The dramatic changes in the Arctic climate system during recent decades are one of the most prominent features of global climate change.Two most striking and fundamental characteristics are the amplified near-surface ...The dramatic changes in the Arctic climate system during recent decades are one of the most prominent features of global climate change.Two most striking and fundamental characteristics are the amplified near-surface warming at a rate twice the global average since the mid 20th century(e.g.,Blunden and Arndt,2012;Huang et al.,2017),and the rapid展开更多
The international conference on mountain development in a context of global change with special focus on the Himalayas was held in Kathmandu, Nepal on April 21-26.
Inter-related and spatially variable climate change factors including sea level rise,increased storminess,altered precipitation regime and increasing temperature are impacting mangroves at re-gional scales.This review...Inter-related and spatially variable climate change factors including sea level rise,increased storminess,altered precipitation regime and increasing temperature are impacting mangroves at re-gional scales.This review highlights extreme regional variation in climate change threats and impacts,and how these factors impact the structure of mangrove communities,their biodiversity and geo-morphological setting.All these factors interplay to determine spatially variable resiliency to climate change impacts,and because mangroves are varied in type and geographical location,these systems are good models for understanding such interactions at different scales.Sea level rise is likely to in-fluence mangroves in all regions although local impacts are likely to be more varied.Changes in the frequency and intensity of storminess are likely to have a greater impact on N and Central America,Asia,Australia,and East Africa than West Africa and S.America.This review also highlights the nu-merous geographical knowledge gaps of climate change impacts,with some regions particularly understudied(e.g.,Africa and the Middle East).While there has been a recent drive to address these knowledge gaps especially in South America and Asia,further research is required to allow research-ers to tease apart the processes that influence both vulnerability and resilience to climate change.A more globally representative view of mangroves would allow us to better understand the importance of mangrove type and landscape setting in determining system resiliency to future climate change.展开更多
Wet grasslands are threatened by future climate change,yet these are vital ecosystems for both conservation and agriculture,providing livelihoods for millions of people.These biologically diverse,transitional wetlands...Wet grasslands are threatened by future climate change,yet these are vital ecosystems for both conservation and agriculture,providing livelihoods for millions of people.These biologically diverse,transitional wetlands are defined by an abundance of grasses and periodic flooding,and maintained by regular disturbances such as grazing or cutting.This study summarizes relevant climate change scenarios projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and identifies implications for wet grasslands globally and regionally.Climate change is predicted to alter wet grassland hydrology,especially through warming,seasonal precipitation variability,and the severity of extreme events such as droughts and floods.Changes in the diversity,composition,and productivity of vegetation will affect functional and competitive relations between species.Extreme storm or flood events will favor ruderal plant species able to respond rapidly to environmental change.In some regions,wet grasslands may dry out during heatwaves and drought.C4 grasses and invasive species could benefit from warming scenarios,the latter facilitated by disturbances such as droughts,floods,and possibly wildfires.Agriculture will be affected as forage available for livestock will likely become less reliable,necessitating adaptations to cutting and grazing regimes by farmers and conservation managers,and possibly leading to land abandonment.It is recommended that agri-environment schemes,and other policies and practices,are adapted to mitigate climate change,with greater emphasis on water maintenance,flexible management,monitoring,and restoration of resilient wet grasslands.展开更多
文摘The dramatic changes in the Arctic climate system during recent decades are one of the most prominent features of global climate change.Two most striking and fundamental characteristics are the amplified near-surface warming at a rate twice the global average since the mid 20th century(e.g.,Blunden and Arndt,2012;Huang et al.,2017),and the rapid
文摘The international conference on mountain development in a context of global change with special focus on the Himalayas was held in Kathmandu, Nepal on April 21-26.
基金RDW acknowledges the Rising Stars Initiative(University of Brighton),the Federal University of Para,Federal University of Parana,Federal University of Ceara,and the Federal University of São Paulo for funding and logistical support in sea level rise vul-nerability analysis in South America.DAF acknowl-edges the Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research(ARCP2014-14NMY(B&ES))the National University of Singapore(R-109-000-141-133/R-109-000-184-720/R-109-000-158-646)who have funded sea level rise vulnerability monitoring for several sites in South east Asia.RHD is supported by the U.S.Geological Survey’s Ecosystems Mission Area.RAM acknowledges the USDA Forest Service Pacific South West Research Station and the U.S.Agency for International Development,who have funded sea level rise vulner-ability monitoring for several sites in South east Asia and the western Pacific.
文摘Inter-related and spatially variable climate change factors including sea level rise,increased storminess,altered precipitation regime and increasing temperature are impacting mangroves at re-gional scales.This review highlights extreme regional variation in climate change threats and impacts,and how these factors impact the structure of mangrove communities,their biodiversity and geo-morphological setting.All these factors interplay to determine spatially variable resiliency to climate change impacts,and because mangroves are varied in type and geographical location,these systems are good models for understanding such interactions at different scales.Sea level rise is likely to in-fluence mangroves in all regions although local impacts are likely to be more varied.Changes in the frequency and intensity of storminess are likely to have a greater impact on N and Central America,Asia,Australia,and East Africa than West Africa and S.America.This review also highlights the nu-merous geographical knowledge gaps of climate change impacts,with some regions particularly understudied(e.g.,Africa and the Middle East).While there has been a recent drive to address these knowledge gaps especially in South America and Asia,further research is required to allow research-ers to tease apart the processes that influence both vulnerability and resilience to climate change.A more globally representative view of mangroves would allow us to better understand the importance of mangrove type and landscape setting in determining system resiliency to future climate change.
文摘Wet grasslands are threatened by future climate change,yet these are vital ecosystems for both conservation and agriculture,providing livelihoods for millions of people.These biologically diverse,transitional wetlands are defined by an abundance of grasses and periodic flooding,and maintained by regular disturbances such as grazing or cutting.This study summarizes relevant climate change scenarios projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and identifies implications for wet grasslands globally and regionally.Climate change is predicted to alter wet grassland hydrology,especially through warming,seasonal precipitation variability,and the severity of extreme events such as droughts and floods.Changes in the diversity,composition,and productivity of vegetation will affect functional and competitive relations between species.Extreme storm or flood events will favor ruderal plant species able to respond rapidly to environmental change.In some regions,wet grasslands may dry out during heatwaves and drought.C4 grasses and invasive species could benefit from warming scenarios,the latter facilitated by disturbances such as droughts,floods,and possibly wildfires.Agriculture will be affected as forage available for livestock will likely become less reliable,necessitating adaptations to cutting and grazing regimes by farmers and conservation managers,and possibly leading to land abandonment.It is recommended that agri-environment schemes,and other policies and practices,are adapted to mitigate climate change,with greater emphasis on water maintenance,flexible management,monitoring,and restoration of resilient wet grasslands.
