Spatio-temporal Evolution of Marine Fishery Industry Ecosystem Vulnerability in the Bohai Rim Region

The building of the ocean power strategy and the implementation of the blue agriculture plan urgently need to strengthen the sustainable development of marine fishery.Taking vulnerability as the starting point, this paper constructs the vulnerability index system of marine fishery industry ecosystem from the aspects of sensitivity and response capacity, and combines the entropy method with the Topsis to comprehensively analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of vulnerability of marine fishery industry ecosystem in the Bohai Rim Region from 2001 to 2015.The results show that: 1) In the time dimension, from 2001 to 2015, the vulnerability of the marine fishery industry ecosystem in the Bohai Rim Region shows a fluctuant and degressive trend;2) In the spatial dimension, the spatial distribution of the marine fishery industry ecosystem vulnerability in the Bohai Rim Region presents the gradient characteristics which shows high vulnerability in the east and low vulnerability in the west.According to the evolution track of the system’s vulnerability level, the vulnerability of the marine fishery industry ecosystem is divided into ‘declining’ and ‘stable’ types of evolutionary structures;3) The development of marine fishery in the Bohai Rim Region needs to be derived from the marine fishery’s ecological environment and the industrial development mode and structure, which can improve the marine environment remediation efforts, optimize the marine fishery industry structure, vigorously focus on pelagic fishery, and enhance the introduction of marine fishery’s science and technology talents, etc.Then, the marine fishery’s development in the Bohai Rim Region will be moving in the green, circular and sustainable direction.

Spatio-temporal evolution of ecologically-sustainable land use in China's Loess Plateau and detection of its influencing factors

Ecological land(Eco-land) is a basic resource for human beings to survive, and eco-land use is a strategy, a way to manage the land resource. So, ecologically-sustainable land use is essential for human beings to survive. This paper investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics and mechanisms of urban-rural eco-land using a new and innovative integration way based on eco-land change data in China's Loess Plateau(LP) prefecture level cities and explores factors of eco-land change. The spatial difference characteristic of eco-land among different level cities in the LP is that: small cities > big cities > middle cities. From 2009 to 2016, the eco-land in the LP from the perspective of urban-rural areas has changed significantly. Significant differences of urban-rural eco-land were identified among various urban growth types, and all the cities in the LP were further classified into four types based on eco-land change trend, with type A and B cities identified as the vital zone and major zone. Taking the eco-fragile region Loess Plateau(LP) as an example, our results demonstrated that the migrants to cities in LP could relieve ecological pressures and promote restoration of ecological vegetation. We have demonstrated that urbanization and the influence of government policy can be discerned through the quantification of the spatial-temporal change of eco-land and suggest that combining both urban and rural eco-land can support more effective land use decisions and provide theoretical basis for the practical application of urban planning, policy-making and sustainable development. What's more, governments should strive to population mobility and restore vegetation to sustain this fragile ecological environment.

Analysis of Characteristics of Spatio-temporal Evolution of Land Use in Inhabited Islands of Pearl River Estuary

Under the support of the remote sensing and geographical information system(GIS) techniques,we acquire the land use data in 1990 and 2008 regarding 6 inhabited islands,namely Longxue Island,Hengmen Island,Weiyuan Island,Qi'ao Island,Hengqin Island and Gaolan Island in Pearl River Estuary.By using dynamic degree of land use,land use change intensity,relative change rate and other indicators,we conduct quantitative description,and thus quantitatively and qualitatively analyse characteristics of temporal evolution and law of spatial pattern change concerning land use of each island.The study indicates that in the period 1990-2008,the area of construction land and water in 6 islands increased,while the area of agricultural land and unused land increased in some islands and decreased in others.The land use change shows spatial disparity;the holistic land use change degree in Hengmen Island is higher than that of other islands;the dynamic degree of land use,intensity of land use,and relative change rate differ in different islands.

An Observational Study of the 30-50 Day Atmospheric Oscillations Part II: Temporal Evolution and Hemispheric Interaction across the Equator

In this part, the temporal evolution and interaction across the equator of 30-50 day oscillation in the atmosphere are investigated further. The annual variation of 30-50 day oscillation is quite obvious in the mid-high latitudes. In the tropical atmosphere, the obvious interannual variation is an important property for temporal evolution of 30-50 day oscillation. The low-frequency wavetrain across the equator over the central Pacific and central Atlantic area, the movement of the long-lived low-frequency system across the equator and the meridional wind component across the equator will obviously show the interaction of 30-50 day oscillation in the atmosphere across the equator.

Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Precursory Anomalies of the Wenchuan MS8.0 Earthquake and Their Mechanical Analysis

In order to study the spatiotemporal evolution of the precursory anomalies 10 years before the Wenchuan M_S8. 0 earthquake in 2008, the epicentral distance of the precursory anomalies is calculated by using the geometric center of the rupture region and the elliptical centerline of the aftershock region. The result shows, precursor anomalies gradually increased about 2 years before the Wenchuan earthquake. The ratio of abnormal items is greater than 25% in the near source area (about twice the source scale) and 17%-24% in the remote area (about 3-5 times the source scale). There are three different stages of spatiotemporal evolution of precursory anomalies. During the α stage (including α_1 and α_2,between 700 to 3000 days before the main earthquake),the anomalies are mainly distributed in the southwest and northwest area of the Wenchuan aftershocks area. It is shown that the precursors of the far source region and the near source area have the characteristics of outward expansion. During the β stage (between 300 to 700 days before the main earthquake), the anomalies are distributed in the southwest and northern region of the aftershock region, showing a large range of anomalies. During the γ stage (including γ_1 and γ_2, 300 days before the main earthquake),the range of anomaly distribution is wide,and the anomalies are distributed in the southwest and northeast of the aftershock area. The anomalies converged to epicenter (γ_1) in the far source region and expand outwards (γ_2) in the near source region. Results of the experimental study and mechanical analysis of earthquake preparation process indicate that the three-stage characteristics of precursory anomalies in the process of earthquake preparation may be controlled by the seismogenic body,which is a form of expression in the process of earthquake preparation and a universal featureduring the earthquake preparation process,which has a certain guiding role in earthquake prediction.

基于“自然-社会”视角的陕西省土地利用变化碳核算与演变格局分析

土地利用变化对碳源-汇有着重要的影响,在全球碳循环中扮演着重要的角色。为揭示土地利用变化对碳平衡的影响,以陕西省为研究区,基于资源清查、土壤调查、能源消费等多源数据,利用簿记模型和GIS软件核算了该省2002-2022年社会间接碳排放和自然直接碳储量,并引入夜间灯光数据反演,揭示了不同地类及地类内部的碳密度差异与时空格局演变。结果表明:1)陕西省土地利用类型空间特征明显,林地和耕地占全省面积71.7%,2022年与2002年相比建设用地、林地、水域面积分别增加2.67×10^(5)、1.05×10^(6)、7.73×10^(3) hm^(2),耕地、草地、未利用地面积分别减少7.76×10^(5)、3.75×10^(5)、1.73×10^(5) hm^(2);2)研究期间陕西省土地利用相关碳吸收与碳排放严重失衡,土地利用相关年均碳汇量为4.98×10^(6) t,与林地面积的扩大及固碳能力的提升有关,年均碳排放量为3.10×10^(7) t,增长了7倍,与高排放能源的消耗有关;3)研究期间陕西省碳汇量在2007年后开始由负增长变为正增长,2017年后增长速度变快,碳排放量则一直处于高速增长,但受生态保护和减排政策等影响2017年后排放趋于稳定;4)研究期间陕西省地均碳密度表现为陕南秦巴山地>关中平原地区>陕北黄土高原,增长较为稳定的碳密度>60 t·hm^(−2)的地块主要集中在安康与商洛、汉中交界一带,碳排放区域主要集中在关中平原一带和陕西西北部,并在栅格单元空间上呈现扩张趋势。研究还发现,固碳主要依靠林地碳汇,当前陕西省碳排放趋于稳定,如何提升林草地的固碳能力将成为“双碳”目标实现的关键问题。

中国旅游经济高质量发展的时空演化与区域差异--基于新发展理念视角

该文基于新发展理念视角,构建旅游经济高质量发展评价指标体系,利用熵值法、核密度估计、莫兰指数、泰尔指数等,对中国旅游经济高质量发展的时空演化和区域差异进行分析.结果表明:(1)中国旅游经济高质量发展水平不高且提升缓慢,由0.194增长到0.306,创新和开放系统是旅游经济高质量发展的短板.(2)空间上呈现“同群效应”,大多为高高集聚或低低集聚,且正向“同群效应”有所强化.(3)中国旅游经济高质量发展泰尔指数由0.055下降至0.019,整体协调性有所改善,但区域之间存在一定“马太效应”.北部沿海经济区、西南经济区、南部沿海经济区和西北经济区属于曲折波动型差异,东北经济区、长江中游经济区、黄河中游经济区和东部沿海经济区属于同频共振型差异.

