Main visual symptoms associated with refractive errors and spectacle need in a Brazilian population

AIM： To determine the main visual symptoms in a Brazilian population sample, associated to refractive errors（REs） and spectacle need to suggest priorities in preventive programs.METHODS： A cross-sectional study was conducted in nine counties of the southeast region of Brazil, using a systematic sampling of households, between March 2004 and July 2005. The population was defined as individuals aged between 1 and 96 y, inhabitants of 3600 residences to be evaluated and 3012 households were included,corresponding to 8010 subjects considered for participation in the survey, of whom 7654 underwent ophthalmic examinations. The individuals were evaluated according their demographic data, eye complaints and eye examination including the RE and the need to prescribe spectacles according to age. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software package and descriptive analysis using 95% confidence intervals（P〈0.05）. RESULTS： The main symptom detected was asthenopia, most frequent in the 2ndand 3rddecades of life, with a significant decline after the 4thdecade.Astigmatism was the RE most associated with asthenopia. Reduced near vision sight was more frequent in those ≥40y with a progressive decline thereafter.Spectacles were most frequently required in subjects of≥40 years of age.CONCLUSION： The main symptom related to the vision was asthenopia and was associated to astigmatism. The greatest need for spectacles prescription occurred after40＇s, mainly to correct near vision. Subjects of ≥40years old were determined to be at high risk of uncorrected REs. These observations can guide intervention programs for the Brazilian population.

How Rustic Videos Influence Youth’s Linguistic Expression: An Analysis Based on Semiotics, Meme Theory and Media Spectacle Theory

The surge in popularity of rustic videos has spawned a great number of Internet memes, such as Internet trendy words growing from dialects and strange pronunciations, picture memes made from video screenshots, and mesmerizing music with a vernacular flavor. Due to their reproducibility, social interaction, and involvement, these rustic videos adhere to the fundamental logic of the propagation of online memes. Rustic videos are widely disseminated as online memes on TikTok (the Chinese version), are often reproduced and used by young people in social contact, and have become a unique linguistic symbol in modern internet culture. As a symbolic carrier that transports the consciousness of the video creator and viewer, it is widely employed in the communication and engagement of young people on a regular basis, progressively altering their linguistic expression. This specific semiotic interaction has deconstructed and recreated the conventional media culture spectacle. This research examines the influence of rustic videos on TikTok on the linguistic expressions of modern youth from the perspectives of meme theory and semiotics, as well as the impact of rustic videos on the media spectacle from the standpoint of media spectacle theory. It also examines in depth the effects of the popularity of rustic videos on China’s economy and culture.

Effectiveness of peripheral defocus spectacle lenses in myopia control: a Meta-analysis and systematic review

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of peripheral defocus spectacle lenses(PDLs) in myopia control. METHODS: Literature retrieval on Pub Med, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases, and the search time limit was from the establishment of each database to December 29, 2021 were conducted. Change of spherical equivalent refraction(SER) and axial change(AL) were extracted from the literatures that met the inclusion criteria, and Rev Man5.3 software was used for Meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 4 randomized controlled trials(RCTs) were included in this Meta-analysis, involving 770 myopic children. The results showed that PDLs could delay the progression of myopia in children with myopia compared with single vision spectacle lenses(SVLs;WMD=0.21 D, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.41, P=0.04). However, there was no significant difference in controlling the growth of axial length(AL) in myopic children(WMD=-0.10 mm, 95%CI:-0.21, 0.01, P=0.07). The results of the effectiveness of myopia control between the two spectacle lenses showed that PDLs were more effective in controlling the progression of myopia(OR=5.73, 95%CI: 2.58, 12.70, P<0.001) and delaying the growth of AL(OR=44.25, 95%CI: 8.84, 221.58, P<0.001) than SVLs, and the differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: PDLs can control the progression of myopia compared with SVLs, but cannot delay the growth of AL, and the effectiveness of PDLs in myopia control better than SVLs.

Spectacle correction of heterophoria in hyperopic amblyopic children

Objective: To test the effects of corrective spectacles in hyperopic amblyopic children with heterophoria. Methods: Visual acuity, refraction and the amount of heterophoria on near (33 cm) fixation were measured before and after 3 weeks of spectacle-wearing in 30 hyperopic amblyopic children with heterophoria. The control group consisted of 20 emmetropic children age-matched to the patients. Results: Uncorrected eyes displayed hyperopic amblyopia accompanied by heterophoria. Corrective spectacles not only attenuated the hyperopia and amblyopia, but also changed the heterophoria to orthophoria. The amount of heterophoria before wearing spectacles was significantly different from that in emmetropic children; but after correction with spectacles, it was the same as that in the emmetropic controls. Conclusion: Correction with spectacles is effective for the treatment of heterophoria in hyperopic children with amblyopia.

