Contact Mechanism of Rail Grinding with Open-Structured Abrasive Belt Based on Pressure Grinding Plate

The current research of abrasive belt grinding rail mainly focuses on the contact mechanism and structural design.Compared with the closed structure abrasive belt grinding,open-structured abrasive belt grinding has excellent performance in dynamic stability,consistency of grinding quality,extension of grinding mileage and improvement of working efficiency.However,in the contact structure design,the open-structured abrasive belt grinding rail using a profiling pressure grinding plate and the closed structure abrasive belt using the contact wheel are different,and the contact mechanisms of the two are different.In this paper,based on the conformal contact and Hertz theory,the contact mechanism of the pressure grinding plate,abrasive belt and rail is analyzed.Through finite element simulation and static pressure experiment,the contact behavior of pressure grinding plate,abrasive belt and rail under single concentrated force,uniform force and multiple concentrated force was studied,and the distribution characteristics of contact stress on rail surface were observed.The results show that under the same external load,there are three contact areas under the three loading modes.The outer contour of the middle contact area is rectangular,and the inner contour is elliptical.In the contact area at both ends,the stress is extremely small under a single concentrated force,the internal stress is drop-shaped under a uniform force,and the internal stress under multiple concentration forces is elliptical.Compared with the three,the maximum stress is the smallest and the stress distribution is more uniform under multiple concentrated forces.Therefore,the multiple concentrated forces is the best grinding pressure loading mode.The research provides support for the application of rail grinding with open-structured abrasive belt based on pressure grinding plate,such as contact mechanism and grinding pressure mode selection.

Comparative review of corrosion-resistant coatings on metal bipolar plates of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

In the realm of proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs),the bipolar plates(BPs)are indispensable and serve pivotal roles in distributing reactant gases,collecting current,facilitating product water removal,and cooling the stack.Metal BPs,characterized by outstanding manufacturability,cost-effectiveness,higher power density,and mechanical strength,are emerging as viable alternatives to traditional graphite BPs.The foremost challenge for metal BPs lies in enhancing their corrosion resistance and conductivity under acidic conditions,necessitating the application of various coatings on their surfaces to ensure superior performance.This review summarizes and compares recent advancements in the research of eight distinct types of coatings for BPs in PEMFCs,including noble metal,carbide,ni-tride,and amorphous carbon(a-C)/metal compound composite coatings.The various challenges encountered in the manufacturing and fu-ture application of these coatings are also delineated.

Exact solution for thermal vibration of multi-directional functionally graded porous plates submerged in fluid medium

An analytical method for analyzing the thermal vibration of multi-directional functionally graded porous rectangular plates in fluid media with novel porosity patterns is developed in this study.Mechanical properties of MFG porous plates change according to the length,width,and thickness directions for various materials and the porosity distribution which can be widely applied in many fields of engineering and defence technology.Especially,new porous rules that depend on spatial coordinates and grading indexes are proposed in the present work.Applying Hamilton's principle and the refined higher-order shear deformation plate theory,the governing equation of motion of an MFG porous rectangular plate in a fluid medium(the fluid-plate system)is obtained.The fluid velocity potential is derived from the boundary conditions of the fluid-plate system and is used to compute the extra mass.The GalerkinVlasov solution is used to solve and give natural frequencies of MFG porous plates with various boundary conditions in a fluid medium.The validity and reliability of the suggested method are confirmed by comparing numerical results of the present work with those from available works in the literature.The effects of different parameters on the thermal vibration response of MFG porous rectangular plates are studied in detail.These findings demonstrate that the behavior of the structure within a liquid medium differs significantly from that within a vacuum medium.Thereby,they offer appropriate operational approaches for the structure when employed in various mediums.

Plate Contact问题的混合有限元逼近

论文考虑了Plate Contact问题的混合有限元逼近,其变分问题为第二类四阶椭圆变分不等问题.首先,根据正则化方法,得到原问题的正则化问题.再根据网格依赖范数技巧,考虑了正则化问题的Ciarlet-Raviart混合有限元逼近,并证明了真解与逼近解之间的误差估计.最后通过数值算例验证了理论分析的结果.

Elastic-plastic contact force history and response characteristics of circular plate subjected to impact by a projectile

A new elastic-plastic impact-contact model is proposed in this paper. By adopting the principle of minimum acceleration for elastic-plastic continue at finite deformation, and with the aid of finite difference method, the proposed model is applied in the problem of dynamic response of a clamped thin circular plate subjected to a projectile impact centrally. The impact force history and response characteristics of the target plate is studied in detail. The theoretical predictions of the impact force and plate deflection are in good agreements with those of LDA experimental data. Linear expressions of the maximum impact force/transverse deflection versus impact velocity are given on the basis of the theoretical results.

