A comparison study on structure-function relationship of polysaccharides obtained from sea buckthorn berries using different methods:antioxidant and bile acid-binding capacity

In this study,the structural characters,antioxidant activities and bile acid-binding ability of sea buckthorn polysaccharides(HRPs)obtained by the commonly used hot water(HRP-W),pressurized hot water(HRP-H),ultrasonic(HRP-U),acid(HRP-C)and alkali(HRP-A)assisted extraction methods were investigated.The results demonstrated that extraction methods had significant effects on extraction yield,monosaccharide composition,molecular weight,particle size,triple-helical structure,and surface morphology of HRPs except for the major linkage bands.Thermogravimetric analysis showed that HRP-U with filamentous reticular microstructure exhibited better thermal stability.The HRP-A with the lowest molecular weight and highest arabinose content possessed the best antioxidant activities.Moreover,the rheological analysis indicated that HRPs with higher galacturonic acid content and molecular weight showed higher viscosity and stronger crosslinking network(HRP-C,HRP-W and HRP-U),which exhibited stronger bile acid binding capacity.The present findings provide scientific evidence in the preparation technology of sea buckthorn polysaccharides with good antioxidant and bile acid binding capacity which are related to the structure affected by the extraction methods.

Fatty acid binding protein 5 is a novel therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is an aggressive subtype of liver cancer and is one of the most common cancers with high mortality worldwide.Reprogrammed lipid metabolism plays crucial roles in HCC cancer cell survival,growth,and evolution.Emerging evidence suggests the importance of fatty acid binding proteins(FABPs)in contribution to cancer progression and metastasis;however,how these FABPs are dysregulated in cancer cells,especially in HCC,and the roles of FABPs in cancer progression have not been well defined.AIM To understand the genetic alterations and expression of FABPs and their associated cancer hallmarks and oncogenes in contributing to cancer malignancies.METHODS We used The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets of pan cancer and liver hepatocellular carcinoma(LIHC)as well as patient cohorts with other cancer types in this study.We investigated genetic alterations of FABPs in various cancer types.mRNA expression was used to determine if FABPs are abnormally expressed in tumor tissues compared to non-tumor controls and to investigate whether their expression correlates with patient clinical outcome,enriched cancer hallmarks and oncogenes previously reported for patients with HCC.We determined the protein levels of FABP5 and its correlated genes in two HCC cell lines and assessed the potential of FABP5 inhibition in treating HCC cells.RESULTS We discovered that a gene cluster including five FABP family members(FABP4,FABP5,FABP8,FABP9 and FABP12)is frequently co-amplified in cancer.Amplification,in fact,is the most common genetic alteration for FABPs,leading to overexpression of FABPs.FABP5 showed the greatest differential mRNA expression comparing tumor with non-tumor tissues.High FABP5 expression correlates well with worse patient outcomes(P<0.05).FABP5 expression highly correlates with enrichment of G2M checkpoint(r=0.33,P=1.1e-10),TP53 signaling pathway(r=0.22,P=1.7e-5)and many genes in the gene sets such as CDK1(r=0.56,P=0),CDK4(r=0.49,P=0),and TP53(r=0.22,P=1.6e-5).Furthermore,FABP5 also correlates well with two co-expressed oncogenes PLK1 and BIRC5 in pan cancer especially in LIHC patients(r=0.58,P=0;r=0.58,P=0;respectively).FABP5high Huh7 cells also expressed higher protein levels of p53,BIRC5,CDK1,CDK2,and CDK4 than FABP5low HepG2 cells.FABP5 inhibition more potently inhibited the tumor cell growth in Huh7 cells than in HepG2 cells.CONCLUSION We discovered that FABP5 gene is frequently amplified in cancer,especially in HCC,leading to its significant elevated expression in HCC.Its high expression correlates well with worse patient outcome,enriched cancer hallmarks and oncogenes in HCC.FABP5 inhibition impaired the cell viability of FABP5high Huh7 cells.All these support that FABP5 is a novel therapeutic target for treating FABP5high HCC.

