Wavelet-Based Nonstationary Wind Speed Model in Dongting Lake Cable-Stayed Bridge

The wind-rain induced vibration phenomena in the Dongting Lake Bridge (DLB) can be observed every year, and the field measurements of wind speed data of the bridge are usually nonstationary. Nonstationary wind speed can be decomposed into a deterministic time-varying mean wind speed and a zero-mean stationary fluctuating wind speed component. By using wavelet transform (WT), the time-varying mean wind speed is extracted and a nonstationary wind speed model is proposed in this paper. The wind characteristics of turbulence intensity, integral scale and probability distribution of the bridge are calculated from the typical wind samples recorded by the two anemometers installed on the DLB using the proposed nonstationary wind speed model based on WT. The calculated results are compared with those calculated by the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and traditional approaches. The compared results indicate that the wavelet-based nonstationary wind speed model is more reasonable and appropriate than the EMD-based nonstationary and traditional stationary models for characterizing wind speed in analysis of wind-rain-induced vibration of cables.

Wind speed model based on kernel density estimation and its application in reliability assessment of generating systems

An accurate probability distribution model of wind speed is critical to the assessment of reliability contribution of wind energy to power systems. Most of current models are built using the parametric density estimation(PDE) methods, which usually assume that the wind speed are subordinate to a certain known distribution(e.g. Weibull distribution and Normal distribution) and estimate the parameters of models with the historical data. This paper presents a kernel density estimation(KDE) method which is a nonparametric way to estimate the probability density function(PDF) of wind speed. The method is a kind of data-driven approach without making any assumption on the form of the underlying wind speed distribution, and capable of uncovering the statistical information hidden in the historical data. The proposed method is compared with three parametric models using wind data from six sites.The results indicate that the KDE outperforms the PDE in terms of accuracy and flexibility in describing the longterm wind speed distributions for all sites. A sensitivity analysis with respect to kernel functions is presented and Gauss kernel function is proved to be the best one. Case studies on a standard IEEE reliability test system(IEEERTS) have verified the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed model in evaluating the reliability performance of wind farms.

Extended speed gradient model for traffic flow on two-lane freeways

In this paper, the speed gradient （SG） model is extended to describe the traffic flow on two-lane freeways. Terms related to lane change are added into the continuity equations and velocity dynamic equations. The empirically observed two-lane phenomena, such as lane usage inversion and lane change rate versus density, are reproduced by extended SG model. The local cluster effect is also investigated by numerical simulations.

Micro-bubble Drag Reduction on a High Speed Vessel Model

Ship hull form of the underwater area strongly influences the resistance of the ship. The major factor in ship resistance is skin friction resistance. Bulbous bows, polymer paint, water repellent paint （highly water-repellent wall）, air injection, and specific roughness have been used by researchers as an attempt to obtain the resistance reduction and operation efficiency of ships. Micro-bubble injection is a promising technique for lowering frictional resistance. The injected air bubbles are supposed to somehow modify the energy inside the turbulent boundary layer and thereby lower the skin friction. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of injected micro bubbles on a navy fast patrol boat （FPB） 57 m type model with the following main dimensions： L=2 450 ram, B=400 mm, and T=190 mm. The influence of the location of micro bubble injection and bubble velocity was also investigated. The ship model was pulled by an electric motor whose speed could be varied and adjusted. The ship model resistance was precisely measured by a load cell transducer. Comparison of ship resistance with and without micro-bubble injection was shown on a graph as a function of the drag coefficient and Froude number. It was shown that micro bubble injection behind the mid-ship is the best location to achieve the most effective drag reduction, and the drag reduction caused by the micro-bubbles can reach 6%-9%.

Model predictive control of rigid spacecraft with two variable speed control moment gyroscopes

In this paper, an attitude maneuver control problem is investigated for a rigid spacecraft using an array of two variable speed control moment gyroscopes （VSCMGs） with gimbal axes skewed to each other. A mathematical model is constructed by taking the spacecraft and the gyroscopes together as an integrated system, with the coupling interaction between them considered. To overcome the singular issues of the VSCMGs due to the conventional torque-based method, the first-order derivative of gimbal rates and the second-order derivative of the rotor spinning velocity, instead of the gyroscope torques, are taken as input variables. Moreover, taking external disturbances into account, a feedback control law is designed for the system based on a method of nonlinear model predictive control （NMPC）. The attitude maneuver can be realized fast and smoothly by using the proposed controller in this paper.

