Interaction between an Accelerated Mass in Straight Motion and a Hidden Energy Reservoir as a Strict Mathematical Consequence of Special Relativity

A. Einstein and H.A. Lorentz had found that the mass of an accelerated body traveling at relativistic velocity appears to depend on whether the acceleration is performed in the direction of motion or in a transverse direction. E.P. Epstein rejected this result in the “Annalen der Physik”;he rather postulated an additional force that turns up when the body is accelerated in the longitudinal direction. It can be shown that the concept of an increased longitudinal mass is based on a simple mathematical error. When correcting this error, it turns out that Epstein’s additional, hidden force is indispensable in order to avoid an inner inconsistency of Special Relativity. It does most of the total work absorbed by the moving object, and is thus responsible for most of the increase in its energy (=mass), given the speed attained is relativistic. In other words: While the total force on the body needed to maintain a constant acceleration a0 is “(1-v2/c2)-1ma0=m0(1-v2/c2)-3/2a0”, the technical force needed to maintain that acceleration amounts only to “ma0=m0(1 - v2/c2)-1/2a0”. The total energy of two objects that undergo a symmetrical, elastic head-on collision is therefore not conserved during the collision, thus requiring the involvement of a hidden reservoir of energy. This result is confirmed by calculations that use the concept of momenergy. The phenomenon of an apparent disappearance of energy has been noticed in particle physics already (target-experiment), but its consequences have been ignored. Instead, an explanation has been given (reduced “energy of the center of mass”) which is inconsistent and violates the relativity principle.

Effective Mass Model Reduced to Ordinary Mass Using Newton’s, Quantum and Generalized Special Relativity

The concept of the effective mass in crystals shows that the electron mass is affected by the crystal field and was experimentally verified. A useful expression for effective mass was obtained. Unfortunately this expression showed that the effective mass vanishes in the ab-sence of the external field. This is in conflict with observations which show that it reduces to the ordinary mass. To cure this defect a new model is developed assuming the existence of vacuum force as verified experimentally as shown by Casimir effect. Using Newton’s second law and the quantum expression of momentum, useful expressions were found. The same expression was found using generalized special relativity. Strikingly the three models reduced to the conventional one in the absence of vacuum, they also reduced to the ordinary electron mass in the absence of all forces.

Variations of the Speed of Light with Frequency and Implied Photon Mass

A general frequency-dependent dispersion relation of the speed of light in different mediums （vacuum, insulator, plasma） is deduced based on the Proca equations. Several recent astronomical observations of the pulsars are used to set the limits on the photon rest mass by this method and several upper bounds of larger than one order improvement than previous similar results are obtained. Considering the dispersion of the massive photon, the possible upper limits on the photon rest mass are also derived from the recently experimental results for testing the constancy of the speed of light in special relativity.

Diagrammatic Approach for Investigating Two Dimensional Elastic Collisions in Momentum Space II: Special Relativity

The diagrammatic approach to the collision problems in Newtonian mechanics is useful. We show in this article that the same technique can be applied to the case of the special relativity. The two circles play an important role in Newtonian mechanics, while in the special relativity, we need one circle and one ellipse. The circle shows the collision in the center-of-mass system. And the ellipse shows the collision in the laboratory system. These two figures give all information on two dimensional elastic collisions in the special relativity.

General Derivation of Mass-Energy Relation without Electrodynamics or Einstein’s Postulates

The mass-energy equation ?is derived in general from Newton’s equation of motion without use of electrodynamics, or Einstein’s Postulates which were presented in his superb 1905 paper on Special Relativity (SR). This was previously not thought to be possible. This novel derivation of an accelerated body of rest mass m0 is compared with the traditional SR inertial derivation. A discussion is given of pre-1905, electrostatic and electrodynamic derivations of the mass-energy relation yielding , as well as more recent ones. A concise pre-relativity history of the mass-energy relation is traced back to Newton in 1717.