Crystal Structures and DNA Binding Properties of 2-Naphthoxyacetic Acid Cu(Ⅱ) Complexes

Two new copper complexes based on 2-naphthoxyacetic acid ligand, namely [Cu(L)2(CH3CN)]2(1) and [Cu(L)(1,10-phen)2](2), where L = 2-naphthoxyacetic acid and 1,10-phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, were obtained by hydrothermal reaction and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The binuclear complex 1 and mononuclear complex 2 belong to space group C2/c and P■, respectively. The binding properties of the two compounds with ct-DNA were investigated by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra. The two compounds could bind with ct-DNA through interactions. Compound 2 displays stronger binding ability in the reaction with ct-DNA.

Similarity of Binding Potentials Between Plant DUF538 and Animal Lipocalin: Cholesterol Binding Ability of DUF538

Objective DUF538(domain of unknown function 538) domain containing proteins are known as putative hypothetical proteins in plants. Until yet, there is no much information regarding their structure and function. Methods In the present research work, the homologous structures and binding potentials were identified between plant/mammalian lipocalins and plant DUF538 protein by using bioinformatics and experimental tools including molecular dynamics simulation, molecular docking and recombinant technology-based techniques. Results Molecular docking analysis of their interactions with lipidic ligands including cholesterol and palmitic acid revealed the similar and comparable binding potentials between DUF538 and lipocalin proteins. Both the test proteins were found to have more affinity to cholesterol molecule in compare to palmitic acid. By using recombinant technology-based experiments, the heterologously expressed and purified fused product of DUF538 protein exhibited about 61% cholesterol binding ability. Conclusion As a conclusion, plants DUF538 protein family was predicted to be the structural and may be the functional homologues of plants/animals lipocalin superfamily.

Platycodon grandiflorum extract represses up-regulated adipocyte fatty acid binding protein triggered by a high fat feeding in obese rats

AIM: To investigate the effect of Platycodon grandi- florum extract (PGE) on lipid metabolism and FABP mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of high fat diet-induced obese rats. METHODS: PGE was treated to investigate the inhibitory effect on the pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 differentiation and pancreatic lipase activity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 439.03 ± 7.61 g were divided into four groups: the control groups that fed an experimental diet alone (C and H group) and PGE treatment groups that administered PGE along with a control diet or HFD at a concentration of 150 mg/kg body weight (C + PGE and H + PGE group, respectively) for 7 wk. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerol (TG) concentrations were measured from the tail vein of rats. Adipocyte cell area was measured from subcutaneous adipose tissue and the fatty acid binding protein (FABP) mRNA expression was analyzed by northern blot analysis. RESULTS: PGE treatment inhibited 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation, and also decreased pancreatic lipase activity. In this experiment, PGE signifi cantly reduced plasma TC and TG concentrations as well as body weight and subcutaneous adipose tissue weight. PGE also significantly decreased the size of subcutaneous adipocytes. Furthermore, it significantly repressed the up-regulation of FABP mRNA expression induced by a high-fat feeding in subcutaneous adipose tissue. CONCLUSION: PGE has a plasma lipid lowering-effect and anti-obesity effect in obese rats fed a high fat diet.From these results, we can suggest the possibility that PGE can be used as a food ingredient or drug component to therapeutically control obesity.

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) binding-mediated gene regulation

Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are synthetic oligonucleotides with chemically modified backbones. PNAs can bind to both DNA and RNA targets in a sequence-specific manner to form PNA/DNA and PNA/RNA duplex structures. When bound to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) targets, the PNA molecule replaces one DNA strand in the duplex by strand invasion to form a PNA/DNA/PNA [or (PNA)2/DNA] triplex structure and the displaced DNA strand exists as a singlestranded D-loop. PNA has been used in many studies as research tools for gene regulation and gene targeting. The Dloops generated from the PNA binding have also been demonstrated for its potential in initiating transcription and inducing gene expression. PNA provides a powerful tool to study the mechanism of transcription and an innovative strategy to regulate target gene expression. An understanding of the PNA-mediated gene regulation will have important clinical implications in treatment of many human diseases including genetic, cancerous, and age-related diseases.

