RFFsNet-SEI:a multidimensional balanced-RFFs deep neural network framework for specific emitter identification

Existing specific emitter identification(SEI)methods based on hand-crafted features have drawbacks of losing feature information and involving multiple processing stages,which reduce the identification accuracy of emitters and complicate the procedures of identification.In this paper,we propose a deep SEI approach via multidimensional feature extraction for radio frequency fingerprints(RFFs),namely,RFFsNet-SEI.Particularly,we extract multidimensional physical RFFs from the received signal by virtue of variational mode decomposition(VMD)and Hilbert transform(HT).The physical RFFs and I-Q data are formed into the balanced-RFFs,which are then used to train RFFsNet-SEI.As introducing model-aided RFFs into neural network,the hybrid-driven scheme including physical features and I-Q data is constructed.It improves physical interpretability of RFFsNet-SEI.Meanwhile,since RFFsNet-SEI identifies individual of emitters from received raw data in end-to-end,it accelerates SEI implementation and simplifies procedures of identification.Moreover,as the temporal features and spectral features of the received signal are both extracted by RFFsNet-SEI,identification accuracy is improved.Finally,we compare RFFsNet-SEI with the counterparts in terms of identification accuracy,computational complexity,and prediction speed.Experimental results illustrate that the proposed method outperforms the counterparts on the basis of simulation dataset and real dataset collected in the anechoic chamber.

Identification of three kinds of Plumeria flowers by DNA barcoding and HPLC specific chromatogram

DNA barcoding and HPLC specific chromatogram were used to identify three kinds of Plumeria flowers respectively. DNAs extracted from the three Plumeria species were amplified by PCR with universal primers, and the psbA-trnH region was selected. All the amplified products were sequenced and the results were analyzed by MEGA 5.0. Chemometric methods including principal components analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis were conducted on the SAS 9.0 software to demonstrate the variability among samples. In conclusion, the psbA-trnH of all samples were successfully amplified from total DNA and sequenced. These three varieties of Plumeria can be differentiated by the psbA-trnH region and clustered into three groups respectively through building neighbor joining tree, which conformed to their germplasm origins. However, it was hard to distinguish them by HPLC specific chromatograms combined with chemometrics analysis. These indicated that DNA barcoding was a promising and reliable tool for the identification of three kinds of Plumeria flowers compared to HPLC specific chromatogram generally used. It could be treated as a powerful complementary method for traditional authentication, especially for those varieties which are difficult to be identified by conventional chromatography.

Establishment of Specific Chromatogram of Spica Prunellae Formula Granules Based on Standard Decoction

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish HPLC chromatograms of decoction pieces,standard decoction and formula granules of Spica Prunellae.[Methods]The chromatographic conditions were as follows:column,SHISEIDO CAPCELL PAK C18 MGII column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);mobile phase,acetonitrile-0.1%phosphoric acid;gradient elution;detection wavelength,280 nm;flow rate,1.0 mL/min;and column temperature,30℃.The correlation between the decoction pieces,standard decoction and formula granules of Spica Prunellae was analyzed by specific chromatograms.[Results]The fingerprint chromatograms of decoction pieces,standard decoction and formula granules of Spica Prunellae showed five common peaks,with good correlation.Among the five common peaks,four of them were tanshinol,protocatechuic acid,caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid.[Conclusions]The main chemical constituents of decoction pieces,standard decoction and formula granules of Spica Prunellae are basically the same.The HPLC specific chromatogram established can be used for the quality control of Spica Prunellae formula granules.

Bohai crude oil identification by gas chromatogram fingerprinting quantitative analysis coupled with cluster analysis

By gas chromatogram, six crude oils fingerprinting distributed in four oilfields and four oil platforms were analyzed and the corre- sponding normal paraffin hydrocarbon （ including pristane and phytane） concentration was obtained by the internal standard methed. The normal paraffin hydrocarbon distribution patterns of six crude oils were built and compared. The cluster analysis on the normal paraffin hydrocarbon concentration was conducted for classification and some ratios of oils were used for oils comparison. The results indicated： there was a clear difference within different crude oils in different oil fields and a small difference between the crude oils in the same oil platform. The normal paraffin hydrocarbon distribution pattern and ratios, as well as the cluster analysis on the nomad paraffin hydrocarbon concentration can have a better differentiation result for the crude oils with small difference than the original gas chromatogram.