Tensionless contact of a finite circular plate

A general formulation is developed for the contact behavior of a finite circular plate with a tensionless elastic foundation. The gap distance between the plate and elastic foundation is incorporated as an important parameter. Unlike the previous models with zero gap distance and large/infinite plate radius, which assumes the lift-off/separation of a flexural plate from its supporting elastic foundation, this study shows that lift-off may not occur. The results show how the contact area varies with the plate radius, boundary conditions and gap distance. When the plate radius becomes large enough and the gap distance is reduced to zero, the converged contact radius close to the previous ones is obtained.

Internal Energy Losses and Contact Duration About a Circular Plate Colliding to a Half-Plane Target

Collisions between multibody systems are irreversible processes which cause loss of internal energy by a stress wave that propagates in the impacting bodies away from the region of impact. A coefficient of restitution relating to approach velocity is introduced to denote the losses of translational kinetic energy. A parameter β involved in internal energy losses has been obtained to calculate the coefficient of restitution. As a result, the internal energy losses caused by elastic stress waves and the contact duration in metals can be calculated numerically for the collision between circular cylinder and half plane. The metals include aluminum alloys, steel-mild 1020, steel-stainless austenitic 304, tungsten alloys, copper alloys, nickel alloys and titanium alloys. By introducing a coefficient of velocity-frequency, an exponential aggression equation related the normalized oscillating frequency and normalized approach velocity has been obtained by the numerical method.

ADHESIVE CONTACT PROBLEM OF AXISYMMETRIC MINIATURE CIRCULAR PLATES WITH CENTRAL RIGID BUMP

Considering the adhesive effect and geometric nonlinearity, the adhesive contact between an elastic substrate and a clamped miniature circular plate with two different central rigid bumps under the action of uniform transverse pressure and in-plane tensile force in the radial direction was analyzed. And an analytical solution is presented by using the perturbation method. The relation of surface adhesive energies with critical load to detach the contacted surfaces is obtained. In the numerical results, the effects of adhesive energy, in-plane tensile force, rigid bump size and contact radius on the critical load are discussed, and the relation of critical contact radius with the gap between the central rigid bump and the substrate for different adhesive energies is investigated.

UNIQUENESS FOR THE SOLUTIONS OF ELASTIC THIN PLATES AND SHALLOW SHELLS AS WELL AS THEIR CONTACT PROBLEM WITH HALF SPACE

The uniqueness for the solutions mentioned in the subject is proved by using the uniqueness of the solution for the internal boundary problem of Laplace and bi-Laplace equations of the first kind as well as of the second.

Simulation and Optimization of the Fluid Solidification Process in Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers

When a brazed plate heat exchanger is used as an evaporator,the working mass in the channel may undergo soli-dification,thereby hindering the refrigeration cycle.In this study the liquid solidification process and its optimi-zation in a brazed plate heat exchanger are investigated numerically for different inlet velocities;moreover,different levels of corrugation are considered.The results indicate that solidificationfirst occurs around the con-tacts,followed by the area behind the contacts.It is also shown that deadflow zones exist in the sharp areas and such areas are prone to liquid solidification.After optimization,the solidification area attains its smallest value when a corrugation spacingλ=4.2 mm is considered.

基于电接触强化的铝合金表面电刷镀镍层改性研究

[目的]对铝合金进行表面处理可提高其硬度和耐磨性,拓宽铝合金材料在机械零件方面的应用。[方法]采用电刷镀技术在1060铝合金表面制备Ni镀层,再通过电接触强化技术对Ni镀层进行改性。采用扫描电子显微镜和维氏硬度计考察了Ni镀层电接触强化前后的微观组织和显微硬度。通过摩擦磨损试验对比了1016铝合金及Ni镀层电接触强化前后的耐磨性。[结果]经电接触强化后,Ni镀层内部的裂纹及孔洞类缺陷减少,晶粒间隙减小,致密性提高,显微硬度增大到524.4~560.3 HV0.1范围内。1016铝合金在摩擦磨损试验后存在较深的犁沟和剥落,耐磨性较差。Ni镀层的耐磨性优于1016铝合金,但在摩擦过程中会发生剥落。经电接触强化的Ni镀层在摩擦过程中摩擦因数平稳,表面只是轻微擦伤,耐磨性最佳。[结论]结合电刷镀镍和电接触强化技术可显著提高铝合金的表面性能。