No difference in high-magnification morphology and hyaluronic acid binding in the selection of euploid spermatozoa with intact DNA

In this study, we compared conventional sperm selection with high-magnification morphology based on the motile sperm organellar morphology examination （MSOME） criteria, and hyaluronic acid （HA） binding for sperm chromosome aneuploidy and DNA fragmentation rates. Semen from 50 severe male factor cases was processed through density gradient centrifugation, and subjected to sperm selection by using the conventional method （control）, high magnification at x6650 or HA binding. Aneuploidy was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization with probes for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X and Y, and DNA fragmentation by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling （TUNEL） method. Spermatozoa selected under high-magnification had a lower DNA fragmentation rate （2.6% vs. 1.7%; P=0.032）, with no significant difference in aneuploidy rate （0.8% vs0.7%; P=0.583）, than those selected by the HA binding method. Spermatozoa selected by both methods had much lower aneuploidy and DNA fragmentation rate than the controls （7% aneuploidy and 26.8% DNA fragmentation rates, respectively）. In the high-magnification group, the aneuploidy rate was lower when the best spermatozoa were selected than when only the second-best spermatozoa were available for selection, but the DNA fragmentation rate was not different. In conclusion, sperm selection under high magnification was more effective than under HA binding in selecting spermatozoa with low DNA fragmentation rate, but the small difference （0.9%） might not be clinically meaningful. Both methods were better than the conventional method of sperm selection.

Binding of naturally occurring hydroxycinnamic acids to bovine serum albumin

Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) possess numer- ous biological effects including antioxidant, antiallergic, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities and due to these properties are widely used in folk medicine. Nevertheless, they can interact with protein molecules and cause some structural and functional changes. The possib- ility of HCAs binding to bovine serum albumin (BSA) under physiological conditions was inve- stigated by the UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence quenching method. Apart from rosmarinic acid, all tested HCAs quenched tryptophan fluorescence of BSA in the studied range of concentrations (0-20 μM) mainly by static quenching mechanism (formation of non- fluorescent HCA-BSA complexes). The binding constants, number of binding sites and free energy changes were determined. The binding affinities of HCAs were ranked in the order: chlorogenic acid > sinapic acid ≥ caffeic acid > ferulic acid > o-coumaric acid > p-coumaric acid ≥ m-coumaric acid, which was confirmed by spectral overlaps of BSA emission spectrum with absorption spectrum of HCA. All free energy changes possessed negative sign indicating the spontaneity of HCA-BSA interaction.

S100 calcium binding protein A6 and associated long noncoding ribonucleic acids as biomarkers in the diagnosis and staging of primary biliary cholangitis