Sequence-specific Hydrolysis of Single-stranded DNA by PNA-Cerium （Ⅳ） Adduct

A novel artificial site specific cleavage reagent, with peptide nucleic acid （PNA） as sequence-recognizing moiety and cerium （IV） ions as “scissors” for cleaving target DNA, was synthesized. Subsequently, it was employed in the cleavage of target 26-mer single-stranded DNA （ssDNA）, which has 10-mer sequence complementary with PNA recognizer in the hybrids, under physiological conditions. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatogram （RPHPLC） experiments indicated that the artificial site specific cleavage reagent could cleave the target DNA specifically.

HPLC Fingerprint Chromatogram of Tetracera asiatica Produced in Guangxi

[Objectives] To establish fingerprint chromatogram of Tetracera asiatica and provide basis for controlling and assessing the quality of Tetracera asiatica.[Methods] The high-performance liquid chromatography( HPLC) method was used. Phenomenex C18( 5 μm,4. 6 ×250 mm),acetonitrile-0. 1% phosphoric acid water,gradient elution,flow rate 1 m L/min,detection wavelength 214 nm,and column temperature 25 ℃. The fingerprint chromatogram of 10 batches of samples of Tetracera asiatica was determined for similarity comparison. [Results] It established HPLC fingerprint chromatogram of Tetracera asiatica produced in Guangxi,determined a total of 13 common fingerprint peaks. The similarity of 10 batches of Tetracera asiatica was > 0. 9.[Conclusions] The method is rapid and accurate and can provide references for assessing the quality of Tetracera asiatica.

改进变分模态分解与多特征的通信辐射源个体识别方法

针对通信辐射源指纹特征难以提取和单一特征识别率不高的问题,并考虑到通信辐射源细微特征的非线性、非平稳特点,该文提出了一种基于改进变分模态分解和多特征的通信辐射源个体识别方法。首先,为了获得变分模态分解的分解层数和惩罚因子的最优组合,采用鲸鱼优化算法对通信辐射源符号波形信号的变分模态分解方法进行了改进,该方法以序列复杂度为停止准则,使每个符号波形信号能够自适应地分解出包含非线性指纹特征的高频信号分量和数据信息的低频分量;然后,根据相关阈值选取能够最佳表征辐射源非线性特征的高频信号分量层数,分别对其提取模糊熵、排列熵、Higuchi维数以及Katz维数并组成多域联合特征向量;最后,通过卷积神经网络实现通信辐射源个体识别分类,利用ORACLE公开数据集进行实验。实验结果表明:该方法有较高的识别精度且具有良好的抗噪声性能。

三门峡多油分烟叶有机酸气相指纹图谱的建立

【目的】建立三门峡多油分烟叶的有机酸气相(GC)指纹图谱,明确多油分烟叶的质量特性,为多油分烟叶的质量评价提供参考。【方法】采用硫酸-甲醇法提取多油分烟叶有机酸,通过气相色谱进行分析,获取烟叶样品的色谱图,结合中药指纹图谱相似度评价软件建立多油分烟叶有机酸气相指纹图谱,并进行样品相似度评价;选取云南和湖北的多油分烟叶对所建立的对照图谱进行验证。【结果】三门峡多油分烟叶的指纹图谱有12个有机酸共有峰,分别为草酸、丙二酸、γ-戊酮酸、丁二酸、苹果酸、2,4-庚二烯酸、柠檬酸、十六酸、十七酸、油酸、亚油酸、十八酸。24批样品的有机酸图谱与对照指纹图谱的相似度在0.995~0.999,各批次间样品相似度较好。指纹图谱验证结果表明,三门峡多油分烟叶与云南、湖北等地烟叶之间差异较大。【结论】建立的三门峡多油分烟叶有机酸气相指纹图谱方法简便、可靠、专属性强。

HPLC图谱研究大黄“炒炭存性”

