Estimation of ocean primary productivity and its spatio-temporal variation mechanism for East China Sea based on VGPM model

According to calculation results of ocean chlorophyll concentration based on SeaWiFS data by SeaBAM model and synchronous ship-measured data, this research set up an improved model for CaseⅠand CaseⅡwater bodies respectively. The monthly chlorophyll distribution in the East China Sea in 1998 was obtained from this improved model on calculation results of SeaBAM. The euphotic depth distribution in 1998 in the East China Sea is calculated by using remote sensing data of K 490 from SeaWiFS according to the relation between the euphotic depth and the oceanic diffuse attenuation coefficient. With data of ocean chlorophyll concentration, euphotic depth, ocean surface photosynthetic available radiation (PAR), daily photoperiod and optimal rate of daily carbon fixation within a water column, the monthly and annual primary productivity spatio-temporal distributions in the East China Sea in 1998 were obtained based on VGPM model. Based on analysis of those distributions, the conclusion can be drawn that there is a clear bimodality character of primary productivity in the monthly distribution in the East China Sea. In detail, the monthly distribution of primary productivity stays the lowest level in winter and rises rapidly to the peak in spring. It gets down a little in summer, and gets up a little in autumn. The daily average of primary productivity in the whole East China Sea is 560.03 mg/m 2 /d, which is far higher than the average of subtropical ocean areas. The annual average of primary productivity is 236.95 g/m 2 /a. The research on the seasonal variety mechanism of primary productivity shows that several factors that affect the spatio-temporal distribution may include the chlorophyll concentration distribution, temperature condition, the Yangtze River diluted water variety, the euphotic depth, ocean current variety, etc. But the main influencing factors may be different in each local sea area.

Spatio-temporal variation and focal mechanism of the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake sequence

Based on abundant aftershock sequence data of the Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake on May 12, 2008, we studied the spatio-temporal variation process and segmentation rupture characteristic. Dense aftershocks distribute along Longmenshan central fault zone of NE direction and form a narrow strip with the length of 325 krn and the depth between several and 40 km. The depth profile （section of NW direction） vertical to the strike of aftershock zone （NE direction） shows anisomerous wedgy distribution characteristic of afiershock concentrated regions; it is related to the force form of the Longmenshan nappe tectonic belt. The stronger aftershocks could be divided into northern segment and southern segment apparently and the focal depths of strong aftershocks in the 50 km area between northern segment and southern segment are shallower. It seems like ＇to be going to rupture＇ segment. We also study focal mechanisms and segmentation of strong aftershocks. The principal compressive stress azimuth of aftershock area is WNW direction and the faulting types of aftershocks at southern and northern segment have the same proportion. Because afiershocks distribute on different secondary faults, their focal mechanisms present complex local tectonic stress field. The faulting of seven strong earthquakes on the Longmenshan central fault is mainly characterized by thrust with the component of right-lateral strike-slip. Meantime six strong aftershocks on the Longmenshan back-range fault and Qingchuan fault present strike-slip faulting. At last we discuss the complex segmentation rupture mechanism of the Wenchuan earthquake.

SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND ITS RELATION WITH CLIMATE PARAMETERS IN THE PEARL RIVER BASIN,CHINA

Spatio-temporal variation of actual evapotranspiration(ETa) in the Pearl River basin from 1961 to 2010 are analyzed based on daily data from 60 national observed stations. ETa is calculated by the Advection-Aridity model(AA model) in the current study, and Mann-Kendall test(MK) and Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation method(IDW)were applied to detect the trends and spatial variation pattern. The relations of ETa with climate parameters and radiation/dynamic terms are analyzed by Person correlation method. Our findings are shown as follows: 1) Mean annual ETa in the Pearl River basin is about 665.6 mm/a. It has significantly decreased in 1961-2010 at a rate of-24.3mm/10 a. Seasonally, negative trends of summer and autumn ETa are higher than that of spring and winter. 2) The value of ETa is higher in the southeast coastal area than in the northwest region of the Pearl River basin, while the latter has shown the strongest negative trend. 3) Negative trends of ETa in the Pearl River basin are most probably due to decreasing radiation term and increasing dynamic term. The decrease of the radiation term is related with declining diurnal temperature range and sunshine duration, and rising atmospheric pressure as well. The contribution of dynamic term comes from increasing average temperature, maximum and minimum temperatures in the basin. Meanwhile, the decreasing average wind speed weakens dynamic term and finally, to a certain extent, it slows down the negative trend of the ETa.