BACKGROUND Primary biliary cholangitis(PBC)is a chronic and slowly progressing cholestatic disease,which causes damage to the small intrahepatic bile duct by immunoregulation,and may lead to cholestasis,liver fibrosis,cirrhosis and,eventually,liver failure.AIM To explore the potential diagnosis and staging value of plasma S100 calcium binding protein A6(S100A6)messenger ribonucleic acid(mRNA),LINC00312,LINC00472,and LINC01257 in primary biliary cholangitis.METHODS A total of 145 PBC patients and 110 healthy controls(HCs)were enrolled.Among them,80 PBC patients and 60 HCs were used as the training set,and 65 PBC patients and 50 HCs were used as the validation set.The relative expression levels of plasma S100A6 mRNA,long noncoding ribonucleic acids LINC00312,LINC00472 and LINC01257 were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.The bile duct ligation(BDL)mouse model was used to simulate PBC.Then double immunofluorescence was conducted to verify the overexpression of S100A6 protein in intrahepatic bile duct cells of BDL mice.Human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells were treated with glycochenodeoxycholate to simulate the cholestatic environment of intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells in PBC.RESULTS The expression of S100A6 protein in intrahepatic bile duct cells was up-regulated in the BDL mouse model compared with sham mice.The relative expression levels of plasma S100A6 mRNA,log10 LINC00472 and LINC01257 were upregulated while LINC00312 was down-regulated in plasma of PBC patients compared with HCs(3.01±1.04 vs 2.09±0.87,P<0.0001;2.46±1.03 vs 1.77±0.84,P<0.0001;3.49±1.64 vs 2.37±0.96,P<0.0001;1.70±0.33 vs 2.07±0.53,P<0.0001,respectively).The relative expression levels of S100A6 mRNA,LINC00472 and LINC01257 were up-regulated and LINC00312 was down-regulated in human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells treated with glycochenodeoxycholate compared with control(2.97±0.43 vs 1.09±0.08,P=0.0018;2.70±0.26 vs 1.10±0.10,P=0.0006;2.23±0.21 vs 1.10±0.10,P=0.0011;1.20±0.04 vs 3.03±0.15,P<0.0001,respectively).The mean expression of S100A6 in the advanced stage(III and IV)of PBC was up-regulated compared to that in HCs and the early stage(II)(3.38±0.71 vs 2.09±0.87,P<0.0001;3.38±0.71 vs 2.57±1.21,P=0.0003,respectively);and in the early stage(II),it was higher than that in HCs(2.57±1.21 vs 2.09±0.87,P=0.03).The mean expression of LINC00312 in the advanced stage was lower than that in the early stage and HCs(1.39±0.29 vs 1.56±0.33,P=0.01;1.39±0.29 vs 2.07±0.53,P<0.0001,respectively);in addition,the mean expression of LINC00312 in the early stage was lower than that in HCs(1.56±0.33 vs 2.07±0.53,P<0.0001).The mean expression of log10 LINC00472 in the advanced stage was higher than those in the early stage and HCs(2.99±0.87 vs 1.81±0.83,P<0.0001;2.99±0.87 vs 1.77±0.84,P<0.0001,respectively).The mean expression of LINC01257 in both the early stage and advanced stage were up-regulated compared with HCs(3.88±1.55 vs 2.37±0.96,P<0.0001;3.57±1.79 vs 2.37±0.96,P<0.0001,respectively).The areas under the curves(AUC)for S100A6,LINC00312,log10 LINC00472 and LINC01257 in PBC diagnosis were 0.759,0.7292,0.6942 and 0.7158,respectively.Furthermore,the AUC for these four genes in PBC staging were 0.666,0.661,0.839 and 0.5549,respectively.The expression levels of S100A6 mRNA,log10 LINC00472,and LINC01257 in plasma of PBC patients were decreased(2.35±1.02 vs 3.06±1.04,P=0.0018;1.99±0.83 vs 2.33±0.96,P=0.036;2.84±0.92 vs 3.69±1.54,P=0.0006),and the expression level of LINC00312 was increased(1.95±0.35 vs 1.73±0.32,P=0.0007)after treatment compared with before treatment using the paired t-test.Relative expression of S100A6 mRNA was positively correlated with log10 LINC00472(r=0.683,P<0.0001);serum level of collagen type IV was positively correlated with the relative expression of log10 LINC00472(r=0.482,P<0.0001);relative expression of S100A6 mRNA was positively correlated with the serum level of collagen type IV(r=0.732,P<0.0001).The AUC for the four biomarkers obtained in the validation set were close to the training set.CONCLUSION These four genes may potentially act as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of PBC.Moreover,LINC00472 acts as a potential biomarker for staging in PBC.

<i>In vitro</i>Bile Acid Binding of Mustard Greens, Kale, Broccoli, Cabbage and Green Bell Pepper Improves with Sautéing Compared with Raw or Other Methods of Preparation

Bile acid binding potential of foods and food fractions has been related to lowering the risk of heart disease and that of cancer. Steam cooking has been observed to significantly improve bile acid binding of green/leafy vegetables. It was hypothesized that other cooking methods could further improve the bile acid binding of various vegetables. Sautée cooking resulted in in vitro bile acid binding measured on a dry matter basis relative to cholestyramine of 14% for mustard greens and kale, 9% for broccoli, 8% for collard greens, 6% for cabbage, and 5% for green bell pepper. These results point to the significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) health promoting potential of mustard greens = kale > broccoli > collard greens > cabbage > green bell pepper. Sautéing significantly improved in vitro bile acid binding of mustard greens, kale, broccoli, cabbage and green bell pepper compared with steaming, boiling or raw (uncooked). Collard greens exhibited significantly higher bile acid binding by steaming compared with sautéing, boiling or raw. Data suggest that the cooking method with most heath promoting potential for mustard greens, kale, broccoli, cabbage and green bell pepper should be sautéing. Steaming should be used for collard greens as the cooking method. These green/leafy vegetables, when consumed regularly after sautéing, would promote a healthy lifestyle and have the potential to lower the risk of premature degenerative diseases.