目的建立大黄HPLC指纹图谱,并根据主要成分峰面积的变化,分析不同炮制时间对大黄炭饮片质量的影响。方法采用Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×200 mm,5μm)色谱柱;以甲醇-0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 mL·min^(-1);检测波长为280 nm,柱温为35℃,建立HPLC指纹图谱;采用“中药色谱指纹相似度评价系统(2012版)”对不同产地的大黄样品图谱进行处理,并对不同炮制时间的大黄炭样品进行HPLC图谱的分析与对比。结果建立的大黄HPLC指纹图谱确定了18个共有峰,通过与对照品比对,指认了8个成分,分别为没食子酸、儿茶素、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚和5-羟甲基糠醛;同时,通过HPLC色谱图的比对,发现了大黄炭生成了5个新成分,发现了大黄炭不同炮制时间,各成分的变化趋势。结论建立的大黄HPLC指纹图谱方法重现性好,稳定可行;大黄的“炒炭存性”HPLC色谱图研究,可为大黄炭饮片质量控制和评价提供参考。

鱼腥草挥发性成分“印迹模板”特征研究

目的通过对144批不同产地、不同采收时间鱼腥草根部挥发性成分“印迹模板”的定量分析,阐明其特征,为中药印迹质量评价提供理论参考和实验依据。方法采集全国不同产地不同采收期的鱼腥草,用水蒸气蒸馏法获取根部挥发油,通过GC-MS法获得指纹图谱并建立相应的成分数据库。对各批鱼腥草挥发性成分“印迹模板”进行定量表征,获得其分子连接性指数(molecular connectivity index,MCI)、物芯指数(core index,CI)、总量统计矩参数、信息熵、信息量等参数。结果各批样品化学成分种类、数目、含量有较大差异,各批样品间峰面积、信息量变化很大(RSD值分别为68.67%、79.72%),峰数变化较大(RSD值为22.03%);而信息熵、总量统计一阶矩、物芯指数(Xvp零阶、Xvp一阶、Xvp二阶)的变化不大(RSD值分别为16.17%、13.32%、5.46%、6.38%、6.03%)。结论鱼腥草生长过程中以“印迹模板”为中心修饰而成的具体成分及含量是随时随域变化,整体表现为“变”与“不变”规律,其印迹性质量评价可为中药更全面准确的质量控制提供新方法。

板青颗粒特征图谱及其质量相关性研究

本研究旨在开发一种用于检测板青颗粒中靛玉红含量的方法,并进行指纹图谱分析。采用高效液相色谱技术,色谱柱选用Eclipse Plus C_(18)柱(4.6 mm×250.0 mm,5μm),检测波长289 nm,以甲醇-水(77∶23)为流动相,等度洗脱,流速为0.8 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10μL。结果显示,在对靛玉红定性分析中线性关系良好(R^(2)=1.0000),平均回收率为98.07%,12批次样品中检测出共有峰7个,相似度为0.791~1.000。该方法操作简单、快捷,结果准确,可用于板青颗粒中靛玉红含量的测定及板青颗粒质量评价。

不同产地半夏药材HPLC特征图谱的建立

目的:研究并建立半夏药材HPLC特征图谱,提高其质量控制水平。方法:采用SVEA C18Opal色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以甲醇-水作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为0.9 mL/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为270 nm,建立了半夏药材的指纹图谱,运用国家药典委员会《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2012版)》对测定的17批半夏药材数据进行处理分析。结果:建立了以9个特征峰为指标成分的半夏药材HPLC特征图谱,以鸟苷色谱峰为参照,其他8个特征峰的相对保留时间分别为(0.503±0.050)min、(0.563±0.056)min、(0.643±0.064)min、(0.928±0.093)min、(1.490±0.149)min、(1.536±0.154)min、(2.171±0.217)min、(2.210±0.221)min。结论:建立了同时测定不同来源半夏药材化学成分的HPLC特征图谱方法,该方法经过方法学验证,结果可靠,可用于半夏药材的质量控制。

基于HPLC特征图谱对消炎灵胶囊的质量评价研究

目的:建立消炎灵胶囊的高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)特征图谱法,通过相似度评价及聚类分析研究,为消炎灵胶囊的质量评价提供新思路。方法:使用HPLC,选择Waters Xselect C_(18)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,检测波长280 nm。以甘草苷峰作为S峰,将32批消炎灵胶囊特征图谱文件导入《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》(2012.1版),进行相似度计算,通过SPSS 26.0软件对结果进行聚类分析。结果:32批消炎灵胶囊HPLC特征图谱有14个共有特征峰,除5批样品外,其余样品相似度均大于0.900,相似度结果与聚类分析结果基本一致。结论:该研究方法及分析结果可为消炎灵胶囊的鉴别与质量控制提供新思路。

