With the Rio Olympics just a few months past,we remember the excitement,the incredible performances,and the controversies.As happens so often,the Olympic Games focus attention not only on athletic achievements but als...With the Rio Olympics just a few months past,we remember the excitement,the incredible performances,and the controversies.As happens so often,the Olympic Games focus attention not only on athletic achievements but also on how athletes may reach ever-increasing levels of performance.Doping,medical展开更多
Background： Pacing, defined as percentage changes of speed between successive splits, has been extensively studied in running and cycling endurance sports; however, less information about the trends in change of spee...Background： Pacing, defined as percentage changes of speed between successive splits, has been extensively studied in running and cycling endurance sports; however, less information about the trends in change of speed during cross-country （XC） ski racing is available. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of performance （quartiles of race time （Q）, with Q1 the fastest and Q4 the slowest） level on pacing in the Vasaloppet ski race, the largest XC skiing race in the world. Methods： For this purpose, we analyzed female （n = 19,465） and male （n = 164,454） finishers in the Vasaloppet ski race from 2004 to 2017 using a one-way （2 sexes） analysis of variance with repeated measures to examine percentage changes of speed between 2 successive splits. Overall, the race consisted of 8 splits. Results： The race speeds of Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 13.6 ± 1.8, 10.6 ± 0.5, 9.2 ± 0.3, and 8.1 ±- 0.4 km/h, respectively, among females and 16.7 ± 1.7, 13.1 ± 0.7, 10.9 ± 0.6, and 8.9 ± 0.7 km/h, respectively, among males. The overall pacing strategy of finishers was variable. A small sex × split interaction on speed was observed （η^2= 0.016, p 〈 0.001）, with speed difference between sexes ranging from 14.9% （Split 7） to 27.0% （Split 1） and larger changes in speed between 2 successive splits being shown for females （p 〈 0.001, η^2=0.004）. A large performance × split interaction on speed, with Q1 presenting the smallest changes of speed between splits, was shown for females （η^2= 0.149, p 〈 0.001） and males （η^2 = 0.169,p 〈 0.001）. Conclusion： Male and fast XC skiers are more even pacers. Coaches and athletes should develop tailored sex- and performance-level pacing strategies; for instance, they should advise fast XC skiers to start fast and maintain their speed, rather than starting slowly and trying to make up time by going faster at times during the race.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.展开更多
Background： In recent years, there has been a proliferation of technology and sport science utilized within an athlete＇s training, especially at the elite level. However, the sport science is a broad field, encompas...Background： In recent years, there has been a proliferation of technology and sport science utilized within an athlete＇s training, especially at the elite level. However, the sport science is a broad field, encompassing disciplines such as biomechanics, motor control and learning, exercise physiology, sports medicine, sport psychology to name a few. Rarely are these disciplines applied in an integrated manner. The purpose of this study was to document the effectiveness of an integrated biomechanics and motor control protocol for improving athlete＇s performance in the high jump. Methods： Four elite high jumpers performed baseline jumps under no^mal conditions and then jumps using a specific external focus of attention cue designed to improve their running posture. Three-dimensional biomeehanical analysis was used to quantify the upright posture throughout the approach as well as horizontal velocity at plant and vertical velocity at takeoff. Results： The results showed that when using the external focus of attention cue, the jumpers were significantly more upright during the approach, had significantly higher horizontal velocities at plant, and generated significantly greater vertical velocities during the takeoff. Conclusion： The results of this study lay the foundation for future work examining how integrating sport science disciplines can improve performance of elite level athletes.展开更多