Role of Heart-Type Fatty Acid Binding Protein in Early Detection of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Comparison with cTnI, CK-MB and Myoglobin

Heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) is supposed to be the most sensitive biomarker of early acute myocardial infarction (AMI). To evaluate the diagnostic value of H-FABP for AMI in the early stage, the plasma levels of H-FABP were measured by sandwich ELISA in 93 patients with suspected AMI at admission within 6 h after onset of chest pain and 69 normal healthy subjects. The plasma concentrations of cardiac troponin-I (cTnI), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and myoglobin (Mb) were assayed at the same time by using corpuscle chemiluminescence for those patients. The patients were classified as AMI group (n=32) and non-AMI group (n=61) retrospectively. The diagnostic validity was evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The results showed the cutoff value of H-FABP for AMI was 16.8 ng/ml, and its diagnostic sensitivity for AMI was 64.29 % within 3 h and 84.38 % within 6 h after onset of chest pain, and the diagnostic specificity for non-AMI was 100 % within 3 h and 91.8 % within 6 h. H-FABP had higher sensitivity than that of cTnI and CK-MB at all time points (P<0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in specificity among the four markers. But the area under the ROC curve of H-FABP was significantly greater than that of cTnI, CK-MB and Mb within 3 h. These results revealed that H-FABP possessed high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for AMI in early stage, especially within 3 h after onset of persistent angina pectoris. In conclusion, H-FABP can be used as a sensitive marker for AMI in the early stage.

THE ASSOCIATION OF Ala54Thr VARIANT OF INTESTINAL FATTY ACID BINDING PROTEIN GENE WITH GENERAL AND REGIONAL ADIPOSE TISSUE DEPOTS

Objective. To ascertain the relationship between the Ala54Thr variation of FABP2 gene and general as well as regional adipose tissue depots. Subjects. 165 subjects, in which 86 were subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) [age 54 45±9 80, male/female 1 05,body mass index (BMI)26 48±4 01] and 79 were subjects with non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)(age 55 86±10 00,male/female 1 08,BMI 26 75±3 30). Design and measurements. An association study of FABP2 Ala54Thr variation detected by PCR/HhaI digestion with general and regional adipose tissue depots determined by BMI and magnetic resonance imaging [abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue area (SA and VA) and femoral subcutaneous adipose tissue area (FA)]. Results. The geneotype and allele frequencies of FABP2 Ala54Thr variation in Chinese were quite close to the frequencies in American Caucasians and Pima Indians reported in the literature. Significant difference in genotype frequency distribution was observed between FA subgroups comparisons (FA≥75cm 2 versus FA<75cm 2 )in NIDDM subjects (X 2 =11 460,P=0 003),with significantly increased in Thr54 carrier[Thr54(+)]genotype frequency and Thr54 allele frequency in NIDDM subject with FA<75cm 2 (odd ratio for genotype was 4 62,X 2 =10 112,P=0 001;and for allele=2 36,X 2 =5 379,P=0 020).The FA in NIDDM Thr54(+)subgroup was significantly lower than that in subjects with NIDDM Thr54( )sugroup(61 19±21 51cm 2 versus 75 36±31 70cm 2 ,P=0 021). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that FABP2 Thr54 genotype variation was an independent factor contributing to the variation of FA in NIDDM(P=0 003). Conclusion. FABP2 is associated with regional adipose tissue depot.The decreased femoral subcutaneous adipose tissue depot in NIDDM subjects is related to FABP2 Thr54 variant.

NMR Studies of a New Binding Mode of the Amino Acid Esters by Porphyrinatozinc(Ⅱ)

The binding mode of the amino acid ethyl esters(guest) by 5 (2 carboxylphenyl) 10,15,20 triphenylporphyrinatozinc(Ⅱ)(host 1) was studied by means of 1H NMR spectra. The binding mode is the hydrogen bonding between the amino group of the guest and the carboxyl group of host 1 plus the coordination between the zinc atom of porphyrinatozinc(Ⅱ) and the carbonyl group of the guest. This is a novel binding mode of the metalloporphyrin to amino acid derivatives.