Characteristics,Processes,and Causes of the Spatio-temporal Variabilities of the East Asian Monsoon System

Recent advances in the study of the characteristics, processes, and causes of spatio-temporal variabilities of the East Asian monsoon （EAM） system are reviewed in this paper. The understanding of the EAM system has improved in many aspects： the basic characteristics of horizontal and vertical structures, the annual cycle of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） system and the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM） system, the characteristics of the spatio-temporal variabilities of the EASM system and the EAWM system, and especially the multiple modes of the EAM system and their spatio-temporal variabilities. Some new results have also been achieved in understanding the atmosphere-ocean interaction and atmosphere-land interaction processes that affect the variability of the EAM system. Based on recent studies, the EAM system can be seen as more than a circulation system, it can be viewed as an atmosphere-ocean-land coupled system, namely, the EAM climate system. In addition, further progress has been made in diagnosing the internal physical mechanisms of EAM climate system variability, especially regarding the characteristics and properties of the East Asia-Pacific （EAP） teleconnection over East Asia and the North Pacific, the ＂Silk Road＂ teleconnection along the westerly jet stream in the upper troposphere over the Asian continent, and the dynamical effects of quasi-stationary planetary wave activity on EAM system variability. At the end of the paper, some scientific problems regarding understanding the EAM system variability are proposed for further study.

Cloudiness variations over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during 1971-2004

With Empirical Orthogonal Function （EOF） and trend analysis method adopted, the spatio-temporal variation of total cloud amount is analyzed for 75 stations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the period 1971-2004. Analysis indicates that the total cloud amount decreases from the southeast to the northwest of the plateau, and that the annual and seasonal variations in total cloud amount both show an apparent declining tendency over the past decades. Correlation analysis demonstrates that the total cloud amount is negative with sunshine duration and diurnal temperature range （DTR）, and is positive with precipitation and the relative humidity, respectively. The negative correlation is consistent with the radiative effect of cloud, while the positive correlation between total cloud amount and precipitation is obscured because of the influence of topographic factors. Discussion implies that the decrease of total cloud amount is possibly due to the variation of atmospheric aerosol content and ozone concentration over the plateau, although it is difficult to quantify the driving force mechanism up to now.

基于多维气象信息时空融合和MPA-VMD的短期电力负荷组合预测模型

为提高电力负荷预测精度,需考虑区域内不同地区多维气象信息对电力负荷影响的差异性。在空间维度上,提出多维气象信息时空融合的方法,利用Copula理论将多座气象站的风速、降雨量、温度、日照强度等气象信息与电力负荷进行非线性耦合分析并实现时空融合。在时间维度上,采用海洋捕食者算法(MPA)实现变分模态分解(VMD)核心参数的自动寻优,并采用加权排列熵构造MPA-VMD适应度函数,实现负荷序列的自适应分解。通过将时间维度各分量与空间维度各气象信息进行融合构造长短期记忆(LSTM)网络模型与海洋捕食者算法-最小二乘支持向量机(MPA-LSSVM)模型的输入集,得到各分量预测结果,根据评价指标选择各分量对应的预测模型,重构得到整体预测结果。算例分析结果表明,所提预测模型优于传统预测模型,有效提高了电力负荷预测精度。

Spatio-temporal variation of precipitation in the Three-River Headwater Region from 1961 to 2010