Measurement Error of Refractive Index for Spectacle Lens

As an important optical constant of optical properties for spectacle lens,the refractive index measurement is studied using V prism refractometer. In the experiment,according to various factors inducing measurement error,the experimental results are analyzed,which include right angle deviation,contact liquid,curvature,and focusing accuracy. The study results show that focusing accuracy is the most important factor of influence for measurement,consists of contact liquid wettability,sample shape,and effective width of light transmission. In addition,the refractive index measurement is less affected by angle deviation of sample and the refractive index deviation of contact liquid. On the basis of the experimental data analysis,it is possible to relax the deviation of right angle of the sample to 1' or 2'.

Urban Spectacle and Spectatorship in Edgar Allan Poe's "The Man of the Crowd"?

Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Man of the Crowd” delineates metropolitan visual experiences that relate to urban scenery and people. The anonymous first-person narrator, preoccupied with the social and psychological correlations between the city and wandering crowd, interprets his perception of the crowd as an inexhaustible spectacle. As the narrator experiences different phases of spectatorship, he ultimately realizes the inscrutability and impenetrability of the city through his observation of the old man of the crowd. This paper suggests that the narrator’s failure in seeing and reading the old man of the crowd renders an uncanny effect of urban spectatorship.

Spectacle, Narrative and Situation: A Preliminary Study of the Emotional Path of the 70th Anniversary National Day Celebration

The National Day Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of the People’s Republic of China showed the moment of“the most powerful China in history”and inspired the patriotic sentiment of the people.In accordance with the emotional path of“spectacle-situation”,the celebration takes the huge spectacles of advanced weapons,sophisticated troops,life scenes,and literary and artistic expressions as the entrance.Through specific narrative strategies as“emotional map”,the joint construction constitutes the“state-nation-government”identity.The National Day Celebration is the process of zoning,and all kinds of visual and auditory means of communication have been comprehensively applied,but the new national narrative method has become the key to the situation-the natural integration of individualistic narrative and nationalist narrative,which has promoted the concept of patriotism.Deepening and softening,the process of emotional mobilization was completed.This paper attempts to analyze how the country achieves the construction of patriotic situations and achieves the emotional identity of the people through large-scale spectacles(ceremonies)and innovative national narratives.

Uncorrected refractive errors are important causes of avoidable visual impairment in Hungary: re-evaluation of two existing national data sets

·AIM: To review existing data for the prevalence of corrected, uncorrected, and inadequately corrected refractive errors and spectacle wear in Hungary.·METHODS: Data from two nationwide cross-sectional studies were analysed. The Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness study collected population-based representative national data on the prevalence of visual impairment due to uncorrected refractive errors and spectacle coverage in 3523 people aged ≥50y(Group I). The Comprehensive Health Test Program of Hungary provided data on the use of spectacles in 80 290 people aged ≥18y(Group Ⅱ).·RESULTS: In Group I, almost half of the survey population showed refractive errors for distant vision, about 10% of which were uncorrected(3.2% of all male participants and 5.0% of females). The distance spectacle coverage was 90.7%(91.9% in males;90.2% in females). The proportion of inadequate distance spectacles was found to be 33.1%. Uncorrected presbyopia was found in 15.7% of participants. In all age groups(Group Ⅱ), 65.4% of females and 56.0% of males used distance spectacles,and approximately 28.9% of these spectacles were found to be inappropriate for dioptric power(with 0.5 dioptres or more). The prevalence of inaccurate distance spectacles was significantly higher in older age groups(71y and above) in both sexes.·CONCLUSION: According to this population-based data, uncorrected refractive errors are not rare in Hungary. Despite recent national initiatives, fur ther steps are required to reduce uncorrected refractive errors and associated negative effects on vision, such as avoidable visual impairment.