ROLE OF SIALIC ACID RESIDUES IN IRON BINDING BY HUMAN LACTOFERRIN

Lactoferrin(Lf-α)is a major constithent of the secondary granules of neutrophils, and is thought to be involved in bacteriostasis through high affinity binding of plasma Fe required for microbial growth.Lf-αis also the major Fe binding protein in milk. Fe bound to Lf-αis available for metabolic use.but the mechanism of Fe release from Lf-αis unknown.Treatment of human Lf-α with neuraminidase to remove sialic acid residues reduced its ability to bind Fe and caused release of Fe already bound to the protein. Reduction in Fe binding capacity was dependent on time of exposure to and concentration of neuraminidase,and was due to Lf-αloss or degradation. Readdition of sialic arid to desialylated Lf -a using a-2, 6-sialyltransferase restored Fe binding.The results suggest that sialylationdesialylation reactions could play a role in physiologic binding and release of Fe from the very high affinity binding sites of Lf -α.

Expression and Characterization of Human Heart Type Fatty Acid Binding Protein in Pichia Pastoris

H-FABP is regarded as a tissue-specific protein existing only in myocardial cells. It is released from the cardiac tissue and gets into the plasma when a heart attack occurs; the myocardial infarction is a good case in point. As a resuit, the detection of H-FABP will be an early and important biomarker for the disease concerned. The objective of the study is to prepare the recombinant H-FABP by aeukaryotic expression system, pichia, to produce the protein mimicking natural H-FABP, as an immunogen for the production of the specific antibody. A gene fragment encoding H-FABP was cloned in the expressing vector pPICZα, after sequencing. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into the competent cells of the X-33 strain by means of electroporation. The expression of the target peptide induced by methanol was screened by means of Western hlotting, with the available MAb（Clone 6B6）. Highly expressive engineer strains were obtained. The production of recombinant H-FABP under induction was about 0.7 g/L, with an Mr of 14.5 kDa and recognized by a commercially available MAb （Clone 6B6）. The recombinant vector was successfully constructed. Following this, H-FABP was expressed in X-33, and it would become the source of the preparation of specific antibodies, to develop diagnostic kits.

Relative Bile Acid Binding Potential of Extruded Lentil Snacks

Previously we have reported that extrusion significantly improved healthful potential of cereals. It was hypothesized that snacks produced by extrusion would be more healthful than their raw formulations. Bile acid binding has been reported to indicate cholesterol lowering and cancer risk reduction potential of food and fractions. Bile acid binding potential of five lentil snack raw formulations and their extruded snacks were evaluated. The raw formulations were 100% lentils (F01), 69% lentils (F02), 57% lentils + 12% supplement (F03), F03 with 125 μg/100g Chromium (F04), F03 with 536 μg/100g Chromium (F05), and their respective extruded (E) snacks E01, E02, E03, E04 and E05. The in vitro bile acid binding on an equal dry matter basis relative to cholestyramine, was F01 (0.5%), E01 (3.7%), F02 (0.6%), E02 (3.0%), F03 (1.6%), E03 (5.1%), F04 (2.0%), E04 (4.2%), F05 (0.8%) and E05 (3.6%). Replacing 12% lentils with high protein supplements (F02 vs. F03) resulted in significantly higher bile acid binding, suggesting that the supplement appears to have higher bile acid binding capacity than that of lentils. All the extruded lentil snacks had significantly higher bile acid binding compared with their raw formulations. Extruding with added chromium containing yeast resulted in significantly lower bile acid binding in a dose dependent manner. Most healthful lentil snacks were produced with the addition of high protein supplement without added chromium-containing yeast (E03). Data proved the hypothesis that lentil snacks produced by extrusion are significantly more healthful than their raw formulations.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Luminescent Property and DNA-Binding of a Cadmium Complex with 2,4-Bis-oxyacetate-benzoic Acid

A complex [Cd2Na2（BOABA）2（H2O）8]·H2O（1） was synthesized by using 2,4-bisoxyacetate-benzoic acid（H3BOABA） and Cd（OH）2. It was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 shows a two-dimensional 3-connected rigid plane. The interactions between the ligand and its complex with DNA were studied by Et Br fluorescence probe. Photoluminescent studies indicate that the complex may be excellent candidates for potential photoactive materials.