MODELING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SPEED GOVERNOR FOR THE HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE ENGINE

A speed control analysis for an in-line gasoline fueled internal combustion （IC） engine is presented for the purpose of alleviation of high frequency oscillations in engine revolutions. A dynamic cylinder-by-cylinder model is proposed, base on slider-crank mechanism, which is extended to develop a digital governor providing a high fidelity estimation of rotary speed oscillation for hybrid vehicle engines. A modified PID controller that P and I gain is placed in feedback path is also described for hybrid electric vehicle （HEV） engine speed regulation, By comparison between measured and estimated signals, it is demonstrated that a good agreement has been achieved and the governor behaves an excellent damping speed ripple.

Prediction of high-speed train induced ground vibration based on train-track-ground system model

The development of analysis on train-induced ground vibration is briefly summarized. A train-track- ground integrated dynamic model is introduced in the paper to predict the ground vibration induced by high-speed trains. Representative dynamic responses of the train-track-ground system predicted by the model are presented. Some major results measured from two field tests on the ground vibration induced by two high-speed trains are reported. Numerical prediction with the proposed train-track-ground model is validated by the high-speed train running experiments. Research results show that the wheel/rail dynamic interaction caused by track irregularities has a significant influence on the ground acceleration and little influence on the ground displacement. The main frequencies of the ground vibration induced by high-speed trains are usually below 80 Hz. Compared with the ballasted track, the ballastless track structure can produce much larger train-induced ground vibration at frequencies above 40 Hz. The vertical ground vibration is much larger than the lateral and longitudinal components.

The KdV-Burgers equation in a modified speed gradient continuum model

Based on the full velocity difference model, Jiang et al. put forward the speed gradient model through the micromacro linkage （Jiang R, Wu Q S and Zhu Z J 2001 Chin. Sci. Bull 46 345 and Jiang R, Wu Q S and Zhu Z J 2002 Trans. Res. B 36 405）. In this paper, the Taylor expansion is adopted to modify the model. The backward travel problem is overcome by our model, which exists in many higher-order continuum models. The neutral stability condition of the model is obtained through the linear stability analysis. Nonlinear analysis shows clearly that the density fluctuation in traffic flow leads to a variety of density waves. Moreover, the Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers （KdV-Burgers） equation is derived to describe the traffic flow near the neutral stability line and the corresponding solution for traffic density wave is derived. The numerical simulation is carried out to investigate the local cluster effects. The results are consistent with the realistic traffic flow and also further verify the results of nonlinear analysis.

Thermal Model of High-Speed Spindle Units

For the purpose to facilitate development of high-speed Spindle Units (SUs) running on rolling bearings, we have developed a beam element model, algorithms, and software for computer analysis of thermal characteristics of SUs. The thermal model incorporates a model of heat generation in rolling bearings, a model of heat transfer from bearings, and models for estimation of temperature and temperature deformations of SU elements. We have carried out experimental test and made quantitative evaluation of the effect of operation conditions on friction and thermal characteristics of the SUs of grinding and turning machines of typical structures. It is found that the operation conditions make stronger effect on SU temperatures when rpm increases. A comparison between the results of analysis and experiment proves their good mutual correspondence and allows us to recommend application of the models and software developed for design and research of high-speed SUs running on rolling bearings.

Neutrino speed can exceed the speed of light within the frame work of the generlized special relativity and savckas model

The speed of Neutrino particles is shown to be greater than that of light as shown by the OPERA neutrino experiment at the underground Gran Sasso Laboratory. The result of this experiment can be explained within the framework of the Generalized Special Relativity and Savickas model.

Determination of the Minimum Wave Speed for the Modelling of Ventilated Cavitation

Ventilated cavitation plays an important role on the drag reduction of underwater vehicles and surface ships. For the modelling of ventilated cavitation, the minimum speed of the pressure wave is a crucial parameter for the closure of the pressure-density coupling relationship. In this study, the minimum wave speed is determined based on a theoretical model coupling the wave equation and the bubble interface motion equation. The influences of several paramount parameters （e.g., frequency, bubble radius and void fraction） on the minimum wave speed are quantitatively demonstrated and discussed. Compared with the minimum wave speed in the traditional cavitation, values for the ventilated cavitation are much higher. The physical mechanisms for the above difference are briefly discussed with the suggestions on the usage of the present findings.

