Call for knowledge systematization:An example from lithium ion batteries recycling

Scientific research is one of the primary ways to drive human civilization forward.Countless research institutions and researchers worldwide are dedicated to exploring the unknown,resulting in a flood of research findings[1].For instance,Web of Science alone collects over 10,000 academic papers on a daily basis.While each research field typically has around 10%of review articles,these mainly focus on a limited portion of the subject,failing to provide a comprehensive and real-time updated overview.As a result,researchers or students in a particular field may spend several months,or even longer,comprehending the state of research that has developed over just a few years.The lack of systematic background often leads to redundant or similar studies,which is highly detrimental to the progress of science and technology.

Effects of Social Security Spending on Income Distribution and Poverty Reduction in China

Reasonable income distribution and eradication of rural poverty are vital for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects in China.This paper primarily examines the income distribution and poverty reduction effects of social security spending.Market income and redistribution policies are two determinants of income gaps.Based on CHIP2018 household survey data,we find that inadequate income redistribution policies have contributed to yawning income gaps,and that social security spending is more redistributive than personal income tax and social security contributions.After estimating the redistribution effects of social security spending and itemized incomes,we find that pension payments have contributed the most to household income gaps,and that subsistence protection and rural pension payments help improve income distribution.With respect to the poverty reduction effects of social security spending,we have estimated China’s current poverty incidence and the poverty reduction effects of pension payments,healthcare,and educational allowances with CHIP2018 data,and discover that an increase in social security spending may effectively reduce rural poverty.In building a moderately prosperous society in all respects,China should increase social security spending,focusing on specific target groups,and promote the role of social security spending in regulating income distribution and offering social protection to rural residents.

Co-integration Analysis of the Relationship between Residents' Consumer Spending and GDP in Hubei Province

In accordance with the economic data from Statistical Communique on National Economy and Social Development in Hubei Province in the period 1980-2009, we use co-integration analysis method to research the impact of GDP growth on residents' consumer spending. Result shows that although there are differences between GDP and residents' consumer spending in the short term, the equilibrium relationship exists between them, namely, the co-integration relationship, showing consistency in trends.

The Impact of HIV Spending on Health Outcomes in Thailand

Background: The Sustainable Development Goals commitment to Ending HIV/AIDS by 2030 requires sustained adequate investment. This study sought to examine the association between HIV/AIDS spending and outcomes in Thailand between 2008 and 2019. Methods: A quantitative secondary data analysis with time-series was conducted using a retrospective dataset of HIV spending and some selected outcomes including the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV), incidence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS, the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and AIDS-related deaths. Data were obtained from a diverse set of sources. Descriptive statistics and univariate regression model were used to analyze HIV expenditure and outcomes. Results: HIV spending per PLHIV rose by two folds from $347 in 2008 to more than $600 in 2019, mostly financed by domestic sources. This increase of domestic resources per PLHIV was significantly associated with better HIV-related outcomes especially in the reduction of PLHIV and AIDS-related deaths through increased number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the spending per PLHIV varied across the three public health insurance schemes. Comparison of HIV expenditure and health outcomes across upper-middle-income countries shows Thailand is not highly ranked in terms of spending efficiency despite having made good progress. Conclusion: Domestic financing for HIV programs is indispensable for achieving the goal of ending AIDS. Despite significant improvement in HIV-related outcomes, challenges remain in achieving the 90-90-90 goal. The redesigning of payment methods should be considered to increase the efficiency of HIV financing. Other factors related to strengthening the health system should not be overlooked.

The Nexus between Nigerian Government Spending and Domestic Output in the Presence of Long-Term Crude Oil Price Shock: A Conditional Unrestricted Equilibrium Correction Model Approach

This paper is an empirical analysis of provisional unrestricted level relationship between Nigerian domestic output measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and government spending proxied by capital and recurrent expenditures in the presence of static regressors such as crude oil prices and federal government retained revenues. We estimate an ARDL (1,0,1) using a single-equation approach. Results show that government expenditures have negative but statistically insignificant effects on domestic output in the long-run. Similarly, negative short run effects are established amongst the variables. However, recurrent expenditure is statistically significant in the short-run. Whilst federal government retained revenue has a positive and significant effect, crude oil price exhibited negative relationships with domestic output both at level and in the short-run dynamics. Also a high speed of adjustment implies that Nigerian Gross Domestic Product is extremely sensitive to shocks on the government spending in the long-run. An upward trend forecast between 2014 and 2020 is an indication of the continued positive impact and the government retained revenue will exert on the domestic output in the long-run.

Chinese Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

“Writing is thinking.To write well is to think clearly.That’s why it’s so hard.”—David McCullough As surgeons,our focus is to perform our procedures well,to master our skills,and to eventually improve on today’s standard of care.To achieve this,we spend an inordinate amount of time observing mentors at work and practicing and honing surgical skills in the operating room.

