Preparation of Rice Seedling-raising Substrate with Spent Mushroom Substrate of Pleurotus eryngii

This study aimed to explore the effect of fermented spent mushroom substrate(SMS) of Pleurotus eryngii as a basic material on rice seedling-raising substrate. The physical and chemical indices of the SMS indicated that the fermented SMS was fully composted and was very suitable for preparing rice seedling-raising substrate. The fermented SMS effectively regulated the bulk density, total porosity, aeration porosity and water-holding porosity of rice seedling-raising substrate. With the increased addition amount of fermented SMS, the bulk density of rice seedling-raising substrate was decreased, but the total porosity, aeration porosity and water-holding porosity were increased. Compared with those in the substrates of 100% soil and 100% SMS,the height, chlorophyll content, 100-shoot dry weight, 100-root dry weight, root activity, nitrogen content, phosphorus content and potassium content of rice seedlings in the substrate composed of spent mushroom substrate of P. eryngii and soil were higher.The quality of rice seedlings in the substrate composed of 20% soil and 80% SMS was best, followed by that in the substrate composed of 30% soil and 70% SMS.

Effects of Spent Mushroom Substrate of Pleurotus eryngii as Fermentation Bed Padding on Growth Performance, Intestinal Microflora and Immunity of Weaning Piglets

[Objective] The paper was to examine the effects of spent mushroom substrate of Pleurotus eryngii as fermentation bed padding on growth performance, intestinal microflora and immunity of weaning pigs. [Method] A total of 120 weaning piglets （DurocxLandracexYorkshire） with the average initial body weight of （8.0±0.5） kg were allocated to five dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design for 42 d, each of which was replicated three times with eight piglets per replicate （ half male and half female）. The padding for control group was 50% sawdust ＋50% rice husk; experimental group I, 100% spent mushroom substrate; experimental group II, 15% sawdust ＋15% rice husk ＋70% spent mushroom sub- strate; experimental group III, 25% sawdust ＋25% rice husk ＋50% spent mushroom substrate; and experimental group IV, 35% sawdust ＋35% rice husk ＋30% spent substrate. [Result] Except for experimental group IV, the other three experimental groups had higher average daily gain compared to the control group （P〈0.05）. The average daily feed intake in experimental group I increased obviously compared to the control group（P〈0.05）. Except for experimental group I, the diarrhea rate of weaning piglets in experimental groups II, III and IV significantly decreased compared to the control group（P〈0.05）. The number of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in colon and cecum in experimental groups I, II and III increased distinctly （P〈 0.05）, while the number of Escherichia coli and Salmonella decreased remarkably compared to the control group （P〈0.05）. The positive rates of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood of weaning piglets in four experimental groups were significantly higher than that in control group at 21 and 42 d post weaning （P〈0.05）. The IgA content of intestinal mucous in piglets was significantly improved in experimental groups II and III （P〈0.05）. [Conclusion] It enhances the production performance when improving immunity and reducing diarrhea rate of piglets by using spent mushroom substrate of P. eryngii as the fermentation bed padding. Experimental group III （25% sawdust ＋25% rice husk ＋50% spent mushroom substrate） is the optimal proportion of spent mushroom substrate.

Effect of Spent Mushroom Substrate on Physical and Chemical Properties and Enzymic Activity of Rice

In order to explore the substitution substrate for rice seedling on upland fields,this paper uses spent mushroom substrate to study the physical and chemical properties of substrate,enzymic activity and number of tillers during the cultivation of rice seedling on upland fields.The results show that at the three stages of rice seedling cultivation( two-leaf stage,three-leaf stage,four-leaf stage),the content of organic matter and EC in spent mushroom substrate is higher than in the control soil,p H is within the range suitable for the growth of rice,and other nutrients( total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,available nitrogen,available phosphorus) are slightly different in different periods;except phosphatase,there are significant differences in urease,catalase and sucrase between spent mushroom substrate and the control soil; the number of tillers under spent mushroom substrate is larger than under the control.