Spatio-temporal evolution and the influencing factors of PM_(2.5) in China between 2000 and 2015

High concentrations of PM_(2.5) are universally considered as a main cause for haze formation. Therefore, it is important to identify the spatial heterogeneity and influencing factors of PM_(2.5) concentrations for regional air quality control and management. In this study, PM_(2.5) data from 2000 to 2015 was determined from an inversion of NASA atmospheric remote sensing images. Using geo-statistics, geographic detectors, and geo-spatial analysis methods, the spatio-temporal evolution patterns and driving factors of PM_(2.5) concentration in China were evaluated. The main results are as follows.(1) In general, the average concentration of PM_(2.5) in China increased quickly and reached its peak value in 2006; subsequently, concentrations remained between 21.84 and 35.08 μg/m3.(2) PM_(2.5) is strikingly heterogeneous in China, with higher concentrations in the north and east than in the south and west. In particular, areas with relatively high PM_(2.5) concentrations are primarily in four regions, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Lower Yangtze River Delta Plain, Sichuan Basin, and Taklimakan Desert. Among them, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region has the highest concentration of PM_(2.5).(3) The center of gravity of PM_(2.5) has generally moved northeastward, which indicates an increasingly serious haze in eastern China. High-value PM_(2.5) concentrations have moved eastward, while low-value PM_(2.5) has moved westward.(4) Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicates a significantly positive spatial correlation. The "High-High" PM_(2.5) agglomeration areas are distributed in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Fenhe-Weihe River Basin, Sichuan Basin, and Jianghan Plain regions. The "Low-Low" PM_(2.5) agglomeration areas include Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang, north of the Great Wall, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and Taiwan, Hainan, and Fujian and other southeast coastal cities and islands.(5) Geographic detection analysis indicates that both natural and anthropogenic factors account for spatial variations in PM_(2.5) concentration. Geographical location, population density, automobile quantity, industrial discharge, and straw burning are the main driving forces of PM_(2.5) concentration in China.

China＇s economic development stage and its spatiotemporal evolution： A prefectural-level analysis

As important mechanisms of regional strategy and policy, prefecture-level regions have played an increasingly significant role in the development of China＇s economy. However, little research has grasped the essence of the economic development stage and the spatio-temporal evolution process at the prefecture level; this may lead to biased policies and their ineffective implementations. Based on Chenery＇s economic development theory, this paper identifies China＇s economic development stages at both national and prefectural levels. Both the Global Moran I index and the Getis-Ord Gi＊ index are employed to investigate the spatio-temporal evolution of China＇s economic development from 1990 to 2010. Major conclusions can be drawn as follows. （1） China＇s economic development is generally in the state of agglomeration. It entered the Primary Production Stage in 1990, and the Middle Industrialized Stage in 2010, with a ＇balanced-unbalanced-gradually rebalanced＇ pattern in the process. （2） China＇s rapid economic growth experienced a spatial shift from the coastal areas to the the inland areas. Most advanced cities in mid-western China can be roughly categorized into regional hub cities and resource-dependent cities. （3） Hot spots in China＇s economy moved northward and westward. The interactions between cities and prefectures became weaker in Eastern China, while cities and prefectures in Central and Western China were still at the stage of individual development, with limited effect on the surrounding cities. （4） While the overall growth rate of China＇s economy has gradually slowed down during the past two decades, the growth rate of cities and prefectures in Central and Western China was much faster than those in coastal areas. （5） Areas rich in resources, such as Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, have become the new hot spots of economic growth in recent years. For these regions, however, more attention needs to be paid to their unbalanced industrial structures and the lagging social development against the backdrop of the rapid economic growth, driven predominantly by the exploitation of resources.