Based on a monthly dataset of precipitation time series （1961-2010） from 12 me- teorological stations across the Three-River Headwater Region （THRHR） of Qinghai Province China, the spatio-temporal variation and abrupt change analysis of precipitation were exam- ined by using moving average, linear regression, spline interpolation, the Mann-Kendall test and so on. Major conclusions were as follows. （1） The long-term annual and seasonal pre- cipitation in the study area indicated an increasing trend with some oscillations during 1961-2010; however, the summer precipitation in the Lantsang （Lancang） River Headwater Region （LARHR）, and the autumn precipitation in the Yangtze River Headwater Region （YERHR） of the THRHR decreased in the same period. （2） The amount of annual precipita- tion in the THRHR and its three sub-headwater regions was greater in the 1980s and 2000s. The springs were fairly wet after the 1970s, while the summers were relatively wet in the 1960s, 1980s and 2000s. In addition, the amount of precipitation in the autumn was greater in the 1970s and 1980s, but it was relatively less for the winter precipitation, except in the 1990s （3） The normal values of spring, summer, winter and annual precipitation in the THRHR and its three sub-headwater regions all increased, but the normal value of summer precipitation in the LARHR had a negative trend and the normal value of winter precipitation declined in general. （4） The spring and winter precipitation increased in most of the THRHR. The summer autumn and annual precipitation increased mainly in the marginal area of the west and north and decreased in the regions of Yushu, Zaduo, Jiuzhi and Banma. （5） The spring and winter precipitation in the THRHR and its three sub-headwater regions showed an abrupt change, except for the spring precipitation in the YARHR. The abrupt changes of spring precipitation were mainly in the late 1980s and early 1990s, while the abrupt changes of winter precipita- tion were primary in the mid- to late 1970s. This research would be helpful for further under- standing the trends and periodicity of precipitation and for watershed-based water resource management in the THRHR.

Spatio-temporal carbon isotope variation during the Ediacaran period in South China and its impact on bio-evolution

The Ediacaran period is characterized by the extremely negative carbon isotope anomalies and great biotic evolution in Earth history. At least four negative carbon isotope anomalies have been reported from this interval in South China so far. It is traditionally argued that the isotope variations can be used as a useful tool for global correlation of Ediacaran succession; however, more and more researches argued against this idea. We reviewed the previously published carbon isotope data in South China, and distributed the mean values of a certain time to the paleogeographic maps. The results show that the carbon isotope values (δ13C) vary greatly in different environments, but a clear tendency of becoming lighter from shallow platform to deep basin, with a maximum variation up to 1‰ Moreover, the important changes in Ediacaran biota, marked by the introducing of new taxa or ecologic groups, seemed to always postdate the negative anomalies but coincide with the positive shift. If the negative excursions represented the oxidation of a large dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reservoir in the ocean, the diverse Ediacaran organisms and the carbon isotope anomalies may suggest totally different environments: oxic and anoxic/euxinic. We also suggest that the elimination of euxinic state through precipitation of pyrites is one of the important environment factors in prompting the Ediacaran bio-evolution.

The spatio-temporal variations of frost-free period in China from 1951 to 2012

The frost-free period（FFP）first frost date（FFD） and last frost date（LFD） have been regard as the important climate variables for agricultural production. Understanding the spatio-temporal variations of the FFPFFD and LFD is beneficial to reduce the harmful impacts of climate change on agricultural production and enhance the agricultural adaptation. This study examined daily minimum temperatures for 823 national-level meteorological stationscalculated the values of FFDLFD and FFP for station-specific and region-specific from 1951 to 2012estimated the gradients of linear regression for station-specific moving averages of FFDLFD and FFPand assessed station-specific time series of FFP and detected the abrupt change. The results as follows： at both the station level and the regional levelthe FFP across China decreases with the increase of latitude from south to northand with the increase of altitude from east to west generally. At the station levelthe inter-annual fluctuations of FFDLFD and FFP in south and west agricultural regions are greater than those in north and east. At the regional levelexcluding the QT regiontemporal changes of FFP are relatively small in both the low-latitude and the high-latitude regionsbut for the mid-latitude regions. According to the linear trend gradients of the moving average values of station-specific FFDLFD and FFPFFD was delayedLFD advancedand FFP extended gradually over the 80% of China. Furthermorethe change magnitudes for FFDLFD and FFP in the north and east agricultural regions are higher than that in the southern and western. Among the 659 station-specific time series of FFP examined by the Mann-Kendall test341 stationslocated mainly in the north regionhave one identifiable and significant abrupt change. And at the 341 stations with identified abrupt changesmost（57%） abrupt changes occurred during 1991–2012followed by the periods of 1981–1990（28%）1971–1980（12%）and 1951–1970（3%）. The spatio-temporal variations of FFDLFD and FFP would provide important guidance to agricultural practices.