Sustainable Discoloration of Textile Chromo-Baths by Spent Mushroom Substrate from the Industrial Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus

Synthetic dyes are recalcitrant to degradation and toxic to different organisms. Physical-chemical treatments of textile wastewaters are not sustainable in terms of costs. Biological treatments can be more convenient and the lig-nin-degrading extracellular enzymatic battery of basidiomycetes are capable to discolor synthetic dyes. Many basidi-omycetes are edible mushrooms whose industrial production generates significant amount of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) with residual high levels of lignin-degrading extracellular enzymatic activities. We have demon-strated that the low cost organic substrate, the SMS deriving from the cultivation of the basidiomycetes Pleurotus ostreatus, is able to discolor anthraquinonic, diazo and monoazo-dyes when incubated in dying chromo-reactive and chromo-acid baths containing surfactants and anti-foams, where the concentrations of the different dyes are exceeding the one recovered in the corresponding wastewaters. Laccase was the lignin-degrading extracellular enzyme involved in the discolouring process. The exploitation of the low cost SMS in the treatment of textile wastewaters is proposed. Accordingly, a toxicological assessment, based on a cyto-toxicity test on a human amnion epithelial cell line (WISH) and the estimation of the germination index (GI%) of Lactuca sativa, Cucumis sativus and Sorghum bicolor, has been performed, showing the loss of toxicity of the chromo-baths after being discoloured by the SMS.

Effect of Fermentation Bed with Spent Mushroom Substrate of Pleurotus eryngii on Weaning Piglets

[Objective] The paper was to investigate effects on fermentation bed temperature,growth performance,diarrhea rate and digestive en-zyme activity of weaning piglets by using spent mushroom substrate of Pleurotus eryngii as padding.[Method] A total of 120 weaning piglets（Duroc × Landrace ×Yorkshire） with average initial body weight of（8.0 ±0.5）kg were allocated to five dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design for 42 d,each of which was replicated three times with eight piglets per replicate（half male,half female）.The padding for control group was（50% sawdust ＋50% rice husk）;experimental group Ⅰ 100% spent mushroom substrate;experimental group Ⅱ（15% sawdust ＋15% rice husk ＋70% spent mushroom substrate）;experimental group Ⅲ（25% sawdust ＋25% rice husk ＋50% spent mushroom substrate）;experimental group Ⅳ（35% sawdust ＋35% rice husk ＋30% spent substrate）.[Result] There was no significant difference in surface temperature of fermentation bed between experimental groups and control group（P〉0.05）.Compared with the control group,the temperature under 20 cm of fermentation bed in ex-perimental groups I,Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased significantly（P〈0.05）.Except for experimental group Ⅳ,other three experimental groups had higher aver-age daily gain（P〈0.05） and experimental group Ⅰ had higher average daily feed intake（P〈0.05） compared to the control group.The diarrhea rate and mortality of weaning piglets in experimental groups Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ were significantly decreased compared with the control group（P〈0.05）.Compared with the control group,other three experimental groups had higher digestive enzyme activity in duodenal contents except for experimental group Ⅳ（P〈0.05）.[Conclusion] Spent mushroom substrate of P.eryngii can be used as fermentation bed padding,and the optimal proportion was experimental group Ⅲ.

Technique for Using Spent Mushroom Substrate of Flammulina velutipes to Cultivate Volvariella volvacea in Idle Period of Greenhouse Summer Squash

Greenhouse summer squash is a major type of greenhouse vegetable in Shandong Province.In summer,there is a three-month idle period of greenhouse summer squash.Volvariella volvacea is a high temperature resistant high-quality edible fungus.In practice,it is able to use the spent mushroom substrate of Flammulina velutipes to cultivate V.volvacea.In the idle period of greenhouse summer squash,cultivating V.volvacea using the spent mushroom substrate of F.velutipes has high economic and environmental benefits.The cultivation techniques mainly include the preparation of cultivation materials,preliminary preparation for the greenhouse,planting management of V.volvacea,and returning the spent mushroom substrate to the field.By comparison with the conventional summer squash planting,this technique has higher economic benefits and its application prospects will be broad.