Analysis of vibration and frequency transmission of high speed EMU with flexible model

When the operation speed of the high-speed train increases and the weight of the carbody becomes lighter,not only does the sensitivity of the wheel/rail contact get higher,but also the vibration frequency range of the vehicle system gets enlarged and more frequencies are transmitted from the wheelset to the carbody.It is important to investigate the vibration characteristics and the dynamic frequency transmission from the wheel/rail interface to the carbody of the high-speed electric multi-uint（EMU）.An elastic highspeed vehicle dynamics model is established in which the carbody,bogieframes,and wheelsets are all dealt with as flexible body.A rigid high-speed vehicle dynamics model is set up to compare with the simulation results of the elastic model.In the rigid vehicle model,the carbody,bogieframes and wheelsets are treated as rigid component while the suspension and structure parameters are the same as used in the elastic model.The dynamic characteristic of the elastic high speed vehicle is investigated in time and frequency domains and the di ff erence of the acceleration,frequency distribution and transmission of the two types of models are presented.The results show that the spectrum power density of the vehicle decreases from the wheelset to the carbody and the acceleration transmission ratio is approximately from 1%to 10%for each suspension system.The frequency of the wheelset rotation is evident in the vibration of the flexible model and is transmitted from the wheelset to the bogieframe and to thecarbody.The results of the flexible model are more reasonable than that of the rigid model.A field test data of the high speed train are presented to verify the simulation results.It shows that the simulation results are coincident with the field test data.

Speed prediction models for car and sports utility vehicleat locations along four-lane median divided horizontal curves

Sites with varying geometric features were analyzed to develop the 85 th percentile speed prediction models for car and sports utility vehicle(SUV) at 50 m prior to the point of curvature(PC), PC, midpoint of a curve(MC), point of tangent(PT) and 50 m beyond PT on four-lane median divided rural highways. The car and SUV speed data were combined in the analysis as they were found to be normally distributed and not significantly different. Independent parameters representing geometric features and speed at the preceding section were logically selected in stepwise regression analyses to develop the models. Speeds at various locations were found to be dependent on some combinations of curve length, curvature and speed in the immediately preceding section of the highway. Curve length had a significant effect on the speed at locations 50 m prior to PC, PC and MC. The effect of curvature on speed was observed only at MC. The curve geometry did not have a significant effect on speed from PT onwards. The speed at 50 m prior to PC and curvature is the most significant parameter that affects the speed at PC and MC, respectively. Before entering a horizontal curve, drivers possibly perceive the curve based on its length. Longer curve encourages drivers to maintain higher speed in the preceding tangent section. Further, drivers start experiencing the effect of curvature only after entering the curve and adjust speed accordingly. Practitioners can use these findings in designing consistent horizontal curve for vehicle speed harmony.

Linear Stability and Nonlinear Analysis of an Extended Optimal Velocity Model Considering the Speed Limit

In this paper, an extended car-following model is proposed based on an optimal velocity model (OVM), which takes the speed limit into consideration. The model is analyzed by using the linear stability theory and nonlinear analysis method. The linear stability condition shows that the speed limit can enlarge the stable region of traffic flow. By applying the reductive perturbation method, the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) equation and the modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equation are derived to describe the traffic flow near the critical point. Furthermore, the relation between TDGL and mKdV equations is also given. It is clarified that the speed limit is essentially equivalent to the parameter adjusting of the driver’s sensitivity.

A new coupled map car-following model considering drivers' steady desired speed

Based on the pioneering work of Konishi et al., in consideration of the influence of drivers＇ steady desired speed ef/ect on the traffic flow, we develop a new coupled map car-following model in the real world. By use of the control theory, the stability condition of our model is derived. The validity of the present theoretical scheme is verified via numerical simulation, confirming the correctness of our theoretical analysis.

An Induced Demand Model for High Speed 1 in UK

Induced travel is an important component of travel demand and increasing attention has been paid to building analytical model to get more precise travel demand forecasting. In general, induced demand can be defined in terms of additional trips that would be made if travel conditions improved (less congested, lower vehicle costs or tolls). In this paper the induced demand resulting from higher design speeds and, therefore by less travel time, for the High Speed 1 in UK will be modelled on the basis of the relationship between existing High Speed Rail demand (dependent variable) to existing High Speed Rail travel times and costs. The covariates include socioeconomic variables related to population and employment in the zones connected by the High Speed Rail services. This model has been calibrated by mean of a before and after study carried on the corridor, when the new High Speed Rail services was introduced. Elasticities of induced travel (trips and VMT) have been computed with respect to fares, travel time and service frequency.