青藏铁路格-拉段沿线景观生态风险时空动态及其驱动机制

科学评估交通基础设施生态环境影响是当前研究的热点。选取景观生态风险指数作为道路生态环境效应评估指标,基于土地利用、遥感、气象、地形和社会经济等数据,评估了1990—2020年青藏铁路格-拉段沿线景观生态风险的时空变化特征,并结合最优参数地理探测器模型分析了景观生态风险的驱动因子。结果表明,青藏铁路格-拉段沿线地区整体景观生态风险较低,并呈现明显的东北部最高、中部较高而西南部最低的空间分布格局,且距铁路中心线越近,景观生态风险越高;青藏铁路格-拉段建设后,景观生态风险呈微弱上升态势,景观生态风险指数由建设前的0.29上升到建设后的0.30;同时,在青藏铁路格-拉段修建和运营期,沿线地区景观生态风险呈现持续增加态势,景观生态风险指数上升速率约为0.40%/a,且有沿铁路呈点和轴状扩散的趋势;景观生态风险的驱动因子主要为植被覆盖度、降水和海拔(q>0.44),其次为气温、经济发展和人口密度(q>0.13),且植被覆盖度与海拔和与温度的交互作用对景观生态风险的解释力最高(q>0.61),但在铁路运营期,经济发展和夜间灯光对景观生态风险的贡献率呈现增加趋势。这表明,青藏铁路格-拉段建设和运营带来的人类活动强度增加,加剧了青藏铁路格-拉段沿线地区的生态风险。研究结果可以深化对陆路交通生态环境影响的认识,为国家制定合理的道路修建策略提供科学依据。

2000-2020年岷县植被覆盖度时空变化及地形分异研究

为探究岷县生态工程后植被覆盖度的时空变化以及地形效应,基于MODIS-NDVI数据,利用像元二分模型计算了2001-2020年岷县植被覆盖度。结果表明:(1)随着岷县生态工程的实施,植被覆盖度整体趋向良好,66.34%的区域以高植被覆盖为主;(2)植被覆盖度空间分布呈“东高西低,南高北低”的分布特征。高覆盖植被区密集分布在岷县东部及西南部,而低植被覆盖区主要分布在西北部;(3)植被覆盖度稳定性表现出“高低波动共存,低波动较大”的空间格局。植被改善面积占比为58.76%,退化占30.43%,表明研究区植被覆盖度总体变化趋势为改善;(4)地形因子对岷县植被覆盖度空间分布影响显著:从平均覆盖度变化来看,研究区覆盖度阴坡>半阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡。植被覆盖度随海拔升高而增大。随着坡度的增加,岷县平均植被覆盖度呈先增加后降低的趋势,超过25°坡度区域的植被覆盖度增长速度最快。