Feasible strategy for the nitrogen fixation and humification quality improvement by spent mushroom substrate as conditioning agent

There is an overlooked problem which increasing microbial abundance while reducing nitrogen loss during composting.This study investigated the viability of spent mushroom substrate(SMS)as conditioners in the aerobic composting of kitchen waste(KW)with cattle manure(CM).The variation of temperature,pH,C/N,organic matter,cellulose,hemicelluloses,germination index(GI),and microflora structure were explored to evaluate the potential in accelerating maturity and nitrogen fixation by SMS addition.The results showed that the addition of SMS accelerated the heating rate,prolonged the high temperature time,and decreased organic matter,hemicellulose,and cellulose by 17.49%,23.61%,and 18.62%,respectively.The GI reached 105.86%with SMS addition,while 74.17%was found in control treatment after composting.SMS changed the microbial community composition and increased the species abundance.Proteiniclasticum,Clostridium XI and Azomonas were dominant bacteria,which increased the retention of nitrogen,promoted organic matter degradation and reduce compost time.The study can provide a feasible strategy for nitrogen fixation in the field of organic waste recycling.

夏季闲置大棚利用杏鲍菇菌渣栽培草菇技术

利用夏秋季蔬菜大棚空闲期,以杏鲍菇菌渣90%、干稻草10%为原料栽培草菇,每667 m2大棚产草菇约700 kg,按照上海批发市场20元/kg收购价计,除去成本,净产值约9700元,既提高了蔬菜大棚棚歇期土地利用率,草菇种植后菌渣直接还田还可改良土壤,减少化肥使用,是一种实现农业废弃物循环利用、经济和生态效益显著的绿色种植模式。从设施选择、季节安排、品种选择、培养料制作、铺料播种、覆膜、覆土、发菌管理、出菇管理、病虫害防控等方面详述该套技术。

牛粪对双孢菇菌渣堆肥过程中碳氮转化及真菌群落的影响

为揭示牛粪对双孢菇菌渣堆肥过程中真菌群落动态及其对碳氮转化的影响,使用高通量测序技术探索了牛粪和菌渣堆肥过程中真菌群落组成、结构的变化,利用生物信息学的方法分析了真菌群落及其与碳、氮组分间的相互作用关系。以牛粪和菌渣作为研究对象,采用条垛式堆肥的方法共堆肥42 d,设CK(100%双孢菇菌渣)和CD(双孢菇菌渣∶牛粪=7∶3)两个处理。结果表明:CD处理比CK堆肥总有机碳(TOC)降低2.17%,腐熟期碳、氮分别提高48.69%和4.01%,发芽指数(GI)提高49.33%。添加牛粪提高了菌渣堆肥中真菌群落丰富度和多样性,堆体温度高且高温期延长23 d;子囊菌门和担子菌门是两处理的优势菌门;CD处理食线虫菌属(Duddingtonia)、Coprinellus、鬼伞属(Coprinopsis)、细粒嗜热菌属(Thermomyces)的相对丰度均高于CK,有利于碳氮转化。利用Pearson相关系数构建网络模型,分析筛选出与碳氮转化相关的核心真菌属,CD处理有2个与TOC相关的核心真菌属(50%正相关),CK处理中有7个属与TOC相关(28.6%正相关)。菌渣牛粪联合堆肥真菌共现网络的关联性和复杂性更高,真菌群落间竞争减弱,平均路径长度较低,网络更敏感。菌渣堆肥添加牛粪可改变核心真菌与TOC和总氮(TN)间的关系,在CD处理中TOC核心菌与TOC呈正相关,而在CK处理中呈负相关。两处理TN核心菌与TN间均呈显著正相关关系,与TOC负相关。研究表明,菌渣与牛粪联合可使堆体快速升温,延长堆体的高温期,核心真菌通过增加与其他微生物的相互作用,影响碳氮转化,降低TOC损失率,提高堆肥品质。