Determining the Neutrino Mass Eigenstates and the Effective Majorana Mass

This paper aims at solving several open questions in current neutrino physics: the neutrino mass hierarchy, the Dirac CP violating phase, the absolute mass of neutrinos, the nature of neutrinos (Dirac or Majorana), the Majorana matrix and the absolute value of the effective Majorana neutrino mass. In the research presented in this paper, we have shown that the precise definition of the mass splittings between neutrino mass eigenstates, done in the latest analysis of experimental data, can be of crucial importance for defining the nature of neutrino mass hierarchy. The Standard Model has three generations of fundamental matter particles. Three generations of the charged lepton mass show a hierarchical structure: mτ > mμ > me. Owing to that, there is a belief and it is considered that neutrinos may follow such hierarchical structure. In our calculations, we have also included the latest data obtained, based on the processing of measurement results, which showed that even with such data, obtained results favor the normal neutrino mass hierarchy. As for the individual neutrino mass calculated in this paper, in today’s neutrino physics it is only known that neutrino mass scale is bounded only from above, and both the Dirac and the Majorana character of neutrinos are compatible with all observations. Among some of the questions resolved in this paper, which are related to the properties of neutrinos, a positive answer was also given to the question of whether light neutrinos are self-conjugate particles or not.

Hydrodynamic Analogy to Special Relativity

By studying of a slender body moving in a fluid wave-medium, e.g., in air or in shallow water, it was found that the hydrodynamic momentum mass and the total energy of the fluid field can be expressed in forms of and E=mc2, where v is the body moving speed, c is the wave speed and is the hydrodynamic mass at the zero speed. Thus a hydrodynamic analogy to the relativistic particle motion in vacuum can be traced. The velocity dependence of mass and the mass-energy equivalence are universal for any wave medium, which should not be regarded as a consequence of relative Lorentz time-space, but one of the existence of wave in the medium. Its further inference leads to an even more significant physical picture. If the mass particle moves in an unbounded space at a supercritical speed, i.e. , waves are generated and radiated from it, like the Mach waves by the supersonic plane, and the particle itself experiences a resistance as reaction from the wave radiation. By an extension of this analogy, it can be interred from a hydrodynamic superconductive phenomenon that particles or waves can move possibly at a superluminal speed without experiencing any resistance through a tunnel (a bounded space) under certain conditions. Therefore the speed of light is not the limit of our physical world and superluminal phenomena are possible.

Why Energy and Mass Can Be Converted between Each Other? A New Perspective Based on a Matter Wave Model

It was predicted by Einstein that energy and mass can be converted between each other. But why? Energy and mass are two very different physical concepts. How can they be exchanged with each other? We think the key to answer this question is to recall that a particle can behave like a wave. Particle properties like energy and momentum are known to be related to their corresponding wave properties (frequency and wave vector). Mass is clearly a particle property;is it also related to a wave property? This study suggests that it is. We found that mass and energy appear to share similar physical nature in the wave perspective. Both of them are related to the curvature of bending the vacuum medium during the propagation of the excitation wave. This similarity explains why they are convertible.

Asymmetric Special Theory of Relativity

Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity (SR) relates time dilation to the velocity between the observer and the observed object as if they are identical. Our new theory breaks this symmetry by relating the velocity of the object not directly to the observer, but instead to the center of gravity of object and observer. The reason why such a mass influence has not been reported might be that the mass of the observer in most experiments is much greater than that of the object, for example when earth is observing, satellites or detectors are studying nuclear masses.

A Classical Explanation for Relativistic Longitudinal and Transverse Mass Increase

In this paper, I show that the Special Relativistic effect of mass increase that occurs within objects when they move at high speed can be explained using Classical Physics principles. In my analysis, the wave nature of condensed matter and energy/mass equivalence are taken into consideration. The wave nature of particles is modelled as the particle structure comprising three-dimensional standing waves. When this is done, the difference in the energy sum of the component waves that comprise a particle moving at a high speed, when compared to those of a stationary particle, completely accounts for the mass increase. Furthermore, the additional momentum of the wave components in the direction of motion (the Longitudinal direction) is the cause of the inertia, or effective mass, of the object being greater than that in the Transverse direction (orthogonal to the direction of motion).