Le Parkour is a sport where the athletes transpose common day-to-day obstacles in the best possible way. This sport demands elements like strength, focus and decision making;elements supposedly affected by energy drin...Le Parkour is a sport where the athletes transpose common day-to-day obstacles in the best possible way. This sport demands elements like strength, focus and decision making;elements supposedly affected by energy drinks, with performance improvement. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of energy drink ingestion on Le Parkour athlete’s performance. Twelve male amateur athletes, mean age of 23.5 ± 2.74, took part in this randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study. Subjects were randomly assigned to drink: 250 ml of energy drink, 500 ml of energy drink or placebo. Forty minutes after the beverage consumption, they were evaluated in a specific circuit performance test (time to complete the circuit) followed by a perceived exertion and a circuit technical difficulty evaluation. We also evaluated heart rate in 3 different moments: rest, pre-circuit and post-circuit. All variables were collected in 3 different experimental days. Time, perceived exertion and technical difficulty were higher in the first day compared to the others. Heart rate did not show a difference when we compared the days. Drinking one or two cans of an energy drink did not improve performance of Le Parkour athletes in a sport specific test. It also did not change heart rate or perceived exertion.展开更多
The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics anthropometric and physical Algerian goalkeepers, who all have achieved the test of Wameval, the vertical jump （CMJ, S J） on a punt of strength （Ergo Tester...The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics anthropometric and physical Algerian goalkeepers, who all have achieved the test of Wameval, the vertical jump （CMJ, S J） on a punt of strength （Ergo Tester Globus, Italy）, the 20m coordination speed test of Cazorla, and the Wingate test on ergometric bicycle （Monark, Model 834 E） with a braking force of 75 g/kgl of body mass.展开更多
Evaluating and selecting players to suit football clubs and decision-makers (coaches, managers, technical, and medical staff) is a difficult process from a managerial-financial and sporting perspective. Football is a ...Evaluating and selecting players to suit football clubs and decision-makers (coaches, managers, technical, and medical staff) is a difficult process from a managerial-financial and sporting perspective. Football is a highly competitive sport where sponsors and fans are attracted by success. The most successful players, based on their characteristics (criteria and sub-criteria), can influence the outcome of a football game at any given time. Consequently, the D-day of selection should employ a more appropriate approach to human resource management. To effectively address this issue, a detailed study and analysis of the available literature are needed to assist practitioners and professionals in making decisions about football player selection and hiring. Peer-reviewed journals were selected for collecting published papers between 2018 and 2023. A total of 66 relevant articles (journal articles, conference articles, book sections, and review articles) were selected for evaluation and analysis. The purpose of the study is to present a systematic literature review (SLR) on how to solve this problem and organize the published research papers that answer our four research questions.展开更多
Purpose We quantified the chronological age and performance of Paralympic powerlifters competing at the elite level in the World Championships(WC)and Paralympic Games(PG),and examined the age-related differences betwe...Purpose We quantified the chronological age and performance of Paralympic powerlifters competing at the elite level in the World Championships(WC)and Paralympic Games(PG),and examined the age-related differences between sexes,weight categories,and competition achievements.Methods This was a retrospective study involving 3107 athletes who took part in the last eight WC and six PG.Para pow-erlifters were divided by sex,chronological age,weight category,and competition achievement.Results Overall,males were older(33 years)and stronger(lifting 168 kg)than female(32 years and lifting 96 kg,respec-tively)para powerlifters(P<0.05).Male and female para powerlifters lifted heavier loads in the PG(174 and 103 kg,respectively)than in WC(163 and 93 kg,respectively)and medallists were younger(31 and 30 years for females and males,respectively)than non-medallists(33 and 32 years for females and males,respectively)(P<0.05).Para powerlifters compet-ing in lighter categories were younger when compared to heavier categories(P<0.05),but their relative load was heavier compared to heavier competitors(P<0.05).Conclusion Our results show that medallists were younger(31 and 30 years)than non-medallists(33 and 32 years)for females and males,respectively.展开更多