羊肚菌轮作及其菌渣还田对烤烟根际土壤环境及产量与品质的影响

【目的】探明羊肚菌轮作及其菌渣还田对植烟土壤改良及烤烟产质量调控的效应,合理优化烤烟种植制度。【方法】以烤烟品种云烟87为材料,采用双因素裂区设计,研究烤烟种植模式(A1,烤烟—羊肚菌—烤烟;A2,烤烟—冬闲—烤烟)和羊肚菌菌渣施用方式(B1,不施;B2,机械旋耕施;B3,塘施)对烤烟根际土壤理化特性、微生物、烟株生长及产量、烤烟化学成分的影响。【结果】种植模式及羊肚菌菌渣施用方式均可调控植烟土壤理化特性及烟叶化学成分,其中以种植模式及羊肚菌菌渣施用方式互作效应最大,单施菌渣方式次之。A1B2、A1B3、A2B2、A2B3组合可有效改善土壤容重、孔隙度和大粒径团聚体含量,调节土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)、pH及土壤养分,其中以A1B2作用最明显,其土壤有机质、水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾含量较A1B1分别显著提高22.71%、5.07%、20.94%、32.55%。与A1B1和A2B1相比,A1B2、A1B3、A2B2、A2B3组合能显著提高土壤真菌、细菌、放线菌数量1.13~2.93倍,微生物量碳、氮含量及其碳氮比分别增加42.19%~77.46%、25.68%~59.97%、3.55%~28.99%;同时能显著提高烟叶叶面积、上等烟比例、产量和产值,其中以A1B2产值增幅最大,较A1B1、A2B1产值分别显著提高15.05%、29.12%。各因子对烟叶化学成分可用性指数调控效应:A×B互作>菌渣施用>种植模式。其中,与A1B1、A2B1相比,A1B2、A1B3、A2B2、A2B3显著降低烟叶总糖、总氮含量,提高钾含量;施用菌渣使烟叶总氮、烟碱含量下降,钾含量增加;种植模式主要影响烟叶总氮和钾含量。【结论】采用烤烟—羊肚菌—烤烟种植模式,在烟田旋耕施入羊肚菌菌渣,有利于改善土壤通透性及团聚体结构,提升土壤肥力,增加土壤微生物群落丰度,促进烟叶生长,提高烟叶产量、产值,烟叶化学成分更协调。

食用菌菌糠在土壤修复和改良方面的应用

随着食用菌菌糠产量的增加,菌糠处理方式也将趋于多样化。食用菌菌糠中含有丰富的有机质和营养元素,然而传统的处置方式不仅会对菌糠资源造成浪费,更会对环境造成污染。近年来,关于食用菌菌糠的资源化利用方式研究逐渐兴起,通过简述菌糠在修复污染土壤和改良退化土壤方面的研究,提出未来关于菌糠修复和改良土壤方面研究的建议,以期为菌糠在环境治理和农业领域的应用提供参考,为其高效利用提供理论依据。

桑枝食用菌菌糠饲料化利用价值及其应用

随着养殖业的快速发展,“人畜争粮”的矛盾愈加凸显,兼顾菌糠和桑枝双重营养功能成分的桑枝菌菌糠已成为一种新的饲料资源。本文通过对桑枝菌菌糠饲料化价值,特别是其营养价值、饲料化处理方式、在养殖业中的应用现状,以及饲料化应用存在的问题进行分析,为桑枝菌菌糠的高效利用提供更加科学合理的理论依据。

蝉花菌质对菜豆苗期生长的影响

为了探究蝉花菌质对菜豆苗期生长的影响,研究采用盆栽试验,通过设置试验组(无菌土+蝉花菌质)与对照组(无菌土),测定菜豆苗期生长的农艺性状指标、根系指标、叶绿素含量。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加蝉花菌质提高了菜豆幼苗总根长、根体积及叶绿素含量,降低了其总根尖数、分枝数和交叉数;在15 d时,施加蝉花菌质显著提高了菜豆的最大叶长和叶宽;在30 d时施加蝉花菌质显著提高了株高。在15 d时,与对照组相比,试验组的株高、叶片数、茎粗分别提高了36.36%、25.00%、30.97%;在30 d时,试验组的株高较对照组显著提高40.83%,茎粗、叶片数、最大叶长及最大叶宽与对照组相比均有所提高。此外,与对照组相比,试验组的地上部分鲜质量、地下部分鲜质量、地上部分干质量、地下部分干质量、根冠比均有所提高。因此,在育苗土中加入蝉花菌质,能够有效促进菜豆的苗期生长。