Negative Mass: Part One

This article presents a physical model, which describes the ideas of special relativity, in a rational, logical, simple and understandable manner, while using basic mathematical tools. The model is based on Albert Einstein’s formula, which describes the “rest” energy of a body with mass (m), given by the formula E=mc2. Based on this formula, and in accordance with the theory of special relativity, we present here a model of a body, moving at a constant velocity in space (at high speeds, close to the speed of light), with speed equal to the speed of light in space-time, determined with an “energy angle” and negative mass. This model offers a method for creating negative mass, a calculating method for the relative velocity, and a method for calculating energy and momentum, in a completely elastic collision and plastic collision, different than in the contemporary nowadays method found in classical and modern physics. In addition, the new model solves problems and paradoxes known in special relativity physics, such as the Twin Paradox and others.

碱提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定特殊医学用途配方粉中碘元素含量

样品采用氢氧化钾溶液提取液后加入稳定剂,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪-有机物添加在线内标的方式对碘元素进行定量测定,并采用表面活性剂进行实时在线冲洗,检测过程可在2小时内完成。实验对碱液提取条件和仪器检测条件均进行了优化和探讨,在优化的条件下,碘元素线性相关系数大于0.999,检出限可达到μg/kg级别,三水平加标回收率在90.2%至93.7%之间。此方法前处理简便,检测时间短,且精密度高、准确性好。

A Physical Interpretation of Mass-Energy Equivalence Based on the Orthogonal Collision

Einstein described the mass-energy equivalence as the most important result of special relativity. But more than a century after Einstein first derived the relationship between mass-energy equivalence (or mass-energy equation), questions left for people are how to understand that mass and energy are somehow equivalent, and how to give the dynamical process for the conversion from mass to energy (or vice versa). This paper first interprets the formula of mass-energy equivalence published by Einstein in 1905, and then gives the equivalence relationship of mass-energy transition based on the dynamics of particle orthogonal collision. As a result, the orthogonal collision of two high-energy mass particles can generate a huge mass-energy density, equivalent to the total energy of N new particles, which is a one-way dynamic process that generates new mass-energy density and new matter. This conversion of mass into energy has nothing to do with special relativity.

The Mass and Size of Photons in the 5-Dimensional Extended Space Model

We propose the generalization of Einstein’s special theory of relativity (STR). In our model, we use the (1 + 4)-dimensional space G, which is the extension of the (1 + 3)-dimensional Minkowski space M. As a fifth additional coordinate, the interval S is used. This value is constant under the usual Lorentz transformations in M, but it changes when the transformations in the extended space G are used. We call this model the Extended space model (ESM). From a physical point of view, our expansion means that processes in which the rest mass of the particles changes are acceptable now. In the ESM, gravity and electromagnetism are combined in one field. In the ESM, a photon can have a nonzero mass and this mass can be either positive or negative. It is also possible to establish in the frame of ESM connection between mass of a particle and its size.

桃专用有机肥及配套施肥技术对桃园土壤理化性质及收益的影响

旨在比较桃专用有机肥及配套施肥技术与化肥、农家肥对桃园土壤理化性质、鲜桃产量及效益的影响。在10 a生桃园(品种:浅涧白桃)基肥设置为,化肥(CK)、农家肥(T_(1))、桃专用有机肥及配套施肥(T_(2))3个处理组(各处理追肥相同)。结果显示,T_(1)和T_(2)处理与CK相比均降低土壤体积质量,增加土壤贮水量,显著提高土壤有机质含量,在0~20 cm土层中有机质较CK分别提高36.77%和33.73%;T_(2)处理提高土壤中速效养分含量,其0~60 cm土层碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾平均含量分别较CK提高7.34%、9.05%、5.90%;各处理桃年均产量为T_(2)>T_(1)≥CK,T_(2)处理的果实含糖量达到23°,糖酸比为33.23;专用肥及配套施肥技术能显著提高鲜桃的产量和品质,改善桃园土壤结构,提高土壤肥力。

