between the second category and the third category (relatively weak) is 0.3867 points. Difference between the third category and the fourth category (weak) is 1.0238 points. Difference between the first category and the fourth category reaches up to 2.0869 points. Average difference between the area where the developmental level of circular economy is relatively strong and the area where the developmental level of circular economy is relatively weak is 1.3617 points. ②The differences of the distribution of the areas, with different development capability of circular economy, which are located in the three economic regions of China, are also profound. The regions with a relatively strong development capability of circular economy are mainly located in the eastern economic area, which account for 22.58% of the whole regions, while only account for 12.90% in the middle and western economic areas. On the contrary, the regions with a relatively weak development capability of circular economy account for 48.39% in the middle and western area, while account for 16.13% in the eastern area. On the other hand, among regions with different development capability of circular economy, the regions with a relatively weak development capability of circular economy are in a dominant position, which accountfor 64.52% of all the provinces (cities), which indicates that the development of the China's circular economy still has a long way to go. Though certain achievements have been made in the development of China's circular economy, in general, there are still some obstacles to be tacked in the development of China's circular economy which require the economic, legal and administrative methods.

Environmental Effects of Foreign Trade and Its Spatial Variations in Mid-eastern Provinces and Cities of China

The studies on environmental effects of foreign trade and its spatial variations are helpful to design and implement environmental protection countermeasures.In order to eliminate the adverse effects of insufficient observation values on the accuracy of regression results and dynamic information quantity of fitting equation during empirical study,panel data of the mid-eastern provinces and cities of China from 1985 to 2007 were selected based on the adjustment of classical regression model in this paper.Panel unit root test and panel cointegration analysis method were applied to investigating the environmental effects of foreign trade and its spatial variations in the mid-eastern provinces and cities of China and its three groups divided by foreign trade dependence.The results show that all scale effects are positive,while all technical effects are negative and unable to counteract positive scale effects.Foreign trade development is regarded as an important cause for outstanding eco-environmental problems in the mid-eastern provinces and cities of China.Total effects and structural effects are significantly different among different groups because of spatial variations in environmental policies,export destinations,source of FDI,etc.Following the principle of′coordinating generality and considering differences comprehensively′,it is essential to issue a series of policies and countermeasures corresponding to differences in regional environmental effect of foreign trade,in order to coordinate the relationship between foreign trade development and eco-environment in each region.

基于碳汇潜力的碳排放空间关联网络结构特征及影响因素——以长江中游城市群为例

考虑碳汇潜力的碳排放空间关联是促进城市群协同减排的重要基础,更是实现碳中和的有力抓手。以长江中游城市群为研究区,对传统引力模型进行修正,构建兼具碳汇潜力的碳排放空间关联网络,采用社会网络分析(SNA)和二次指派程序方法(QAP)探究长江中游城市群碳排放空间关联网络的时空特征与影响因素。结果表明:①研究期间长江中游城市群碳排放网络关联关系数、网络密度和网络关联度呈增长趋势,网络效率和网络等级度不断下降,且网络等级度在2010年后始终为0,表明碳排放空间关联网络日益稠密、网络通达性较强,存在多重叠加的溢出渠道,但等级结构并不森严。基于碳汇潜力的长江中游城市群碳排放空间关联网络从“双核化”向“多极化、多线程”网络形态发展,核心城市的扩散作用不断增强。此外,以抚州、宜昌、鹰潭、上饶和吉安等为代表的高碳生态承载力地区,在碳排放空间关联网络中的受益关联性大于溢出关联性。②2020年,长江中游城市群碳排放空间关联网络形成四大板块,相较于板块内部成员间的碳排放空间关联效应,板块间的碳排放空间关联效应更为明显,即板块间的“碳排放转移”效应较为普遍。净溢出板块主要分布在武汉都市圈、宜荆荆都市圈和长株潭城市群外围城市,处于网络核心圈层位置;净受益板块主要分布在环鄱阳湖城市群东部,“碳排放避难所”效应显著。经纪人板块集中在环鄱阳湖城市群西部,板块间表现出“净溢出板块→经纪人板块→净受益板块”的碳排放传递路径,呈现出明显的“梯度转移”特征。双向溢出板块主要位于长江中游城市群西部,对净溢出和净受益板块都存在碳排放的空间溢出。研究期内,净溢出板块的成员虽然有所变化但总数保持不变,经纪人板块的成员有所增加,而净受益和双向溢出板块的成员均减少,环鄱阳湖城市群的“碳排放避难所”效应有所弱化。③地理邻近关系能够促进城市间碳排放关联关系的建立,而城市间的经济集聚程度、土地利用强度和经济发展水平上的互补性,促使碳排放空间关联网络随着城市间分工与协作的加强而呈现出千里“碳缘”一线牵的特点。