The present study investigates the association between subjective wellness symptoms,and categorical point-of-care(POC)blood biomarkers of the free oxygen radical test(FORT),and systemic inflammation through high sensi...The present study investigates the association between subjective wellness symptoms,and categorical point-of-care(POC)blood biomarkers of the free oxygen radical test(FORT),and systemic inflammation through high sensitivity C-reactive protein(Hs-CRP),in English Premier League footballers.Data from 38 male professional elite athletes(Mean Age=25.8,SD=4.4)from the English Premier League were included in the study,with a total of 674 individual testing records collected over an entire Premier League season.A player wellness questionnaire,along with fasted and rested point-of-care blood biomarker testing were collected weekly across the season.The wellness questionnaire collected subjective symptoms of illness and fatigue,while FORT and Hs-CRP were assessed through point-of-care analysis to highlight periods of excessive hydroperoxide production and systemic inflammation.Using a chi square goodness of fit model,results showed that there was a significant association between the frequency of symptoms logged and categorical POC blood biomarker data of FORT and HsCRP(P<0.01).Of the records demonstrating normal levels of Hs-CRP and FORT concentrations,27%logged symptoms with an average of 1.5 symptoms reported per answered record.Comparatively,excessive biomarker values demonstrated 55%of records having symptoms logged,averaging 2.4 symptoms reported per record.展开更多
文摘With the Rio Olympics just a few months past,we remember the excitement,the incredible performances,and the controversies.As happens so often,the Olympic Games focus attention not only on athletic achievements but also on how athletes may reach ever-increasing levels of performance.Doping,medical
文摘Background： Pacing, defined as percentage changes of speed between successive splits, has been extensively studied in running and cycling endurance sports; however, less information about the trends in change of speed during cross-country （XC） ski racing is available. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of performance （quartiles of race time （Q）, with Q1 the fastest and Q4 the slowest） level on pacing in the Vasaloppet ski race, the largest XC skiing race in the world. Methods： For this purpose, we analyzed female （n = 19,465） and male （n = 164,454） finishers in the Vasaloppet ski race from 2004 to 2017 using a one-way （2 sexes） analysis of variance with repeated measures to examine percentage changes of speed between 2 successive splits. Overall, the race consisted of 8 splits. Results： The race speeds of Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 13.6 ± 1.8, 10.6 ± 0.5, 9.2 ± 0.3, and 8.1 ±- 0.4 km/h, respectively, among females and 16.7 ± 1.7, 13.1 ± 0.7, 10.9 ± 0.6, and 8.9 ± 0.7 km/h, respectively, among males. The overall pacing strategy of finishers was variable. A small sex × split interaction on speed was observed （η^2= 0.016, p 〈 0.001）, with speed difference between sexes ranging from 14.9% （Split 7） to 27.0% （Split 1） and larger changes in speed between 2 successive splits being shown for females （p 〈 0.001, η^2=0.004）. A large performance × split interaction on speed, with Q1 presenting the smallest changes of speed between splits, was shown for females （η^2= 0.149, p 〈 0.001） and males （η^2 = 0.169,p 〈 0.001）. Conclusion： Male and fast XC skiers are more even pacers. Coaches and athletes should develop tailored sex- and performance-level pacing strategies; for instance, they should advise fast XC skiers to start fast and maintain their speed, rather than starting slowly and trying to make up time by going faster at times during the race.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.
文摘Background： In recent years, there has been a proliferation of technology and sport science utilized within an athlete＇s training, especially at the elite level. However, the sport science is a broad field, encompassing disciplines such as biomechanics, motor control and learning, exercise physiology, sports medicine, sport psychology to name a few. Rarely are these disciplines applied in an integrated manner. The purpose of this study was to document the effectiveness of an integrated biomechanics and motor control protocol for improving athlete＇s performance in the high jump. Methods： Four elite high jumpers performed baseline jumps under no^mal conditions and then jumps using a specific external focus of attention cue designed to improve their running posture. Three-dimensional biomeehanical analysis was used to quantify the upright posture throughout the approach as well as horizontal velocity at plant and vertical velocity at takeoff. Results： The results showed that when using the external focus of attention cue, the jumpers were significantly more upright during the approach, had significantly higher horizontal velocities at plant, and generated significantly greater vertical velocities during the takeoff. Conclusion： The results of this study lay the foundation for future work examining how integrating sport science disciplines can improve performance of elite level athletes.