Spatio-temporal carbon isotope variation during the Ediacaran period in South China and its impact on bio-evolution

The Ediacaran period is characterized by the extremely negative carbon isotope anomalies and great biotic evolution in Earth history. At least four negative carbon isotope anomalies have been reported from this interval in South China so far. It is traditionally argued that the isotope variations can be used as a useful tool for global correlation of Ediacaran succession; however, more and more researches argued against this idea. We reviewed the previously published carbon isotope data in South China, and distributed the mean values of a certain time to the paleogeographic maps. The results show that the carbon isotope values (δ13C) vary greatly in different environments, but a clear tendency of becoming lighter from shallow platform to deep basin, with a maximum variation up to 1‰ Moreover, the important changes in Ediacaran biota, marked by the introducing of new taxa or ecologic groups, seemed to always postdate the negative anomalies but coincide with the positive shift. If the negative excursions represented the oxidation of a large dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reservoir in the ocean, the diverse Ediacaran organisms and the carbon isotope anomalies may suggest totally different environments: oxic and anoxic/euxinic. We also suggest that the elimination of euxinic state through precipitation of pyrites is one of the important environment factors in prompting the Ediacaran bio-evolution.

Spatio-temporal evolution of Beijing 2003 SARS epidemic

Studying spatio-temporal evolution of epidemics can uncover important aspects of interaction among people, infectious diseases, and the environment, providing useful insights and modeling support to facilitate public health response and possibly prevention measures. This paper presents an empirical spatio-temporal analysis of epidemiological data concerning 2321 SARS-infected patients in Beijing in 2003. We mapped the SARS morbidity data with the spatial data resolution at the level of street and township. Two smoothing methods, Bayesian adjustment and spatial smoothing, were applied to identify the spatial risks and spatial transmission trends. Furthermore, we explored various spatial patterns and spatio-temporal evolution of Beijing 2003 SARS epidemic using spatial statistics such as Moran’s I and LISA. Part of this study is targeted at evaluating the effectiveness of public health control measures implemented during the SARS epidemic. The main findings are as follows. (1) The diffusion speed of SARS in the northwest-southeast direction is weaker than that in northeast-southwest direction. (2) SARS’s spread risk is positively spatially associated and the strength of this spatial association has experienced changes from weak to strong and then back to weak during the lifetime of the Beijing SARS epidemic. (3) Two spatial clusters of disease cases are identified: one in the city center and the other in the eastern suburban area. These two clusters followed different evolutionary paths but interacted with each other as well. (4) Although the government missed the opportunity to contain the early outbreak of SARS in March 2003, the response strategies implemented after the mid of April were effective. These response measures not only controlled the growth of the disease cases, but also mitigated the spatial diffusion.

Spatio-temporal evolution of the optical field on a hohlraum wall at the rising edge of a flat-topped pulse

Considering the time delay in different hohlraum wall positions caused by oblique incidence,the spatio-temporal optical field distribution characteristics of a hohlraum wall,especially during the rising edge of a flat-topped pulse,is simulated by a fast Fourier transform method together with chromatography.Results demonstrate that beam propagation along the hohlraum wall is a push-broom process with complex dynamic spatial–temporal evolution.In the first few picoseconds,the optical intensity of the front position increases rapidly,while that of the rear position is relatively weak.The ratio R of the optical intensity during the rising edge is smaller than that of the steady state.R gradually increases and finally tends to the value of the steady state with time.Calculation also shows that,with shorter total width of the rising edge,R of the optical field decreases and the difference compared to the steady state becomes larger.The evolution is more severe with smaller angle of inclination.

基于Sentinel-1数据的三峡库区木鱼包滑坡时空变形演化特性分析

三峡库区脆弱的地质环境、降雨及库水位升降作用,致使长江干(支)流滑坡分布广、数量多、危害大,滑坡监测是地质灾害减灾防灾的主要措施之一.以三峡库区木鱼包滑坡为研究对象,以哨兵1号(Sentinel-1)数据为数据源,获取了木鱼包滑坡及其附近区域2017年4月至2021年3月的120景数据,使用时间序列InSAR分析方法,研究木鱼包滑坡时空形变演化特性,并与地基GNSS监测数据和地质调查结果进行比对.结果表明:SBAS-InSAR与GNSS监测数据具有一定的差异性,但在演化趋势上具有较好的一致性;通过InSAR分析结果与现场调查比对分析,SBAS-InSAR对滑坡边界及滑坡发展演化过程中较大变形具有较强的监测能力.