Reassessing the Empirical Relationship between Health Expenditure,Governance and Economic Growth in Africa:Analysis of Nigerian

As an aspect of human capital,a positive association exists amongst health,productivity,and growth in output per capita.On the other hand,social infrastructure defined by the institution of governance has a direct effect on the environment upon which productive activities take place to determine outcomes.Nigeria like most African countries is bedevilled by the high prevalence of inadequate health financing and poor governance.Health financing for Nigeria consistently has fallen short of the AU health funding commitment of 15%of annual budgetary allocation to the health sector.Secondly,poor governance conditions available resources and shape the state of infrastructure,particularly health infrastructure and socioeconomic conditions.In turn,this determines individuals’level of exposure to health risks and their capacity to actively contribute to productive activity for growth stimulation and sustainability.Against this backdrop,this study added to the existing literature in the context of Nigeria,by theoretically applying the Solow augmented Mankiw-Romer-Weil structural model in the examination of the impact of government size and governance quality in the health sector,on economic growth.Autoregressive Distributed Lag(ARDL)model was adopted in the estimation.Findings show that governance quality adversely affects growth and this reduces the capacity of health spending to stimulate growth by an almost equal margin.As a result,this study recommends legislative backing to the AU health funding commitment in Nigeria.

Survey: Results of the 18th ITMF Global Textile Industry

The business situation is at a new low point since ITMF started the Global Textile Industry Survey in 2021.High inflation and rising interest rates are the main current drivers of the global economy,but the core problem of the textile supply chain in 2023 are high inventories at the brand and retail level.With the opening of economies around the world after the COVID crisis,consumers had the opportunity to spend the money they could not during 2020 and in the first half of 2021.Consequently,demand soared,and brands and retailers increased orders to meet this pent-up demand.

Charting the course:India's health expenditure projections for 2035

Objectives Understanding past trends and forecasting future changes in health spending is vital for planning and reducing reliance on out-of-pocket(OOP)expenses.The current study analyzed health expenditure patterns in India and forecasted future trends and patterns until 2035.Methods Data on health expenditure in India from 2000 to 2019 was collected from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)iLibrary and National Health Accounts 2019 databases.Gross domestic product(GDP)data from the World Bank was also utilized.Descriptive statistics analyzed the composition and pattern,while the exponential smoothing model forecasted future health expenditures.Results The findings revealed that expenditure made by OOP is the primary health financing source,followed by government and pre-paid private spending.The percentage of GDP allocated to total health expenditure remains stable,while the per capita health expenditure fluctuates.Variations in expenditure among states are observed,with Karnataka relying heavily on pre-paid private coverage.Future projections suggest a decline in per capita and total health expenditure as a share of GDP,with a slight increase in the government’s share.Pre-paid private expenditure per capita and OOP health expenditure as a share of the total is projected to remain relatively constant but still high in absolute terms.Conclusion The study highlights variations in health spending in India,characterized by high OOP spending,limited public coverage,and a need for investments,and reforms to improve healthcare access and equity.

Too Much Sitting

Do you spend many hours of the day sitting?When you sit,Susie:Betteryet,beactive.Takeashort you use less energy than you do when you are active.Sitting toomuchhurts your back,and it's badfor your.heart.It causes you to gain weight and may even increase your risk of cancer.

踏进大家说英语的世界

Do you spend many hours of the day siting?When you sit,you use less energy than you do when you are active.Sitting too much hurts your back,and it's bad for your heart.It causes you to gain weight andmay even increase your risk of cancer.Howcanyou avoid sitting too much?

Wang Ming's Progress

Wang Ming is my classmate. He has made great progress this term.In the past, he used to fight with others. But now he is used to making friends with his classmates. He used to spend much time play^(①) computer games.

Too Much Sitting

Do you spend many hours of the day sitting? When you sit,'you use less energy than you do when you are active. Sittingtoo much hurts your back, and it's bad for your heart.It causesyou to gain weight and may even increase your risk of cancer.

Too Much Sitting

Do you spend many hours of the day stting?When you sit,you use less energy than you do when you are active.Sitting too much hurts your back,and it's bad for your heart.It causes you to gain weight and may even increase your risk of cancer.

陷入困境

水就在你的周围,在英语当中也比比皆是。你如果in deep water“有麻烦了”,就是遇到了严重的问题,可能是有债务还不上。你如果身处于troubled waters“困境”当中,就是做一件事情遇到了困难。你如果到了dead in the water“穷途末路”,就是陷入困境中,什么都没办法做。你要是spend money like water“花钱如流水”,就是随意花钱而不多加考虑。你要是keep one's head above water“勉强度日”,就是尽力应对眼前的状况,但几乎无法做到。

Hero in My Eyes

Everyone has a hero,and the hero in my eyes is my father.My father is 42 years old and works as a doctor in the People's Hospital,Fucheng County.I used to think his job was very easy,but with time goes by,1 realize that my father deserves respect for doing an amazing job all these years.He works for about ten hours every day,but he still tries to help me with my homework and spend time with me.

Be Wise with Money

Money plays an important role in our lives.Many of us receive pocket money from our parents,but how do we manage it?Do we spend it on everything we like,or do we use it wisely?Being wise with money is crucial,and here are some tips to help you do just that.

MEET YOUR TEACHER David

Q:What is your favoritekind of exercise?A:I like to workout at the gym.Training with weights is fun,and you feel happy when you see your body get stronger.I also like to go swimming.Q:Do you visit your family?Whatdo you like to do withthem?A:I visit my family every month.They live two hours away from me,so it's not very far away.As my parents get older,it is important to spend more time with them.And it's always fun to watch movies with my brother.

MEET YOUR TEACHER Linda

Q:Thanksgiving is this month.How do you spend the holiday withfamily?A:My family and I usually invite family and friends over to celebrate Thanksgiving together.This year,we plan on doing the same.During the night,we usually go around and share what we are thankful for.This year,I am extremely thankful for our home,loved ones and the time to spend with them.