Steady state speed distribution analysis for a combined cellular automaton traffic model

Cellular Automaton （CA） based traffic flow models have been extensively studied due to their effectiveness and simplicity in recent years. This paper develops a discrete time Markov chain （DTMC） analytical framework for a Nagel-Schreckenberg and Fukui Ishibashi combined CA model （W^2H traffic flow model） from microscopic point of view to capture the macroscopic steady state speed distributions. The inter-vehicle spacing Maxkov chain and the steady state speed Markov chain are proved to be irreducible and ergodic. The theoretical speed probability distributions depending on the traffic density and stochastic delay probability are in good accordance with numerical simulations. The derived fundamental diagram of the average speed from theoretical speed distributions is equivalent to the results in the previous work.

A novel method for virtual clearance computation of high-speed train based on model integration and convex hull

The 3D clearance of a high-speed train(HST) is critical to ensure the safety of railway transportation. Many studies have been conducted on the inspection of the clearance profile in railway operation based on the vision system, but few researchers have focused on the computation of the 3D clearance in the design phase of an HST. This paper summarizes the virtual 3D clearance computation of an HST based on model integration and the convex hull method. First, both the aerodynamic and kinetic analysis models of the HST are constructed. The two models are then integrated according to the corresponding relationship map, and an array of transformation matrixes of the HST is created to drive the designed model simulating the physical railway motion. Furthermore, the convex hull method is adopted to compute the 3D envelope of the moving train. Finally, the Hausdorff metric is involved in the measurement of the minimum clearance model and the 3D envelope model. In addition, the color map of the Hausdorff distance is established to verify that the designed shape of the HST meets the national standards. This paper provides an effective method to accurately calculate the 3D clearance for the shape design of an HST, which greatly reduces the development cost by minimizing the physical prototype that must be built.

Design Wind Speed Evaluation Technique in Wind Turbine Installation Point by Using the Meteorological and CFD Models

It is highly important in Japan to choose a good site for wind turbines, because the spatial distribution of wind speed is quite complicated over steep complex terrain. We have been developing the unsteady numerical model called the RIAM-COMPACT (Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Computational Prediction of Airflow over Complex Terrain). The RIAM-COMPACT is based on the LES (Large-Eddy Simulation). The object domain of the RIAM-COMPACT is from several m to several km, and can predict the airflow and gas diffusion over complex terrain with high precision. In the present paper, the design wind speed evaluation technique in wind turbine installation point by using the mesoscale meteorological model and RIAM-COMPACT CFD model was proposed. The design wind speed to be used for designing WTGs can be calculated by multiplying the ratio of the mean wind speed at the hub-height to the mean upper-air wind speed at the inflow boundary, i.e., the fractional increase of the mean hub-height wind speed, by the reduction ratio, R. The fractional increase of the mean hub-height wind speed was evaluated using the CFD simulation results. This method was proposed as Approach 1 in the present paper. A value of 61.9 m/s was obtained for the final design wind speed, Uh, in Approach 1. In the evaluation procedure of the design wind speed in Approach 2, neither the above-mentioned reduction rate, R, nor an upper-air wind speed of 1.7 Vo, where Vo is the reference wind speed, was used. Instead, the value of the maximum wind speed which was obtained from the typhoon simulation for each of the investigated wind directions was adopted. When the design wind speed was evaluated using the 50-year recurrence value, the design wind speed was 48.3 m/s. When a somewhat conservative safety factor was applied, that is, when the 100 year recurrence value was used instead, the design wind speed was 52.9 m/s.

Dynamic Constitutive Model of Physical Simulation in High-Speed Blanking for C5191 Phosphor Bronze

Strain hardening,strain rate strengthening and thermal softening data of C5191 phosphor bronze at highspeed blanking are not easy to be obtained with a general measure method,therefore,it is quite difficult to establish the dynamic constitutive model.To solve this problem,the tensile properties at a strain rate of 1 s^(-1) by GLEEBLE-3500,and dynamic tensile conditions at strain rates of 500,1 000 and 1 500 s^(-1) by split Hopkinson tensile bar (SHTB) apparatus are studied.According to these test data,the classic Johnson-Cook equation is modified.Furthermore,the modified Johnson-Cook equation is validated in the physical simulation model of high-speed blanking.The results show that the strength of C5191 phosphor bronze maintains a certain degree of increase as the strain rate increasing and presents a clear sensitivity to strain rate.The modified Johnson-Cook equation,which has better description accuracy than the classical Johnson-Cook equation,can provide important material parameters for physical simulation models of its high-speed blanking process.