基于Aduna产品的网络学习资源管理和查询

Aduna产品的出现为网络学习资源元数据的管理和查询提供了便利,本文首先对Aduna Metadata Server、Aduna AutoFocus、Aduna Spectacle三大产品及其体系机构进行介绍、然后详细阐述了利用Aduna Metadata Server是如何定义和管理学习资源、利用Aduna AutoFocus工具如何实现元数据服务器的查询。

Refractive surgery: the most cost-saving technique in refractive errors correction

AIM： To compare the lifetime and annual economic burden of spectacles, contact lenses, and refractive surgery in correction of refractive errors.METHODS： This is a cross-sectional study with convenience sampling which 120 patients were interviewed in a tertiary referral hospital in the Iranian health care system. The bottom-up based cost of illness approach was estimated using a face-to-face interview to assess the direct and indirect cost of different refractive errors correction of any correction technologies. RESULTS： Correction with spectacle imposes a total direct cost of US dollar （US$） 342.5 （±8.41） per year and US$9373.5 （±230.1） per lifetime to each patient. These figures for the contact lenses were obtained US$198.3 （±0.12） and US$5203.1 （±256.3） and for refractive surgery were obtained US$19.1 （±1.2） and US$568.1 （±64.6）, respectively. Overall, based on age-adjusted prevalence rates, astigmatism had the highest share of refractive errors economic burden with a lifetime direct cost of slightly less than US$5.49 billion, while hyperopia and myopia imposed less than US$5.24 and 4.2 billion on patients, respectively. The annually imposed cost on each individual Iranian patient with refractive errors is US$308.5. CONCLUSION： Based on 18mo post refractive surgery course observation, which is generalized to whole life, refractive surgery significantly imposed much less cost compared with spectacles and contact lenses. Refractive errors among Iranians result in considerable economic burden. Using the refractive surgery instead of other two correction methods has the ability to reduce this economic loss in the future.

居伊·德波“景观”概念的两重辨析

居伊·德波的思想理论是西方马克思主义发展历程中的重要一环。作为情境主义国际和后马克思主义的代表人物,他的“景观社会”批判理论延续了西方马克思主义的批判逻辑,又推崇和延伸了马克思的异化理论,成为独立的社会批判理论范式。对资本主义社会在工业和信息高度发展阶段中景观异化的反思和批判,具有相当的创新性和预见性。研究居伊·德波这一批判理论有助于人们剖析网络时代的诸多社会现象,并启发人们警惕隐性意识形态操控。而这其中,对于“景观”这一概念的辨析成为研究景观社会理论的基础和起始。从“景观(spectacle)”这一概念的词源语义以及“景观社会”中相关概念的界定两重维度来辨析居伊·德波所提出的“景观”,对于分析“景观社会”批判的内容,深刻认识资本主义发展的新趋势,践行新发展理念,具有重要的理论和现实意义。

ZERNIKE ASTIGMATISM AND VISUAL PERFORMANCE IN MYOPIC EYES BY RIGID GAS PERMEABLE CONTACT LENSES WEAR

To investigate the effects of rigid-gas-permeable contact lens(RGP-CL)wear on Zernike astigmatism and visual performance in myopic eyes.Methods:A wavefront sensor was used to evaluate Zernike astigmatism for 21 eyes with minimum astigmatism and 18 eyes with moderate astigmatism under three different modes of refractive correction:the RGP-CL,spectacle lens correcting spherical equivalent(SL)and spectacle lens fully correcting spherical error and astigmatism(fSL).Contrast visual acuity was assessed with a VA tester at four contrast levels and two luminance backgrounds.Results:Compared to the SL wear,RGP-CL wear changed the main axis astigmatism(Z_(2)^(2))from
0:09-0:34 to 0.34-0.22 for the minimum astigmatism group,while the contrast VA was improved about 0.05 LogMAR(F=8:06,p<0:01).For the group with moderate astigmatism,significant reduction in Z_(2)^(2)was found for both fSL wear(t=4:78,p<0:001)and RGP-CL wear(t=6:29,p<0:0001).The changes in astigmatism were significantly correlated between the fSL and RGP-CL wears(r=0:897,p<0:0001 for Z_(2)^(-2);and r=0:643,p=0:004 for Z_(2)^(2)).Contrast VA was significantly improved for both fSL and RGP-CL wears and the improvements were significantly correlated between each other for all four contrast levels and two backgrounds.Conclusion:RGP-CL wear induces astigmatism for the eyes with minor astigmatism probably due to a correction of corneal astigmatism and thus a manifesting of the lens astigmatism.For the astigmatic eyes,RGP-CL wear has similar effect on correcting astigmatism as the spectacle lens wear with spherical-cylinder correction and also produces similar visual improvement.