接收域分离的跨接收系统通用性辐射源指纹识别

受辐射源硬件失真和接收机硬件失真的耦合作用,实际接收信号中带有当前辐射源系统和接收系统共同的“个体信息”,导致辐射源指纹识别技术(RFF)在跨接收系统场景下无法通用。为消除接收机染色效应,该文将接收机影响作为单独作用域,提出一种基于接收域分离的跨接收系统通用性辐射源指纹识别方法。该方法通过双标签多通道特征联合和域分离对抗重构方式实现信号中辐射源指纹作用域与接收机染色作用域分离,利用多部接收机数据预先训练网络对两种作用域的分离能力,聚焦辐射源指纹信息提取,从而提升辐射源指纹识别技术在跨平台跨接收系统、更新接收设备等场景下的适应能力。相比于直接特征提取和多接收机打包训练方式,所提方法能够真正适应实际无监督场景,且参与训练的源域接收机数目越多,域适应效果越好,不需要重复训练即可直接推广应用于新接收系统,具有较高的实际应用价值。

UPLC/Q-TOF-MS特征图谱结合化学计量学评价秋海棠属5种药材质量

目的:采用UPLC/Q-TOF-MS技术结合化学计量学方法综合评价秋海棠、中华秋海棠、掌裂叶秋海棠、长柄秋海棠和柔毛秋海棠的质量。方法:采用ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C_(18)(2.1 mm×100mm,1.8μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1%甲酸为流动相进行梯度洗脱,柱温30℃,流速0.2 mL·min^(-1),检测波长254 nm;采用电喷雾离子源(ESI)正负离子同时扫描,以MSE方式进行采集,建立秋海棠属5种药材UPLC/Q-TOF-MS特征图谱,并对它们各自共有峰进行确认和归属,运用主成分分析法(PCA)和偏最小二乘判别分析法(PLS-DA)对数据进行统计分析。结果:筛选出秋海棠、中华秋海棠、掌裂叶秋海棠、长柄秋海棠和柔毛秋海棠药材各自的共有特征峰分别为15、13、12、12、15个,且共鉴定出29个化合物;秋海棠属5种药材质量存在较大差异,其中,柔毛秋海棠与其他4种药材的化学成分差异显著,秋海棠与中华秋海棠药材之间化学成分差异较小,掌裂叶秋海棠与长柄秋海棠药材之间化学成分差异较小;还筛选出对该5种药材区分贡献显著的8个化学标志物,原花青素B2、表儿茶素、葫芦素D或其同分异构体、葫芦素D葡萄糖苷和葫芦素B为潜在鉴别特征性化学标志物,原花青素B1、儿茶素和芦丁为潜在含量差异性化学标志物。结论:该方法直观、准确地反映了此5种药材的整体质量及化学成分差异情况,并对于建立科学、合理的秋海棠属药材质量评价方法和安全用药具有重要的指导意义,也为其整体质量评价和控制及标准修订提供参考。

复方罗布麻颗粒UPLC特征图谱及6个成分含量测定

目的:建立复方罗布麻颗粒的超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)特征图谱,同时对新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸、金丝桃苷、异槲皮苷、木犀草苷进行含量测定。方法:以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,色谱柱为Waters CORTECS T3(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.6μm),流速为0.33 mL·min^(–1),检测波长为360 nm,柱温为30℃。结果:得到15批复方罗布麻颗粒特征图谱,确定特征峰14个,相似度值均大于0.95。新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸、金丝桃苷、异槲皮苷、木犀草苷分别在相应质量浓度范围内与其峰面积呈良好线性关系(r≥0.9999);平均回收率分别为99.9%、100.8%、99.9%、97.6%、101.1%、100.6%,RSD均小于2.0%。结论:该方法具有较高的灵敏度、良好的重复性,可为科学、全面地评价和控制复方罗布麻颗粒的质量提供参考。