乌溪江水库富营养化程度及其影响因子时空分布探讨

了解乌溪江水库主要水质指标的时空分布特征,探究其营养化程度的变化趋势,可为改善乌溪江水库水质、维护其生态系统提供数据参考。2019-2020年,对丽水市乌溪江水库的7个采样点(S1~S7)的水温(WT)、水深(WD)、pH、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)等理化因子进行监测,并分析对比综合营养指数和理化因子等关键指标在不同时期的分布特征。结果显示,乌溪江水库的营养盐浓度呈现春夏高秋冬低、从上游(S1)至下游(S7)逐渐下降的趋势,平均综合营养指数从47.1(S1)下降到32.5(S7),整体上属于中营养化水库。TP浓度在0.002~0.040 mg/L,平均值为0.012 mg/L;TN浓度在0.412~2.826 mg/L,氮的主要赋存形式为硝酸盐。Chl-a含量均值为3.77μg/L,河流区的Chl-a含量显著高于下游的过渡区和湖泊区。分析表明汛期地表径流带来的富营养化压力最大,同时也是氮磷等外源性营养盐输入水体的主要途径;WT、p H、TP与Chl-a含量中等程度相关,水库生态系统具备很强的净化能力,但近年来富营养化程度加剧。

福建省城市群茶旅融合:耦合协调、空间分布与发展路径探究

茶旅产业融合发展是当前经济发展的客观需求,运用耦合协调度模型、探索性空间数据分析方法,采用2012—2023年福建省9个城市的面板数据分析茶旅产业融合水平,选取四个年度的截面数据分析茶旅产业融合水平空间分布特征。研究表明:(1)福建省茶产业发展总体处于低值水平,绝大部分城市茶产业综合发展水平都呈逐渐上升趋势,而福建省旅游产业发展总体处于中等偏下水平,呈现波浪式发展趋势,绝大部分城市旅游产业综合发展水平呈逐渐上升趋势。(2)福建省茶旅产业融合发展水平不高,9个城市中,莆田、龙岩和漳州为轻度失调,厦门、三明和泉州为濒临失调,福州和宁德为勉强协调,南平最高为初级协调。此外,其融合发展水平具有显著的正空间关系,且存在较强的空间溢出效应。绝大多数城市分布在一、三象限,呈正向空间集聚特征。(3)福建省茶旅产业融合发展水平的空间集聚特征分为三种类型——高-高型、高-低型和不显著型。鉴于此,应发挥茶产业资源优势,整合现有品牌;完善旅游产业体系,推进四大旅游区域联动发展;创新茶旅融合路径,促进茶旅产业协同发展;深挖产业形态,延长产业链条;产业相互带动,增强区域间的交流合作。

中华体育精神的空间传承与创新——从列斐伏尔的空间生产理论看北京2022年冬奥会

中华体育精神是中华民族在长期体育实践中形成和积淀的优秀精神文化,为实现体育强国和中华民族伟大复兴提供价值引领。运用文献资料调研和逻辑分析研究方法,以列斐伏尔的空间生产理论为理论框架,以北京2022年冬奥会为研究对象,从空间实践、空间表征和表征的空间3个维度,分析北京2022年冬奥会空间生产与中华体育精神传承创新的关系。北京2022年冬奥会空间生产既是北京2022年冬奥会空间的物质化、概念化和感性化的过程,又是北京2022年冬奥会空间的生产者和消费者互动、协商的过程。北京2022年冬奥会空间生产与中华体育精神有着密切关系,既是中华体育精神的具体体现、有效传播和创新发展,又助力实现体育强国和中华民族伟大复兴。

青海湖流域植被覆盖时空变化特征及驱动力分析

【目的】探索青海湖流域植被动态变化格局及其对气候变化和人类活动的响应。【方法】采用趋势分析、多元回归残差分析、偏相关分析等方法,以MOD13Q1遥感数据和气象数据为基础,分析2001-2019年流域植被覆盖时空变化特征及其驱动力。【结果】(1)2001-2019年青海湖流域植被覆盖度(FVC)增长率为2.1%/10 a,呈显著波动上升趋势(P<0.05),FVC改善面积约为1.21×10^(4) km^(2),占总面积的48.77%;(2)气候变化和人类活动对植被覆盖变化的贡献率分别为57.83%和41.52%;(3)降水和温度与FVC变化呈显著正相关的面积占比分别为7.93%和4.15%。【结论】近19 a年青海湖流域FVC整体改善显著,显著改善区域主要分布于流域西部和青海湖北岸区域;气候变化是流域FVC变化的主导因素,但人类活动对局地FVC变化具有显著的抑制作用;降水对流域FVC变化的影响力更高,局地FVC变化对温度响应更强烈。