接触爆炸下聚脲涂层增强钢板的抗爆性能

为满足装甲车等武器装备在接触爆炸下的防护需求,通过实验与数值模拟开展单层钢板及迎/背爆面聚脲增强钢板接触爆炸下的抗爆性能研究,分析不同面密度、不同聚脲涂覆位置下钢板的破坏模式及防护机理,探究在一定面密度下钢板-聚脲厚度比对复合结构抗爆性能的影响。研究结果表明:背爆面涂覆等厚度聚脲能够有效减小钢板背面穿孔及拉伸破坏,降低结构残余位移,迎爆面涂覆等厚度聚脲能够显著增强结构抗爆能力,使接触爆炸下的钢板损伤大大降低;相同面密度下,聚脲吸能性能与聚脲厚度正相关,但是聚脲过厚会导致复合结构变形加大,稳定性降低;综合考虑聚脲增强钢板结构的破坏变形、速度衰减以及能量吸收情况,在研究范围内,钢板迎爆面涂覆厚度比为1∶0.78的聚脲层具有最佳的抗爆性能。

低速冲击下碳纤维面板泡沫夹芯复合材料的损伤分析

主要研究了夹层复合材料受外来载荷作用下的凹痕、横向位移、接触力随时间的变化规律.采用高阶剪切变形理论给出夹层板的广义内力表达式,再由薄板小挠度理论、Hertz接触理论、夹层板平衡方程、Navier法推导出夹层板在外来载荷作用下的动态响应过程.其中,夹层板的接触力和横向位移由两自由度弹簧-质量模型给出.将推导的结果与文献中的理论结果对比,本文计算的误差均不超过6%.并在此基础上比较了不同冲击条件下夹层板的抗冲击性能.

质子交换膜燃料电池金属双极板表面改性研究进展

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)在缓解全球能源危机和解决环保难题方面提供了创新性的解决方案。在PEMFC中,双极板作为关键组件备受关注。其中,金属双极板因其成本低廉、材料容易获取、导电性能卓越以及易于机械加工而备受关注。然而,金属双极板目前仍然面临耐久性和导电性方面的挑战。为解决这些问题,通常采用表面改性涂层的方法对金属双极板进行处理。综述了近年来关于金属双极板表面改性涂层的研究进展,涵盖了材料设计、沉积工艺和涂层性能等多个方面。在此基础上,基于导电性、耐蚀性、膜基结合力以及疏水性等测试结果,分析了不同涂层对金属双极板表面改性效果的影响。同时,展望了各种类型改性涂层未来的研究趋势。这些研究成果为改善金属双极板的性能、进一步推动PEMFC表面改性技术的发展提供了有益的指导和启示。

混合板换热器板片结构对流道内触点分布及流动换热性能的影响

混合板式换热器作为余热利用系统中高效节能设备,其换热性能对系统效率及稳定性有重要影响。该研究基于RNG k-?湍流模型,对M型和H型板式换热器流道内流动及传热过程展开数值模拟,研究板片结构对板间触点分布的影响,及雷诺数Re和板片组合对横向流道内流动及换热特性的影响规律。结果表明:M型板间触点呈“方格”,H型呈“菱形”,且H型流流体速度较大、温度场分布较均匀。随Re数增大,压降△P及平均努塞尔数■均增大;Re数较低时,H型的■明显提高,且△P增幅较小;而高Re数(Re=6000)时,与M型相比,H型■的增幅仅为△P的25%左右。随波纹间距s减小,触点数明显增多,△P和■均增大;s为12~16 mm较合适。研究结果为混合板式换热器的设计及优化提供理论依据。

表面热扩渗技术在金属双极板表面改性中的研究进展

燃料电池因其环保和资源利用率高等优点近年来备受关注,对改善全球环境具有重要意义。双极板是燃料电池的重要组成部分,目前燃料电池中大多数的双极板为石墨双极板,其厚度大、加工成本高、柔韧性较差,而金属双极板是替代石墨双极板的最佳材料,其易于加工、成本较低。目前对金属双极板表面制备涂层的研究最为广泛,然而大多数涂层方法工艺复杂,容易形成缺陷,且对燃料电池商业化来说过于昂贵,因此可以通过对金属双极板进行热扩渗改性以满足其服役性能。介绍了不同金属双极板的表面改性技术,列出了不同种类的热扩渗改性技术,重点概况了热扩渗工艺以及耐蚀、导电性能。分析结果表明,对于热扩渗工艺,在制备双极板时应选用合适的温度,以减小或消除形变对双极板的影响;制备出均匀、致密且组织单一的热扩渗层可以明显提高金属双极板的性能;在空气和模拟燃料电池溶液环境中形成的氧化膜和钝化膜同样对金属双极板的性能具有重要影响。在金属双极板表面进行热扩渗改性研究,以提高其耐蚀性、导电性及服役稳定性,同时开发出新型复合工艺,对推动金属双极板在燃料电池的应用至关重要。