重庆市渝中区长江-嘉陵江流域自动监测站2022年水质时空变化分析

采用地表水环境质量标准中的单因子法分析评价重庆市渝中区长江、嘉陵江流域内4个水质自动监测站2022年水质数据,选取水温、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷5个因子研究水质时空变化特征,使用Pearson相关系数法对8个水质监测参数相关性进行研究,分析了降雨对水质的影响及强降雨期间渝中区污水预处理厂溢流对下游水质自动监测站的影响。结果表明:长江、嘉陵江的出境断面均略优于入境断面,表明渝中区段水质未受到影响;从时间变化来看,4个水质自动监测站月变化趋势基本一致,高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷3种污染物均呈现明显的“双峰”现象,高值基本出现在5—6月、9—10月;通过Pearson相关系数分析,降雨量与高锰酸盐指数呈负相关,与总磷呈正相关,但相关性均不显著;通过对8个水质监测参数进行相关性分析得知,高锰酸盐指数与总磷是影响我区两江水质的重要因素。

基于REOF的不同量级降雨侵蚀力时空变化——以重庆市为例

研究重庆市不同地理分区内各量级降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征,为该地区进行更加精准的区域性水土流失防治工作提供理论依据。选取1981-2020年重庆市31个站点逐日降雨数据,利用旋转经验正交函数(Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function,REOF)对降雨侵蚀力进行地理分区,并结合R/S、5年滑动平均、Mann-Kendall检验等方法,分析各分区不同量级降雨侵蚀力时空变化。结果表明:①重庆市降雨侵蚀力可分为6个地理区域(Ⅰ-Ⅵ区);②重庆市多年平均降雨侵蚀力为5784.04 MJ·mm/(hm^(2)·h·a),不同降雨侵蚀力从大到小依次为:大雨、暴雨、中雨、大暴雨;③大雨侵蚀力在Ⅰ-Ⅲ区和Ⅴ-Ⅵ区占主导优势,暴雨侵蚀力在Ⅳ区占主导优势。各分区中,中雨、大雨及暴雨侵蚀力主要集中在5-9月,大暴雨侵蚀力集中在6-8月;④各区不同量级降雨侵蚀力年际变化从小到大依次为:中雨、大雨、暴雨、大暴雨;同一量级降雨侵蚀力的整体变化趋势均不显著;Hurst指数表明,中雨侵蚀力在Ⅰ和Ⅴ区、大雨侵蚀力在Ⅱ和Ⅴ区、大暴雨侵蚀力在Ⅰ和Ⅲ区呈强持续上升趋势;⑤中雨、大雨及大暴雨侵蚀力在渝东南、渝东北占主导优势,暴雨侵蚀力在渝西以及重庆中部占主导优势,且Ⅰ区酉阳和秀山、Ⅱ区开州、Ⅲ区北碚和铜梁、Ⅳ区璧山和永川、Ⅴ区巫溪和云阳及Ⅵ区忠县是不同量级降雨侵蚀力的高峰中心。通过对重庆各分区不同量级降雨侵蚀力的分析,明确了可能引起土壤侵蚀的主要雨型、高发时期和潜在风险较高的地区,可为区域水土流失动态监测和水土保持措施的合理制定提供参考。

1971-2004年青藏高原总云量时空变化及其影响因子

利用青藏高原及其周边地区75个地面气象台站的云量日均值资料,采用正交经验函数(EOF)和线性倾向估计等方法,分析了高原地区1971-2004年总云量的时空变化特征。结果表明,高原总云量分布呈自东南向西北减少的态势,且年与四季总云量变化都存在显著下降趋势。进而,研究了高原总云量变化与其他气候因子的相关性。其中,(1)高原总云量与日照时数、日较差之间存在较好的负相关。本文从云的辐射效应出发,解释了存在这种负相关关系的原因;(2)青藏高原总云量与相对湿度之间有很好的正相关性,受地形因素、不同云型和云水路径等因素共同影响,高原总云量与降水之间的关系却不显著。在此基础上,重点讨论了高原总云量与气溶胶和臭氧等因子之间的复杂关系。指出:青藏高原总云量减少趋势可能与高原大气气溶胶特别是吸收性气溶胶的增加以及臭氧的损耗有关。