基于三维地质模型的路桥工程特殊地质岩体勘察方法研究

路桥工程施工前对其地质条件尤其是特殊地质岩体进行勘察具有积极意义,甚至影响未来的工程设计与施工。由于特殊地质岩体的复杂性和不确定性,传统勘察方式存在效率较低、精度不高、人为影响较大等弊端难以准确掌握其性质和特征。因此,需要研究新的勘察方法。基于此,文章重点针对3种三维地质模型在路桥工程中的特殊地质岩体勘察方法进行介绍,旨在为后续实践工作提供指导。

大规模因材施教理念下辅修课程教学模式探索

以高校“机器学习”课程教学为例,从满足辅修专业学生个性化学习需求角度出发,探讨了大规模因材施教理念下的辅修专业课程教学模式。提出通过“机器学习”课程与大规模因材施教理念融合机制、面向多学科学生个性化教学需求的大规模因材施教教学模式、匹配知识内容和学生知识背景的课程教学案例研究与设计、主修专业应用需求驱动的课程实验教学方法研究与内容设计等方面进行教学模式创新与案例设计。通过上述方式能够全方位培养辅修专业学生在课程学习过程中的多元化知识理解能力及工程实践思辨能力,可以进一步优化、拓展、丰富研究型高校辅修专业的人才培养模式。

特殊膳食食品中生物素含量测定方法研究

目的建立超高效液相串联三重四极杆质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定特殊膳食食品中生物素含量的方法。方法试样中加入内标物,采用40℃温水提取,振荡混匀后超声提取,冷却后用高氯酸调节pH至1.6±0.2,离心,上清用氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至4.5±0.2,再次离心,上清过0.22μm滤膜,经Kinetex RR-C_(18)(100 mm×2.1mm,2.6μm)色谱柱分离,以0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈为流动相,以内标法定量。结果生物素在1~50 ng/ml范围内具有良好的线性关系(r>0.999),方法检出限为0.003μg/g,定量限为0.01μg/g。在10 h内样品提取液中生物素含量稳定,RSD为5.87%。在5,15,30 ng/ml加标水平下的平均回收率为90.7%~116.9%,RSD为1.71%~4.42%(n=6)。结论此法检测速度快、灵敏度高、重复性好,适用于特殊膳食食品中生物素含量的快速及准确测定。

我国红层分布特征及主要工程地质问题

我国中新生代红层分布总面积约826 389km2,是工程建设中不可避免的岩土体。南方地区红层约占红层总面积的60%,以西南、中南地区红层分布较广,多为裸露型红层,受降雨等因素影响滑坡、风化等问题突出;北方地区红层约占40%,以甘肃以及蒙宁晋陕交界红层分布相对较多,多为埋藏型红层,工程地质问题具有隐蔽性。红层分布受控于分布区的区域断裂带,岩体结构破碎,水文网络发育,渗流、软化等问题突出。由于砂岩、泥岩、页岩、蒸发岩、杂色岩等多种软硬岩层互层结构和工程活动等因素的影响,沿着软弱结构面易发生滑坡、差异风化等工程地质问题。由于时代较新,岩土体的胶结性差,物理力学性能相对较差,岩石多属于软岩类别。稳定性差,易崩解软化。蒸发岩和红层岩土体中可溶成份在水作用下,容易发生岩溶、腐蚀、渗流等物理化学问题。建议在工程建设中将红层作为特殊岩体对待。

弹丸质量质心测量方法研究

综述了国内外弹丸质心测量的方法及误差评估,详细介绍了弹丸质心测量的多支点称重法工作原理、系统组成和计算公式,针对小型弹丸,提出了提高其轴向、径向质心测量精度的改进方法,算例表明,改进方法极大地提高了系统的测量精度,可以满足弹丸高精度质心测量的要求。