山东省交通运输-区域经济-生态环境耦合协调时空演变研究

为了研究山东省交通运输、区域经济和生态环境3个子系统发展水平及其耦合协调发展状态时空分异特征,基于2011—2020年山东省交通运输、区域经济和生态环境的面板数据,运用熵值法、耦合协调度模型和核密度估计方法,研究山东省交通运输-区域经济-生态环境的耦合协调度的时空分异特征及其演化规律。结果表明:山东省交通运输、区域经济、生态环境系统的耦合协调度处于稳步上升趋势,生态环境的综合评价水平始终领先于交通运输综合发展水平和区域经济综合发展水平;全省各地市的交通运输、区域经济以及生态环境发展不均衡,在空间上形成双核心和“中心-外围”空间分布特征,青岛、济南在交通运输-区域经济-生态环境系统的耦合协调度上一直保持高位,其他城市耦合协调度发展水平呈现逐渐上升的趋势;全省耦合协调度高低分布格局较为稳定,虽然各地市发展存在分级,但地区发展差异有减小的趋势。

基于NPP-VIIRS的胶东经济圈GDP时空演变及空间化模拟研究

为研究胶东经济圈经济发展的空间差异,以2012-2022年NPP-VIIRS夜间灯光数据和GDP数据为数据源,运用探索性空间分析方法探索GDP时空演变特征,采用指数平滑、空间建模和逐像元线性矫正等方法进行GDP空间化模拟和预测.结果表明:1)胶东经济圈最佳夜间灯光指数和GDP高度相关,有相似的空间分布和演变规律;2)经济欠活跃型区域逐步缩减,经济一般型区域空间分布由带状逐渐转为片状,GDP的空间聚集性趋于减弱;3)GDP热点区主要在青岛的黄岛区和胶州市,冷点区主要在潍坊的部分县区且逐渐收缩;4)指数平滑后的夜间灯光数据与GDP相关性显著增强,更适合进行拟合;5)GDP空间化模拟相对误差小于1%,模拟效果较好;6)高密度GDP主要分布在沿海县区和城市中心城区,并在各县区的交通线节点上零星出现.

基于耦合协调分析的火灾-经济-环境时空演化研究

为探究火灾、经济、环境的时空演化特征,基于2000—2019年中国火灾、经济、环境数据,建立火灾-经济-环境耦合协调模型,研究火灾、经济、环境系统的耦合发展水平;结合探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)方法研究我国31个省域各子系统时空演变特征及聚集性,并基于Moran'I检验开展火灾、经济、环境空间相关性分析。研究结果表明:2000—2019年火灾、经济和环境综合发展耦合良好。从时间维度上,2000—2019年耦合度和协调度呈上升趋势,耦合度受火灾综合得分影响,协调度受经济子系统影响;从空间维度上,经济发展是影响31个省域耦合协调度的主要因素。从耦合关系时空演变分析看,省域耦合度随时间呈聚集状态,耦合协调度在空间聚集中呈随机性。火灾、经济和环境对耦合协调的不同影响,导致协调类型及空间聚集状态不同。

基于CA-Markov模型的黄河下游土地利用时空演变及趋势预测

黄河下游的土地利用格局变化将影响我国的粮食安全及黄河流域生态环境高质量发展。基于黄河下游2000—2020年土地利用数据,采用土地动态度模型、土地转移矩阵及元胞自动机-马尔可夫模型(CA-Markov)对黄河下游土地利用的时空演变格局及未来变化趋势进行模拟预测。结果表明,2000—2020年,黄河下游耕地面积减少2 420 km^(2),下降率为-2.24%;未利用土地和草地面积分别减少521 km^(2)和701 km^(2),而建设用地面积增加3 167 km^(2),增长率为14.72%。2005—2010年和2010—2015年土地转移波动较大。建设用地主要是由耕地、未利用土地、水域面积转移而来,其中,耕地转移面积最大,为2 637 km^(2)。CA-Markov模型模拟的Kappa系数达0.9以上,模拟精度较高,预测到2030年黄河下游耕地面积将进一步减少1 635 km^(2),而建设用地面积将增加1 950km^(2)。因此,加强黄河下游土地资源的高效利用,优化土地利用结构,制定合理的土地利用政策,是保障黄河下游生态安全及生态经济可持续发展的有效手段。

