Under the aegis of Lisbon Treaty, individual member states of EU （European Union） are ＂encouraged to implement evidence-based policies in order to improve their provision of sporting facilities and opportunities＂....Under the aegis of Lisbon Treaty, individual member states of EU （European Union） are ＂encouraged to implement evidence-based policies in order to improve their provision of sporting facilities and opportunities＂. In this framework, a survey （Eurobarometer 72.3） was commissioned by the European Commission, which helps us to understand the behaviour of European societies in the field of participation in sport and in physical activities. In the paper, we measure the levels of involvement of EU citizens in active life styles. We do not analyse issued results, but use the individual record file, reprocessing data in different ways. We try to reconstruct the COMPASS （Co-Ordinated Monitoring of Participation in Sports） general model with the available information. The patterns of participation are studied in relation to the socio-demographic variables. The main result is the individualisation of a ＂six groups＂ （six typologies） solution for a cluster analysis of the participants to the survey. The clusters may be so labelled： occasional sport engagement; active participation; intensive open air activities; fitness world; traditional sport world; non active people. We find strong differences in the levels of participation among EU countries, whose determinants are both motivational and socio-demographic, and are linked to the national sport policies.展开更多
Objectives:This research based on the theoretical framework of globalisation focuses on the development of gender equality policy in the Olympic Movement and the implementation of IOC’s gender equality policy in the ...Objectives:This research based on the theoretical framework of globalisation focuses on the development of gender equality policy in the Olympic Movement and the implementation of IOC’s gender equality policy in the context of Chinese elite volleyball.Methods:In addition to documentary analysis,17 semistructured interviews were conducted with key insiders within Chinese elite volleyball system to provide a comprehensive understanding of the IOC’s gender equality policy implementation.The analysisinvolved perspectives of athletes’participation,coaching positions,and leadership roles according to three main elements of the IOC’s gender equality policy.Results:Thefindings demonstrated that the responses of Chinese elite volleyball to IOC’s gender equality policy are participative,conflictual,and passive in terms of the gender balance of athletes’participation,coaches’positions,and the representation of leadership roles respectively.Conclusions:IOC recommended subordinated stakeholders including NOCs to implement gender equality policy.The attitude of Chinese elite volleyball governing body towards gender equality is generally positive.However,IOC’s gender equality policy is not consistently transferred at national level.Policy might be implemented with symbolic measure in China without monitoring system.Referees should be included in policy contents in addition to athletes,coaches and leaders.In addition,since IOC’s gender equality policy and statistics have been keeping updated,further results with respect to the case of volleyballshould be demonstrated in future research.展开更多
文摘Under the aegis of Lisbon Treaty, individual member states of EU （European Union） are ＂encouraged to implement evidence-based policies in order to improve their provision of sporting facilities and opportunities＂. In this framework, a survey （Eurobarometer 72.3） was commissioned by the European Commission, which helps us to understand the behaviour of European societies in the field of participation in sport and in physical activities. In the paper, we measure the levels of involvement of EU citizens in active life styles. We do not analyse issued results, but use the individual record file, reprocessing data in different ways. We try to reconstruct the COMPASS （Co-Ordinated Monitoring of Participation in Sports） general model with the available information. The patterns of participation are studied in relation to the socio-demographic variables. The main result is the individualisation of a ＂six groups＂ （six typologies） solution for a cluster analysis of the participants to the survey. The clusters may be so labelled： occasional sport engagement; active participation; intensive open air activities; fitness world; traditional sport world; non active people. We find strong differences in the levels of participation among EU countries, whose determinants are both motivational and socio-demographic, and are linked to the national sport policies.
文摘Objectives:This research based on the theoretical framework of globalisation focuses on the development of gender equality policy in the Olympic Movement and the implementation of IOC’s gender equality policy in the context of Chinese elite volleyball.Methods:In addition to documentary analysis,17 semistructured interviews were conducted with key insiders within Chinese elite volleyball system to provide a comprehensive understanding of the IOC’s gender equality policy implementation.The analysisinvolved perspectives of athletes’participation,coaching positions,and leadership roles according to three main elements of the IOC’s gender equality policy.Results:Thefindings demonstrated that the responses of Chinese elite volleyball to IOC’s gender equality policy are participative,conflictual,and passive in terms of the gender balance of athletes’participation,coaches’positions,and the representation of leadership roles respectively.Conclusions:IOC recommended subordinated stakeholders including NOCs to implement gender equality policy.The attitude of Chinese elite volleyball governing body towards gender equality is generally positive.However,IOC’s gender equality policy is not consistently transferred at national level.Policy might be implemented with symbolic measure in China without monitoring system.Referees should be included in policy contents in addition to athletes,coaches and leaders.In addition,since IOC’s gender equality policy and statistics have been keeping updated,further results with respect to the case of volleyballshould be demonstrated in future research.