Complexation of Both Enantiomers of 2-Phenylpropionic Acid with Cyclodextrin: Determination of Binding Constant, Stoichiometry, Bioavailability and Co-Conformation

Although enantiomers of 2-phenylpropionic acids (2-PPAs), or profens are important group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and have been in clinical use for many years, there is no literature covering its binding interaction in particular with cyclodextrins. NSAIDs are marketed as racemates, chiral discrimination and knowledge of enantiomeric bioavailability is essential. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is the technique of choice for elucidating chirality and monitoring and characterizing molecular recognition phenomena in solution. Methods em-ploying the fundamentals of the simultaneous measurements of absorbance and CD and a novel efficient titration method have been developed to study the binding of β-Cyclodextrin (β-CyD) and the two enantiomers of 2-PPA as a function of pH. The effect on physicochemical properties and bioavailability was investigated. The binding constant, stoichiometry and pKa for both the free and the bound drugs were determined using a Levenburg-Marquadt non-linear equation. The exact nature of the enantiomer discriminating interactions by cyclodextrins (CyDs) is not well understood. In this work, the interactions and co-conformations of both enantiomers of 2-PPA with β-CyD were explained and es-timated using spectroscopic variations upon complexation. The results indicated a change in the physicochemical prop-erties of 2-PPAs upon complexation and highlighted the enantioselective binding of β-CyD as a function of pH. The charge on the guest molecule and its stereochemistry are of great importance in regulating the stability of the guest/β-CyD complexes;hence the bioavailability of drugs. This work elucidates 2-PPAs/β-CyD binding interactions and highlights the effect of β-CyD on drugs with an effective novel method for binding titration and the potential of the simultaneous measurements of absorbance and CD in future chiral drug interactions studies.

Correlation study of serum epithelial fatty acid binding protein with glucose and lipid metabolism and micro inflammatory reaction in obese children

Objective: To study the correlation of serum epithelial fatty acid binding protein (E-FABP) with glucose and lipid metabolism and micro inflammatory reaction in obese children. Methods: children diagnosed as simple obesity in endocrinology department of my hospital during June 2014 – August 2017 were selected as the obese group, and the health examination children were selected as the control group. The serum was collected and the levels of E-FABP, glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammatory cytokines were determined, peripheral blood was collected and the expression level of insulin signal molecules were measured. Results:serum E-FABP content of obese group was significantly higher than that in the control group;serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Leptin, Chemerin, F-INS, tumor necrosis factor - α (TNF-α), interleukin -1β (IL-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule -1 (sICAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) of obese group were significantly higher than thosein the control group and positively correlated with serum E-FABP content;serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), lipoprotein (APN), and C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related proteins 12 (CTRP12), Omentin-1 and the expression intensity of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), IRS2, glucose transporter -4 (GLUT-4) in peripheral blood were significantly lower than those of the control group and negatively correlated with serum E-FABP content. Conclusion: the excessive secretion of E-FABP in obese children is closely related to the disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism and the activation of micro inflammatory reaction.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and DNA-binding Property of Bismuth(Ⅲ) Complex with p-Hydroxy-phenylacetic Acid

A bismuth（Ⅲ） complex 1 （H2-4,4＇-bipy）[Bi（HPPA）5]（H2PPA）.4H2O （H2PPA = p- hydroxy- phenylacetic acid, 4,4＇-bipy = 4,4＂-bipyridyl） was hydrothermally synthesized from p-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid （H2PPA）, Bi（NO3）3＂6H20 and 4,4＇-bipyridyl, and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, molar conductivity and TG. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies demonstrated that the complex is of monoclinic system, space group P21 with a = 10.928（7）, b = 22.558（7）, c = 11.313（7） A, β = 91.864（4）°, V = 2787.7（4） A3, Z = 2, C58H61BiN2O22, Mr = 1347.07, F（000） = 1364, Dc= 1.605 g/cm-3, p（MoKa） = 3.247 mm-1, the final R = 0.0269 and wR = 0.0540 for 9776 observed reflections with I 〉 2or（I）. The bismuth（I/I） is seven-coordinated with O atoms, forming a monocapped octahedral geometry. Complex 1 further forms a 3D supramolecular architecture by hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking interactions. Moreover, the interaction between the complex and DNA was studied by EtBr fluoescent probe.