镀银铜材料在大电流条件下的载流微动磨损特性

利用化学电镀方法在T2紫铜管表面镀银制备镀银铜试样,采用自主研制的切向微动磨损试验设备在圆柱/圆柱的正交点接触模式下进行室温载流切向微动磨损试验,探究了镀银铜试样在5 A电流以及不同法向载荷(5,10,15 N)和位移幅值(30,50,70,100μm)下的载流微动磨损行为及其磨损机制。结果表明:随着位移幅值的增加,镀银铜试样的载流微动磨损程度加剧,随着循环次数的增加,不同位移幅值下的摩擦因数整体呈先减小后增大最后趋于稳定的趋势,而接触电阻呈相反趋势,不同位移幅值下稳定阶段的摩擦因数相差不大;随着载荷的增加,载流微动磨损程度先变大后变小,当载荷为10 N时,磨损程度最大,此时有效接触面积较大,接触电阻较低;随着载荷的增加,稳定阶段的摩擦因数增大。镀银铜试样在磨损初期的磨损机制主要黏着磨损和氧化磨损,在磨损后期主要为磨粒磨损、氧化磨损和剥层,且随着循环次数的增加,氧化磨损程度加剧。

双极板表面润湿性能的研究进展

双极板作为气、水通道,将质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)内部的液态水排出,其原材料选择、表面形貌特征及表面润湿性能都会影响PEMFC内部的水管理。针对调节、改善双极板表面润湿性能的问题,综述双极板的表面润湿性能对PEMFC电流密度与功率密度的影响,以及表面粗糙度对表面润湿性能的影响;介绍通过不同类型的表面涂层改善金属双极板表面润湿性能的方法;对于复合双极板表面润湿性能,详细分析不同树脂类型对表面润湿性能的影响,列举适合复合双极板的表面涂层,同时指出清理双极板表面富树脂层的方法。展望具有较好润湿性能的双极板的研究方向和发展应用。

基于激光位移传感器的厚度测量校准系统设计及应用

为了提高钢板厚度校准的精度和安全性,针对传统接触式测厚仪精度低和射线类测厚仪存在辐射风险的问题,设计了一种基于激光位移传感器的差分非接触厚度测量校准系统。该系统采用差分测量结构,将激光位移传感器分别放置在待测钢板的顶部和底部,通过对传感器数据的采样和计算,实现钢板厚度的准确测量。硬件电路方面采用了STM32核心芯片进行设计,系统软件部分进行了相应的优化设计。试验后,系统重复性精度可达±0.1%,测量允许误差优于±0.05%,同时测量漂移控制在钢板厚度的±0.1%范围内。该系统不仅显著提高了测量精度,同时有效降低了测量过程中的安全风险,在钢板生产和加工领域具有重要的指导意义和应用价值。

氮气流量对VNbMoTaWN_(x)薄膜作为PEMFC不锈钢双极板改性层性能的影响

目的降低SS316L表面的接触电阻,提高耐腐蚀性能。方法采用非平衡场磁控溅射离子镀技术在SS316L不锈钢表面制备VNbMoTaW和不同氮气流量的VNbMoTaWN_(x)薄膜。使用场发射扫描电镜、XRD衍射仪、XPS光电子能谱仪、电化学工作站、接触电阻测试装置,研究了改性涂层的组成和结构对接触电阻和耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果扫描电子显微镜结果表明,所有薄膜表面致密且连续、与基体结合良好。随着氮气流量的增加,氮化物相逐渐增多、柱状晶结构减少、薄膜更加致密紧凑。XRD结果表明,未通氮气的高熵合金薄膜具有高熵合金体心立方结构,并沿(110)晶面方向生长。随着氮气流量的增加,氮化物相逐渐增多,薄膜晶体结构开始从体心立方结构转变为面心立方结构。结合XPS分析结果可知,VNbMoTaWN_(x)薄膜表面主要由金属氮化物和少量高熵合金BCC相组成,并且随着氮气流量的增加,金属氮化物相逐渐增多。与单层VNbMoTaW薄膜相比,VNbMoTaWN_(x)薄膜具有更好的耐腐蚀性和导电性能。氮流量为12mL/min的高熵合金氮化物薄膜具有最优异的综合性能。表面改性后的薄膜接触电阻大幅度降低,在1.4MPa的压力下,与碳纸的接触电阻仅为12.2 mΩ·cm^(2),接近美国能源部(DOE)的技术目标。由动电位极化曲线测得VNbMoTaWN_(x)-12mL/min在模拟PEMFC阴极环境下的腐蚀电流密度为0.040μA/cm^(2),与SS316L基体相比,薄膜的耐腐蚀性得到了很大提升。在0.6 V恒电位模拟阴极环境下,VNbMoTaWN_(x)-12 mL/min的电流密度稳定在1.01μA/cm^(2),接近美国能源部1μA/cm^(2)的目标。结论VNbMoTaW和不同氮气流量的VNbMoTaWN_(x)薄膜能显著提高SS316L基体的耐腐蚀性和导电性能。