Nietzsche and the Total Experience of Black Swan

This paper argues that Nietzsche＇s view of tragedy as involving the Apollinian and the Dionysian may explain the appeal of the popular film Black Swan. The basis for this argument rests on Nietzsche＇s innovation in The Birth of Tragedy, namely, his emphasis on spectacle. Nietzsche argues for a collective experience, where the ego is abandoned in a renewed and shared sense of life. Black Swan provides a spectacle outside the confines of high culture and philosophical categories, where destructive and bestial nature is presented in an illusory and safe way for the audience. From a Nietzschean perspective, tragedy and Black Swan achieve this effacement of the ego through the aesthetic marriage of clarity and confusion, ugliness and beauty, music and image, inducing an experience in the audience that goes beyond moral judgment. This Nietzschean prism provides a case for the film＇s artistic merits where traditional conceptions of aesthetics and morality arguably fail to provide insight.

The President Who Is Beyond Good and Evil:A Nietzschean Pantomime

This paper draws many parallels between Guy Debord‟s Society of the Spectacle and the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche particularly Beyond Good and Evil and Thus Spake Zarathustra in anticipating and predicting the rise of the Superman,the 45th President of the United States Donald J.Trump.Debord identified the spectacle as“The moment when the commodity has achieved the total occupation of life”.What Debord didn‟t foresee is the rise of Donald J.Trump which Nietzsche would describe as the“noontide”or transcendence of the society of the spectacle,and indeed the eternal recurrence of the society of the spectacle.The spectacle is capable of regenerating itself in perpetuity through the essential slogan in Trumpism-make America great again!Nietzsche prophesizes that nihilism will be turned into the new religion where he predicts the rise of the Superman.Here it will be argued that Donald J.Trump is the nominal head of this new religion and may therefore be identified as the Anti-Christ.

Strategies to control myopia in children:a review of the findings from the Anyang Childhood Eye Study

Myopia in children remains a major public health problem worldwide,especially in some Asian countries such as China,Singapore and Japan.Although many interventions have been attempted,few has been proven to be effective in controlling onset and progression of myopia in children.Environmental factors,genetic susceptibility or ethnic differences can affect the efficacy of these interventions.However,many questions remain unclear and even controversial for controlling myopia.China has the biggest population with myopia,especially for children myopia.Thus,it is of importance to present what achievements Chinese scientists have made in the field of myopia control in children.We summarize the current findings on myopia control in children from the Anyang Childhood Eye Study,including epidemiological data,clinical trials,systematic reviews and meta-analyses,and compare them with studies in other countries to find potential clues for controlling myopia in children.

Scenes From The Spectacle

Athletes at the World University Games in Shenzhen took part not only in sports events but also in a series of cultural and recreational activities. Here is a selection caught by photographers’ cameras.

卢梭与启蒙哲人的信仰论争——卢梭《致达朗贝论剧院的信》的开场绎读

18世纪的欧洲,传统神学陷入前所未有的尴尬局面:一方面是科学界层出不穷的新发现与新发明,不仅"原罪"说受到多方质疑及挑战,连《圣经》创世的神圣性也受到动摇;另一方面,许多科学实验却在证明上帝无限权能和无限确定的"天意"

Effect of refractive correction on ocular optical quality measurement using double-pass system

Background Optical Quality Analysis System II （OQAS, Visiometrics, Terrassa, Spain） that uses double-pass （DP） technique is the only commercially available device that allows objective measurement of ocular retinal image quality. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of spectacle lenses on the ocular optical quality parameters and the validity of the optometer within OQAS. Methods Seventy eyes of healthy volunteers were enrolled. Optical quality measurements were performed using OQAS with an artificial pupil diameter of 4.0 mm. Three consecutive measurements were obtained from spectacle correction corresponding to subjective refraction and from the OQAS built-in optometer separately. The modulation transfer function cutoff frequency, the Strehl ratio, the width of the point spread function （PSF） at 10% of its maximal height （PSF10）, and the width of the PSF at 50% of its maximal height （PSF50） were analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in any of the parameters between the spectacle correction and the optometer correction （all P 〉0.05, paired t-test）. A good agreement was found between both the methods and a good intraobserver repeatability in both the correction methods. Difference in best focus between two methods was the only parameter associated significantly with optical quality parameter differences. Best focus difference, built-in optometer correction with or without external cylindrical lens, and age were associated significantly with PSF10 difference. No linear correlation between refractive status and optical quality measurement difference was observed. A hyperopic bias （best focus difference of （0.50±0.44） D） and a relatively better optical quality using spectacle correction in high myopia group were found. Conclusions OQAS based on DP system is a clinically reliable instrument. In patients with high myopia, measurements using built-in optometer correction should be considered and interpreted with caution.

ROADS TO THE WEST

For the last several years or so, Western media and mainstream politicians have chosen to largely ignore the Belt and Road Initiative, which Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed in 2013. The initiative, consisting of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road, efficiently addresses the infrastructure needs of developing countries, which the West simply pretended not to exist.