Spatiotemporal expression and application of urban residential solar rights based on CityGML-LADM

Property disputes are frequent occurrences in rapidly urbanizing regions.Among the legal issues concerning building property rights,solar rights disputes are prevalent because text clauses on solar rights rely on diverse measurements or calculations.Moreover,previous studies on measuring solar rights addressed only the sunlight duration and neglected the daylight factor(daylighting coefficient),which is an integral component of solar rights.Therefore,this study proposes a 3D spatiotemporal model for effectively measuring solar rights by taking both the sunlight duration and the daylight factor into consideration.This model would be technologically valuable in avoiding or settling legal disputes.Taking the specifications of the solar rights of building property in China as a case study,the proposed spatiotemporal model clarifies the complete solar rights of residential units and is implemented by integrating a geometric model from CityGML with a property model,namely,the Land Administration Domain Model(LADM).Three real typical cases are adopted to show the applicability and benefit of the 3D spatiotemporal model in resolving legal property disputes.

Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses uncover the molecular basis of high nitrogen-use efficiency in the wheat cultivar Kenong 9204

Studying the regulatory mechanisms that drive nitrogen-use efficiency(NUE)in crops is important for sustainable agriculture and environmental protection.In this study,we generated a high-quality genome assembly for the high-NUE wheat cultivar Kenong 9204 and systematically analyzed genes related to nitrogen uptake and metabolism.By comparative analyses,we found that the high-affinity nitrate transporter gene family had expanded in Triticeae.Further studies showed that subsequent functional differentiation endowed the expanded family members with saline inducibility,providing a genetic basis for improving the adaptability of wheat to nitrogen deficiency in various habitats.To explore the genetic and molecular mechanisms of high NUE,we compared genomic and transcriptomic data from the high-NUE cultivar Kenong 9204(KN9204)and the low-NUE cultivar Jing 411 and quantified their nitrogen accumulation under high-and low-nitrogen conditions.Compared with Jing 411,KN9204 absorbed significantly more nitrogen at the reproductive stage after shooting and accumulated it in the shoots and seeds.Transcriptome data analysis revealed that nitrogen deficiency clearly suppressed the expression of genes related to cell division in the young spike of Jing 411,whereas this suppression of gene expression was much lower in KN9204.In addition,KN9204 maintained relatively high expression of NPF genes for a longer time than Jing 411 during seed maturity.Physiological and transcriptome data revealed that KN9204 was more tolerant of nitrogen deficiency than Jing 411,especially at the reproductive stage.The high NUE of KN9204 is an integrated effect controlled at different levels.Taken together,our data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of NUE and important gene resources for improving wheat cultivars with a higher NUE trait.