文摘Le Parkour is a sport where the athletes transpose common day-to-day obstacles in the best possible way. This sport demands elements like strength, focus and decision making;elements supposedly affected by energy drinks, with performance improvement. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of energy drink ingestion on Le Parkour athlete’s performance. Twelve male amateur athletes, mean age of 23.5 ± 2.74, took part in this randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study. Subjects were randomly assigned to drink: 250 ml of energy drink, 500 ml of energy drink or placebo. Forty minutes after the beverage consumption, they were evaluated in a specific circuit performance test (time to complete the circuit) followed by a perceived exertion and a circuit technical difficulty evaluation. We also evaluated heart rate in 3 different moments: rest, pre-circuit and post-circuit. All variables were collected in 3 different experimental days. Time, perceived exertion and technical difficulty were higher in the first day compared to the others. Heart rate did not show a difference when we compared the days. Drinking one or two cans of an energy drink did not improve performance of Le Parkour athletes in a sport specific test. It also did not change heart rate or perceived exertion.
文摘The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics anthropometric and physical Algerian goalkeepers, who all have achieved the test of Wameval, the vertical jump （CMJ, S J） on a punt of strength （Ergo Tester Globus, Italy）, the 20m coordination speed test of Cazorla, and the Wingate test on ergometric bicycle （Monark, Model 834 E） with a braking force of 75 g/kgl of body mass.
文摘Evaluating and selecting players to suit football clubs and decision-makers (coaches, managers, technical, and medical staff) is a difficult process from a managerial-financial and sporting perspective. Football is a highly competitive sport where sponsors and fans are attracted by success. The most successful players, based on their characteristics (criteria and sub-criteria), can influence the outcome of a football game at any given time. Consequently, the D-day of selection should employ a more appropriate approach to human resource management. To effectively address this issue, a detailed study and analysis of the available literature are needed to assist practitioners and professionals in making decisions about football player selection and hiring. Peer-reviewed journals were selected for collecting published papers between 2018 and 2023. A total of 66 relevant articles (journal articles, conference articles, book sections, and review articles) were selected for evaluation and analysis. The purpose of the study is to present a systematic literature review (SLR) on how to solve this problem and organize the published research papers that answer our four research questions.
文摘Purpose We quantified the chronological age and performance of Paralympic powerlifters competing at the elite level in the World Championships(WC)and Paralympic Games(PG),and examined the age-related differences between sexes,weight categories,and competition achievements.Methods This was a retrospective study involving 3107 athletes who took part in the last eight WC and six PG.Para pow-erlifters were divided by sex,chronological age,weight category,and competition achievement.Results Overall,males were older(33 years)and stronger(lifting 168 kg)than female(32 years and lifting 96 kg,respec-tively)para powerlifters(P<0.05).Male and female para powerlifters lifted heavier loads in the PG(174 and 103 kg,respectively)than in WC(163 and 93 kg,respectively)and medallists were younger(31 and 30 years for females and males,respectively)than non-medallists(33 and 32 years for females and males,respectively)(P<0.05).Para powerlifters compet-ing in lighter categories were younger when compared to heavier categories(P<0.05),but their relative load was heavier compared to heavier competitors(P<0.05).Conclusion Our results show that medallists were younger(31 and 30 years)than non-medallists(33 and 32 years)for females and males,respectively.
文摘The present study investigates the association between subjective wellness symptoms,and categorical point-of-care(POC)blood biomarkers of the free oxygen radical test(FORT),and systemic inflammation through high sensitivity C-reactive protein(Hs-CRP),in English Premier League footballers.Data from 38 male professional elite athletes(Mean Age=25.8,SD=4.4)from the English Premier League were included in the study,with a total of 674 individual testing records collected over an entire Premier League season.A player wellness questionnaire,along with fasted and rested point-of-care blood biomarker testing were collected weekly across the season.The wellness questionnaire collected subjective symptoms of illness and fatigue,while FORT and Hs-CRP were assessed through point-of-care analysis to highlight periods of excessive hydroperoxide production and systemic inflammation.Using a chi square goodness of fit model,results showed that there was a significant association between the frequency of symptoms logged and categorical POC blood biomarker data of FORT and HsCRP(P<0.01).Of the records demonstrating normal levels of Hs-CRP and FORT concentrations,27%logged symptoms with an average of 1.5 symptoms reported per answered record.Comparatively,excessive biomarker values demonstrated 55%of records having symptoms logged,averaging 2.4 symptoms reported per record.