1981-2010年青藏高原降雪日数时空变化特征

利用青藏高原气象站降雪日数观测资料,分析1981—2010年青藏高原降雪日数的时空变化特点和主要影响因素。结果表明:降雪日数总体上呈青藏高原中东部高寒地区、喜马拉雅山脉南麓和祁连山脉流域降雪日数多,南部河谷和北部湖盆区降雪日数少的空间分布格局;春季降雪日数占全年的45%,其次是冬季(28%)和秋季(22%),夏季最少(5%);30年内青藏高原平均年降雪日数呈明显减少趋势,降幅达10.5 d/(10 a),其中,春季降幅最大(4.8 d/(10 a)),夏季最小(1.2 d/(10 a));年降雪日数在1997年发生了由多到少的气候突变;降雪日数年内分布呈双峰型,峰值出现在冬夏大气环流的转换季节,青藏高原大气环流的转换期与上升运动相联系的低值天气系统和高空温湿条件均有利于降雪出现;青藏高原降雪日数的明显减少与气温的显著上升呈线性关系。

1998-2002年中国地表太阳辐射的时空变化分析

地表太阳辐射是陆气能量交换过程中重要的物理参数和生态参数,利用卫星数据反演地表太阳辐射对于全面认识地表太阳辐射空间差异性和年际变化特征具有重要的意义。本文利用GMS-5静止气象卫星数据反演了中国区域1998-2002年地表太阳辐射值,在此基础上分析了我国地表太阳辐射的时空分布特征。结果表明：（1）青藏高原的地表太阳辐射最大,川黔地区最小,都位于北纬22~35°这一带;除川黔地区外,地表太阳辐射从东向西增强,西部随纬度升高而减小,东部以长江流域最小,向南北增加,西南最大,北部次之,至东北地区随纬度升高而减小;（2）各月地表太阳辐射量分布复杂,最小值都出现在12月,但最大值出现时间受雨季影响很大,珠江、长江一带主要在雨季过后的7月,华北、东北和青藏高原主要出现在雨季前的6月及5月,西南地区则在季风雨季前的4-5月;（3）5年来东部沿海地区地表太阳辐射增加了13.71%（＋4.37W/m2.a）,西藏高原地区地表太阳辐射减少了9.31%（-3.47W/m2.a）,全国地表太阳辐射平均减少了0.84%（-0.27W/m2.a）。

2000-2015年青海高原植被碳源/汇时空格局及变化

陆地生态系统碳循环能够综合反映全球气候变化及区域响应,是全球及区域气候变化及人类活动影响研究的重要内容。青海高原作为青藏高原的重要组成部分,在全球及区域气候与环境变化中具有极其重要的作用。因此,研究青海高原植被碳源/汇时空变化及气候因子的影响具有重要意义。采用土壤呼吸模型和改进的CASA模型,结合MODIS、气象数据估算了青海高原2000-2015年植被净生态系统生产力(NEP),分析了植被NEP、碳汇的年际时空分布、年际动态变化、多年累积空间分布与植被NEP变异系数,定量分析了降水量、气温对植被NEP的影响。结果表明:1)2000-2015年,青海高原植被年NEP空间分布特点呈东高西低、南高北低,由西北向东南逐步增加趋势,年NEP多年平均值为128.40 gC m^(-2)a^(-1);2)青海高原不同生态区植被NEP与碳汇量空间分异显著,碳汇区约占植被分布区面积的73.11%,其中,祁连山生态区和三江源生态区为主要的碳汇区;3)2000-2015年,青海高原植被碳汇功能逐步增强,年固碳量为-3.2-64.42 TgC,年际变化呈平稳上升;4)受自然与人为因素的协同影响,青海高原年NEP呈现逐步好转的趋势,平均趋势系数为1.52,NEP增加的区域占植被总面积的25.72%;5)青海高原植被NEP变异系数空间分布以较低、中等波动为主,稳定性颇高;6)降水量对植被NEP以促进作用为主,气温以抑制作用为主,气温对青海高原植被NEP的影响占主导地位。