菌糠水提液对马铃薯致病疫霉的抑制机理

菌糠是菌菇生产后残留的物质,含有丰富的无机盐和有机质等成分。利用热水浸提法制备香菇菌糠水提液(water extract from spent mushroom substrate,WESMS),通过紫外分光光度计和Zeta电位及粒径仪对其紫外吸收情况、表面电荷和水中分散粒径进行表征,采用平板渗透法及十字交叉测量直径法计算WESMS对致病疫霉的抑制率,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察病原菌细胞形态的损伤程度,并采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳法分析WESMS对致病疫霉DNA的影响。结果表明,WESMS在紫外线A(UVA,315~400 nm)、B(UVB,280~315 nm)和C(UVC,100~280 nm)波段均有吸收,在水中的分散粒径为3649.27 nm。抑菌试验表明,WESMS对病原菌的生长具有抑制作用,随着提取液体积百分浓度的增加,抑制效果更明显,在高体积百分浓度(6.25%WESMS)作用下对病原菌的抑制率近100%。经WESMS处理后病原菌的菌丝更加扭曲、扁平,且褶皱明显增多,表明WESMS可对细胞造成明显破坏;WESMS处理组的DNA条带亮度暗于对照组,损伤程度与WESMS体积百分浓度呈正相关。研究结果为菌糠的资源化利用及其对马铃薯晚疫病的有效防治提供科学依据和技术支撑。

两种菌糠对平菇栽培过程中菌丝生长及产酶能力的影响

以白灵菇菌糠和白玉菇菌糠为试验材料,按照不同比例添加到平菇栽培基质中,探讨菌糠对平菇菌丝生长和酶活性的影响。结果表明:添加两种菌糠后,平菇菌丝的生长速度、菌丝长势、满瓶时间等指标均优于对照组;胞外及胞内酶活性测定结果显示,白玉菇菌糠添加量为45%时,羧甲基纤维素酶活性达最高值,为2.61 U/mL;白玉菇菌糠添加量为30%时,木聚糖酶活性最高,为9.02 U/g;白玉菇菌糠添加量为60%时,漆酶活性最高,为263.72 U/L;当栽培料中白灵菇菌糠添加量为60%时,过氧化氢酶活性最高,为13.44 U/g。

Effects of spent mushroom substrate and slurry on nutritional value of grass and Medicago x varia T.Martyn mixtures

The paper aimed to evaluate fertilizing effects of spent mushroom substrate(SMS)and slurry on dry matter productivity and value of legume-grass mixtures.The experiment was replicated three times,with a split-plot arrangement and plots of 3 m^(3) as experimental units.These species were grown as three legume-grass mixtures:M1-Dactylis glomerata,Lolium perenne,Medicago x varia T.Martyn;M2-Dactylis glomerata,Medicago x varia T.Martyn;M3-Lolium perenne,Medicago x varia T.Martyn.The experiment consisted of the following units:control(no fertilization);SMS(30 t/hm^(2));slurry(60 m^(3)/hm^(2))(G);SMS(10 t/hm^(2))+slurry(60 m^(3)/hm^(2));SMS(20 t/hm^(2))+slurry(40 m^(3)/hm^(2));SMS mushroom substrate(30 t/hm^(2))+slurry(20 m^(3)/hm^(2)).During each growing season all the mixtures were harvested three times.The fresh matter from each plot was weighted and a sample of 0.6 kg was taken for further analysis.In the experiment the content of both total protein and crude fibre was dependent on the type of fertilizer and on the type of mixture.Forage from the plots with 20 t/hm^(2) of mushroom substrate and 40 m^(3)/hm^(2) of slurry had the best nutritional value,with the highest amount of total protein.The contents of protein and crude fibre in the forage were more favourably affected by slurry than by spent mushroom substrate.Out of the mixtures from all plots,regardless of the type of fertilizer,the mixture consisting of Lolium perenne and Medicago x varia T.Martyn contained the highest content of protein.