环境规制执行互动影响工业绿色转型的空间效应研究

基于2006—2021年省级面板数据,在理论分析的基础上,借助两区制空间杜宾模型考察了环境规制执行的空间互动形式,并构建空间杜宾模型实证检验了环境规制执行互动影响工业绿色转型的空间效应,结果显示:正式环境规制表现为“竞相向上”的空间互动形式,非正式环境规制表现为“竞相向上”和“逐底竞争”并存的空间互动形式;正式环境规制和非正式环境规制的本地效应略高于空间溢出效应,地理接壤地区的总体空间效应高于地理相邻地区。因此,应从宏观视角持续优化环境治理结构,引导环境规制良性竞争;从中观视角发挥区域协同治理优势,强化环境规制互动成效;从微观视角深入落实绿色金融战略,提高绿色金融监管水平;从空间视角合理布局工业绿色产业,全面推进绿色低碳转型。

城际铁路与地铁一体化运营条件下不同候车与安检模式的换乘站空间功能优化

[目的]城际铁路车站与地铁车站在运营管理规则与机制等方面存在一定差异,为了实现城际铁路车站与地铁车站的换乘顺畅、功能融合、先进适用、管理高效等,须根据国家有关文件要求,研究城际铁路与地铁等轨道交通的协同运输组织,实现区域内互通互联、换乘便捷、一票通达。换乘车站的空间功能优化,是一体化运营条件下不同候车与安检模式车站设计研究中的关键问题。[方法]在一体化车站空间功能的框架下,分析城际铁路车站和地铁车站差异化,针对同期建设车站和非同期建设车站两种情况,研究一体化车站功能空间布局原则,并通过实际案例的一体化改造分析,论证空间布局原则的可行性与合理性。[结果及结论]轨道交通一体化车站功能空间布局宜结合所在地政策、规划等条件,为城市弹性发展需求预留必要的一体化工程条件。一体化车站功能空间布局原则是基于一体化运营管理条件下提出的,尚需结合行车组织、客流需求、建设时序等,开展针对性的研究。对于同期建设和非同期建设的车站,功能空间布局原则不同。

新疆植被总初级生产力对大气水分亏缺的响应

近几十年来新疆气候变化显著,“暖湿化”转型与“湿干转折”先后出现,势必对地区植被生产力、大气干旱状况以及二者间的响应关系产生影响。以植被总初级生产力(GPP)和大气水分亏缺(VPD)作为评价指标,分析了1982—2018年新疆地区植被GPP、VPD的时空分布与演变规律,并揭示了大气水分胁迫对植被GPP的影响。结果表明:(1)新疆植被GPP整体具有北高南低的分布特征,年均值为256.6 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1),呈显著上升趋势。GPP增加趋势占植被总面积的82.00%,其中增加显著区约占42.81%,多分布于南疆绿洲和北疆山前农业区;GPP下降趋势占比较小且分布零散。(2)新疆地区VPD具有“山区低、平原/盆地高”的鲜明格局,年均值为0.66 kPa,呈不显著波动上升趋势。全疆大部地区表现出VPD显著性上升,下降趋势零星出现在昆仑山脉高海拔山区。(3)新疆植被GPP对VPD的响应“正负共存”,并具有明显空间异质性。GPP与VPD的负相关占植被区总面积的54.52%,主要出现在山前草地地带;正相关则主要分布在塔里木盆地边缘和天山北坡及其东段,以栽培作物和灌木类型为主。VPD对GPP的影响在不同植被类型间差异鲜明,而在同一植被类型内正、负响应共存。分析认为,虽然大气水分胁迫尚未成为地区植被生产力变化的主导驱动力,但在新疆干旱化急剧增加背景下,仍需加强对GPP与VPD响应关系的跟踪。

Composition and flux of nutrients transport to the Changjiang Estuary

Based on the results of water sample measurements of nutrient concentrations at th e Datong Station of the Changjiang River from 1998 to 1999, combined w ith historical data of water quality, seasonal variations of nutrient concentrations and nutrient transports are discussed.The following results have been obtained: (1) the fluxes of the nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen increased by time-series from 1962 to 1990 , even if runoff volume had a little variation; (2) the concentrations and fluxes of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved in organic phosphorus (DIP) increased notably with time, but those of the dissolved silicon (DSI) decreased pronouncedly; and (3) the concentration s and fluxes changed synchronously with time between the Datong Station a nd the Changjiang Estuary.

New targets number estimation method under colored noise background

A multiple targets detection method based on spatial smoothing （MTDSS） is proposed to solve the problem of the source number estimation under the colored noise background. The forward and backward smoothing based on auxiliary vectors which are received data on some specific elements is computed. By the spatial smoothing with auxiliary vectors, the correlated signals are decorrelated, and the colored noise is partially alleviated. The correlation matrix formed from the cross correlations between subarray data and auxiliary vectors is computed. By exploring the second-order statistics property of the covariance matrix, a threshold based on Gerschgorin radii of the smoothing correlation matrix is set to estimate the number of sources. Simulations and experimental results validate that MTDSS has an effective performance under the condition of the colored noise background and coherent sources, and MTDSS is robust with the correlated factor of signals and noise.