中国水-能源-粮食压力时空变动及驱动力分析

采用主成分分析法,把构建的水资源、能源和粮食的压力指数分解为3个正交向量,以矢量合成法计算水-能源-粮食（W-E-F）总压力指数。在考察1997-2015年30个省区（香港、澳门和台湾无数据,西藏缺能源数据）的水资源压力指数、能源压力指数、粮食压力指数和W-E-F总压力指数的时序变化后,选取8个反映总压力指数变化的指标,截取1997、2004、2015年3个断面,采用地理加权回归（GWR）模型对影响中国W-E-F压力指数变化的因素进行分析。结论如下：（1）时间上看,W-E-F总压力先升后降;空间上看,从东南沿海向西北内陆W-E-F总压力逐渐递减,东北和沿海城市化水平高的地区压力较大。（2）能源压力对中国W-E-F总压力的贡献最大,中东部地区的能源压力指数更高,淮河以北地区的水资源压力指数更高,东部的长江口以南沿海区域和广大西部地区的粮食压力指数更高。（3） 1997-2015年,全国水资源压力指数多数地区上升,能源压力指数和粮食压力指数大部分地区下降。（4）不同时段,W-E-F压力变化的驱动力不同。总体上看,大部分指标与W-E-F压力变化同向,人均受教育水平和人均GDP与W-E-F压力变化反向,人口密度增大、食物构成变化、粮食生产条件和经济发展是W-E-F压力升高的主因。在分析时段内,随着时间推移,社会因素和经济因素的影响在增大,提高人均受教育水平和经济转型发展是降低W-E-F压力的有效途径。

1961-2012年贵州省极端降水时空变化特征

利用贵州省1961-2012年日值降水资料,选取并计算了6个极端降水指数,结合Arc GIS空间分析工具与Mann-kendall非参数检验、滑动T检验、小波理论以及R/S分析等方法,就贵州省极端降水的时空变化规律进行了分析。结果表明:1贵州省近52年以来,连续湿日(CWD)呈显著下降趋势,年最大1日降水量(RX1day)和降水强度(SDII)增多但不显著,年最大5日降水量(RX5day)、强降水量(R95)和年极强降水日数(R20mm)表现为不显著的下降趋势;2RX1day、RX5day、SDII和R20mm分别在1973、1972、1981和1992年发生明显的突变现象;3极端降水普遍存在6~7a的主周期和10~12a的次周期;4极端降水的高值区位于黔西南和黔东南地区,而低值区集中在黔西北地区;5各极端降水指数与年总降水量之间存在显著的正相关性;6极端降水在未来变化趋势中具有长期记忆性。极端降水的变化对贵州当地农业生产和水资源利用造成负面影响,增加了自然灾害发生的风险。

蠕变-渗流耦合作用下水力冲孔周围煤体渗透率时空演化规律

为了研究水力冲孔周围煤体瓦斯运移规律,研究了水力冲孔周围煤体的应力、体积应变和孔径变化规律,建立了蠕变-渗流耦合作用下的水力冲孔周围煤体渗透率动态演化模型,揭示了水力冲孔周围煤体渗透率的时空演化规律,阐明了蠕变变形和基质收缩对渗透率的控制作用机理。研究结果表明:水力冲孔措施可以大幅度提高钻孔周围煤体的渗透率,在空间上煤体渗透率随距离呈负幂函数关系迅速降低(K=2×10^(-16) r^(-2.4));在时间上煤体渗透率随抽采时间的延长而逐渐增大,但是增加梯度会逐渐降低;水力冲孔周围煤体渗透率的增加主要受到煤的蠕变变形控制,基质收缩效应虽然有利于渗透率的增加,但对渗透率的贡献远小于煤体的蠕变变形;钻孔由于蠕变变形会产生缩孔现象,很容易堵塞抽采通道,此时即使渗透率大幅度的提高,也很难保证抽采效果,因此迫切需要制定相应的防堵孔措施。