双孢菇菌渣堆肥基质对番茄育苗效果的影响

以‘东农716’番茄品种为试材,利用50孔穴盘育苗,采用物理性状符合NY/T 2118-2012要求的5个配方进行试验,双孢菇菌渣堆肥和蛭石的比例分别为3∶7(T1)、4∶6(T2)、5∶5(T3)、6∶4(T4)、7∶3(T5),以进口泥炭和蛭石的比例为4∶6(CK1)和100%商用基质(CK2)为对照,研究了双孢菇菌渣堆肥和蛭石不同配比对番茄幼苗生长发育的影响,以期筛选适宜的番茄育苗基质,为双孢菇菌渣的合理利用和解决泥炭资源短缺问题提供参考依据。结果表明:不同配比基质处理对番茄幼苗的生长发育状况有显著影响,5个双孢菇菌渣堆肥基质处理番茄苗的质量均优于对照,但双孢菇菌渣堆肥比例过高或过低均不利于番茄幼苗的发育。番茄幼苗质量和栽培基质品质以T3处理最好(双孢菇菌渣堆肥∶蛭石=5∶5),其次是T2处理(双孢菇菌渣堆肥∶蛭石=4∶6)。壮苗指数和综合指数均可作为衡量栽培基质质量的理想指标。速效养分和容重、总孔隙度及气水比是影响栽培基质品质的重要因素。综上,双孢菇菌渣堆肥是一种理想的栽培基质,可以替代泥炭进行番茄育苗。

云南江城雪茄烟根结线虫病的病原鉴定及生物源氨气熏蒸的防治效果研究

雪茄产业是近年来中国烟草行业新的经济增长点,雪茄烟种植中根结线虫病危害严重.然而,目前国内外雪茄烟病原线虫的种类尚未明确,对该病害的绿色防控也鲜有报道.基于雌虫、雄虫和二龄幼虫的形态特征、PCR扩增特异性条带及科赫法则验证结果,将普洱市江城县雪茄烟叶“云雪1号”品种上发生的根结线虫病病原鉴定为爪哇根结线虫(Meloidogyne javanica).评估了4种食用菌(金针菇、杏鲍菇、香菇、姬菇)菌渣脲酶催化尿素释放氨气熏蒸土壤对雪茄烟叶爪哇根结线虫病的防治效果.结果表明:致死100%二龄幼虫(J2)所需的NH3最低质量浓度为136.8 mg/m^(3);将含4%尿素的4种菌渣分别与土壤按质量比为1∶18的比例混合,在水分含量约60%、28℃下放置3 d时,各处理组释放的氨气质量浓度在130.9~218.7 mg/m^(3),对根结线虫病的防效在75.7%~92.3%.研究结果显示“菌渣+尿素”熏蒸土壤对防控雪茄烟根结线虫病具有很好的应用潜力.

菌糠对棉花黄萎病及棉花根际微生物群落组成的影响

【目的】评价菌糠对棉花黄萎病的防治效果(防效),明确菌糠对棉花根际微生物群落的影响。【方法】通过温室盆栽试验及田间小区试验评价香菇菌糠对棉花黄萎病的防效;利用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测棉花根际大丽轮枝菌数量;利用宏基因组测序及生物信息学分析棉花根际微生物群落和功能基因组成。【结果】土壤中添加2%(质量分数)的菌糠对棉花黄萎病的温室防效达到76.8%。添加菌糠后棉花根际大丽轮枝菌数量较空白对照减少81.02%。添加菌糠后棉花根际微生物中微杆菌属(Microbacterium spp.)、中慢生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium spp.)、梨形孢属(Serendipita spp.)、毛壳菌属(Chaetomium spp.)等有益微生物丰度显著上升;同时,添加菌糠还改变了棉花根际细菌和真菌的共现模式,在提高细菌物种间关联性的同时降低真菌物种间关联性。利用京都基因和基因组数据库功能注释发现,菌糠处理后棉花根际微生物ABC转运蛋白(ko02010)、双组分调节系统(ko02020)、群体感应(ko02024)等涉及细菌信号识别和定植的基因相对丰度显著提高。在河北和新疆,菌糠对棉花黄萎病的田间防效最高分别为36.84%和43.98%。【结论】菌糠能够有效防治棉花黄萎病并降低棉花根际大丽轮枝菌数量,同时可改变棉花根际微生物群落和功能基因组成。