群组型港口城市用地时空扩展特征及外部形态演变--以宁波为例

以多时相Landsat MSS、TM和ETM卫星影像为数据源,提取宁波城市各组团(三江片、镇海片和北仑片)多时相的用地信息,分析了港口城市用地扩展的时空特征及外部形态演变过程。结果表明:(1)1979年以来,宁波城市用地面积扩展速度和扩展强度不断提高,但各个组团的表现有较大的差异。(2)各组团城市用地空间结构分维数的波动与城市用地的空间扩展模式表现出明显的相关性。(3)3个组团的城市用地扩展强度指数峰区相对城市质心有不断外移趋势,但扩展强度指数峰值的变化在各个片区有一定差异。(4)3个组团城市用地外部形态演变在不同方向上的差异性与宁波港口迁移及港口经济的发展密切相关。(5)随着宁波港口从内河港向河口港、海岸港的迁移,宁波城市外部形态演变经历块状单一集中型内河港城市、"一城一镇"飞地式群组河口港城市、"一城二镇"飞地式群组海港城市和"一城多镇"不连续带状群组海港城市发展阶段,最后将形成"T"型带状群组现代化国际港口城市。

我国COVID-19疫情时空演变特征研究——基于314个城市329天面板数据

基于2020年1月24日至12月18日我国314个城市的COVID-19现存确诊数、累计确诊数等统计数据,采用地理数据探索、新兴时空热点分析、空间马尔科夫链、动态面板数据空间杜宾模型等方法分析了COVID-19疫情的时空变化特征。研究发现:我国COVID-19疫情大致划分为大规模快速爆发期、全国严格防控期、全国抑制期、局部复发期、常态化防疫期5个阶段,绝大部分城市的疫情变化特征与全国总体情况类似;新兴时空热点方法识别出4种类型共124个疫情冷热点,其中增强热点24个、振荡热点27个、持续冷点16个、渐少的冷点57个;疫情热点主要分布于中东部地区特别是湖北周边区域,疫情冷点主要分布于西南、西北及东北地区;各城市现存确诊人数的马尔科夫链转移概率矩阵分析结果显示,各种类型维持现状的概率大于0.893,向下转移的平均概率明显高于向上转移的概率,在不同空间滞后类型的影响下各类型转移概率发生明显变化;动态面板空间杜宾模型估计结果显示314个城市现存确诊数具有显著的时空自相关性且不同阶段有明显差异。

基于MODIS-NDVI的云南怒江流域植被覆盖时空变化特征研究

以2000—2015年MODIS-NDVI动态数据为基础,辅以小波分析、趋势分析、变异系数、Hurst指数及空间叠加分析等方法,探究怒江流域(云南区段)近16年植被覆盖时空分布,变化特征和演变趋势。结果表明:1)时间上,流域NDVI月际变化整体呈增长态势,月均增长率为0.95%;在年际变化方面,流域植被覆盖呈现增长趋势且存在14年左右的变化周期,增速为0.21/10a;月际和年际增长趋势均通过置信度P<0.05的显著性检验。2)空间上,流域高植被覆盖区域(0.6<NDVI<1)占61.95%,整体较好。受北部高海拔地形以及南部建设用地扩张等因素影响,植被覆盖格局从北至南呈低—高—低的分布特征。2000—2015年间,流域植被覆盖整体处于低态势波动变化,低波动和较低波动变化区域占比合计83.18%,在该波动下约53.25%的区域植被覆盖得到了改善,14.41%,32.34%的区域植被分别呈退化及不变趋势。3)空间可持续性方面,约59.01%的区域植被将延续过去变化趋势,37.98%的区域植被将沿反向发展,同向特征强于反向特征。未来,植被覆盖将向良性、不变方向发展的区域分别占39.36%,26.50%;31.14%的区域植被覆盖将向不利方向发展,主要集中于南部各县(市)中心、外围等城镇建设用地区以及勐波罗河、枯柯河、勐统河等支流沿线区,需引起重视。