New Precoded Spatial-Multiplexing for an Erasure Event in Single Frequency Networks

In this paper, we propose a new spatial-multiplexing(SM) scheme employing an orthogonal precoder over Rayleigh-fading channels for an erasure event in single frequency networks(SFN). To optimize the precoder, the average bit error rate(BER) is evaluated and minimized through a mathematical analysis. Compared to an ordinary SM, the proposed scheme guarantees identical BER performance under non-erasure fading channels and achieves a greatly improved performance under erasure fading channels, especially for a higher erasure-ratio and SNR values. This improvement is mainly due to the increase in the diversity gain incurred by the optimized precoder over the erasure event. We also compare the performance of the proposed SM to that of the conventional constellation-rotation(CR) scheme applied to the single antenna SFN systems. The results of a computer simulation show that the performance of the new scheme is more effective than that of a conventional CR across all simulation cases.

公交出行时空模式的影响因素和效应研究

为揭示公交出行时空模式的影响因素和作用效应,利用智能公交数据获取公交出行时空特征,应用DBSCAN聚类算法挖掘公交出行的时空规律性。以起点建成环境、终点建成环境、出行路径性能、公交运营性能和公交出行强度5个方面的18个指标为自变量,以公交出行时空特征和公交出行时空规律性2个方面的4个指标为因变量构建变量指标体系,融合智能公交、POI等多源数据对指标进行量化计算,建立结构方程模型对公交出行时空模式的影响效应进行分析。研究结果表明:公交出行模式具有时空异质性,平峰时段公交出行距离和出行时长均长于早、晚高峰时段;时间规律性强的公交出行主要发生在高峰时段,空间规律性强的公交出行集中分布在城市中心区;出行路径性能、公交运营性能、起点建成环境、终点建成环境对公交出行的时空特征有显著影响(早高峰影响效应分别为-0.749,-0.413,-0.244,-0.228);公交出行强度、出行路径性能、起点建成环境和终点建成环境对公交出行的时空规律性有显著影响(早高峰影响效应分别为0.688,0.069,0.022,0.021);各因素对公交出行时空模式的影响具有时间异质性,平峰时段的影响均大于早、晚高峰时段。研究结论能够为公交导向的城市规划设计、公交系统优化等工作提供参考依据。

车间2×2 MIMO可见光通信模型优化研究

本文提出了一种车与车空间分集接收的2×2多输入多输出(Multiple Input Multiple Output,MIMO)可见光通信模型.该2×2MIMO模型以基于市场加权灯束模型的汽车前照灯作为2个发射器,以光电探测器作为2个接收器,分别考虑了沥青和水泥两种类型路面对接收光功率的影响,对2个光电探测器接收的信噪比进行最大比合并处理.在不同类型路面以及不同光电探测器高度下研究了两车相对位置与光电探测器接收到的光功率之间的关系,并分析了光电探测器最优接收高度时车间通信范围和误码率性能之间的关系.研究结果表明:真实路面反射对通信质量有较大影响,在评估通信质量时不可忽略,且沥青路面对通信质量的影响大于水泥路面.当两个光电探测器安装在接收信号车辆尾部距离路面的垂直高度为0.2 m,误码率小于10^(-4)时,以5 Mbps的数据速率车间通信距离可以达到28 m.相比于同样条件下单输入多输出(Single Input Multiple Output,SIMO)可见光通信模型,本文模型不同车间通信距离下的垂直平面宽度最大增加了3 m,车间通信距离至少增加了0.5 m.本文提出的可见光通信模型考虑了真实汽车前照灯模型和路面反射特性,为车间2×2MIMO可见光通信的研究提供了可靠的理论依据和实验指导.

城市地下工程典型爆炸危险源辨识

二十一世纪,在国内外飞速发展的城市地下工程施工和运营过程中,突发爆炸事件频频发生,造成巨大的人员伤亡和严重的财产损失。本文研究了城市地下工程典型爆炸危险源,整理已有的爆炸危险源分类方法,提出针对城市地下工程典型爆炸危险源的分类方法。分析了城市地下工程爆源的空间分布特征,描述了城市地下工程突发爆炸的可能位置。同时给出了城市地下工程各类爆炸的发生原因,分析了城市地下工程典型突发爆炸的诱发机理及条件,总结了对应的预防措施。本文针对城市地下工程典型爆炸危险源进行辨识,期望帮助企业和政府做好预防措施和应急预案,降低城市地下工程爆炸事故的发生率。