北豆根配方颗粒质量评价

目的 评价北豆根配方颗粒质量。方法 制备15批标准汤剂和3批配方颗粒,测定出膏率及木兰花碱、蝙蝠葛苏林碱、蝙蝠葛碱含量、转移率,建立HPLC特征图谱,聚类分析进行化学模式识别。结果 3批配方颗粒出膏率为15.1%~16.6%,木兰花碱、蝙蝠葛苏林碱、蝙蝠葛碱含量分别为18.93~19.39、9.42~9.60、6.79~6.85 mg/g,三者从饮片到配方颗粒的转移率分别为34.42%~35.25%、43.81%~44.65%、27.27%~27.51%;特征图谱中有7个特征峰,相似度均大于0.95,与标准汤剂一致性良好,并符合相关限度要求。15批标准汤剂聚为2类,吉林、河北、山东产药材可用于配方颗粒制备。结论 该方法合理可靠,可为北豆根配方颗粒质量控制、临床应用提供参考。

经典名方清金化痰汤基准样品HPLC指纹图谱及量值传递研究

基于建立的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱结合多指标成分含量的测定方法,研究了清金化痰汤(QJHTD)的量值传递规律。制备15批QJHTD基准样品,建立其HPLC指纹图谱并进行相似度评价,确定共有峰;对QJHTD基准样品中4种指标性成分(栀子苷、芒果苷、黄芩苷、甘草酸)进行含量测定,分析饮片-基准样品的量值传递规律。结果表明,15批QJHTD基准样品指纹图谱的相似度均大于0.98。标定了26个共有峰,并对各共有峰进行药材归属。指标性成分栀子苷、芒果苷、黄芩苷、甘草酸的含量分别为44.60~76.82mg·g^(-1)、98.04~145.25 mg·g^(-1)、46.82~75.64 mg·g^(-1)、81.60~126.63 mg·g^(-1),转移率分别为32.91%~62.42%、21.78%~35.93%、29.98%~57.12%、27.51%~49.34%。15批QJHTD基准样品的出膏率为16.98%~25.19%,平均出膏转移率为67.19%。结合指纹图谱、多成分含量测定以及出膏率,研究经典名方QJHTD基准样品的量值传递规律,可为后续制剂质量控制提供参考。

维吾尔族习用药神香草特征图谱与含量测定

目的建立神香草高效液相色谱(HPLC)特征图谱,地奥司明、蒙花苷的含量测定方法。方法分析采用C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);乙腈-0.1%磷酸为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速1.0 mL·min^(-1);特征图谱检测波长328 nm,含量测定检测波长333 nm。结果神香草HPLC特征图谱中有18个主要色谱峰。地奥司明在10.773~430.92 ng、蒙花苷在0.3247~324.73 ng范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率(n=9)分别为97.1%(RSD=2.2%)、100.2%(RSD=0.7%)。结论该方法准确可靠,可用于神香草的质量控制。

醋芫花标准汤剂HPLC特征图谱研究

目的:建立醋芫花标准汤剂高效液相色谱法(HPLC)特征图谱,在全面表征其成分特征的同时,能够区别于芫花标准汤剂。方法:采用Kromasil Cl8色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇(A)-0.05%磷酸水溶液(B)为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^(-1),柱温为35℃,进样量为20µL,检测波长为238 nm。将得到的21批芫花标准汤剂和21批醋芫花标准汤剂特征图谱经“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统”(2004A版)进行峰匹配,分别明确共有峰个数,并生成对照特征图谱。通过对比,明确芫花标准汤剂与醋芫花标准汤剂特征图谱的区别点,指认共有特征峰,并对比指认的特征峰峰面积的变化情况。结果:通过对比生成的芫花标准汤剂和醋芫花标准汤剂对照特征图谱,发现其中tR在27.0 min的特征峰是关键区别点,推测该成分可能为醋芫花挥发油中新生成的烯类化合物。指认7个特征峰成分,分别为芹菜素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷、芫花素-5-O-茜草苷、木犀草素、椴树苷、芹菜素、羟基芫花素和芫花素,其含量在炮制前后并没有明显的变化。结论:该方法简单可行,能够较好地区分芫花标准汤剂与醋芫花标准汤剂,从源头加强样品质量控制的同时,可为醋芫花标准汤剂及其配方颗粒质量控制提供参考。