Distribution of large-scale detachment faults on mid-ocean ridges in relation to spreading rates

Large-scale detachment faults on mid-ocean ridges （MORs） provide a window into the deeper earth. They have megamullion on their corrugated surfaces, with exposed lower crustal and upper mantle rocks, rela- tively high residual Bouguer gravity anomaly and P-wave velocity, and are commonly associated with ocean- ic core complex. According to 30 detachment faults identified on MORs, we found that their distances to the axis mostly range from 5 to 50 km, half-spreading rates range from 6.8 to 17 mm/a, and activity time ranges from recent to 3 Ma. Most of the detachment faults are developed on the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge （MAR） and ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge （SWIRl, with the dominant half-spreading rates of 7-13 mm/a, especially 10-13 mm/a. Furthermore, they mostly occur at the inside corner of one segment end and result in an asymmetric seafloor spreading. The detachment faults on MORs are mainly controlled by the tectonism and influenced by the magmatism. Long-lived detachment faults tend to be formed where the ridge magma supply is at a moderate level, although the tectonism is a first-order controlling factor. At the slow spreading ridges, detachment faults tend to occur where local magma supply is relatively low, whilst at the ultra-slow spreading ridges, they normally occur where local magma supply is relatively high. These faults are accompanied by hydrothermal activities, with their relationships being useful in the study of hydrothermal polymetallic sulfides and their origin.

Spreading rate dependence of morphological characteristics in global oceanic transform faults

We quantified the systematic variations in global transform fault morphology,revealing a first-order dependence on the spreading rate.(1)The average age offset of both the full transform and transform sub-segments decrease with increasing spreading rate.(2)The average depth of both the transform valley and adjacent ridges are smaller in the fast compared to the slow systems,reflecting possibly density anomalies associated with warmer mantle at the fast systems and rifting at the slow ridges.However,the average depth difference between the transform valley and adjacent ridges is relatively constant from the fast to slow systems.(3)The nodal basin at a ridge-transform intersection is deeper and dominant at the ultraslow and slow systems,possibly reflecting a lower magma supply and stronger viscous resistance to mantle upwelling near a colder transform wall.In contrast,the nodal high,is most prominent in the fast,intermediate,and hotspot-influenced systems,where robust axial volcanic ridges extend toward the ridge-transform intersection.(4)Statistically,the average transform valley is wider at a transform system of larger age offset,reflecting thicker deforming plates flanking the transform fault.(5)The maximum magnitude of the transform earthquakes increases with age offset owing to an increase in the seismogenic area.Individual transform faults also exhibit significant anomalies owing to the complex local tectonic and magmatic processes.

Utilization of Oil Properties to Develop a Spreading Rate Regression Model for Nigerian Crude Oil

The target of this study is to develop a spreading rate regression model capable of predicting rate of spread of Nigerian crude oil spills on water. The major factors responsible for spreading rate of crude oil on water were considered, namely surface tension, viscosity, and specific gravity/American Petroleum Institute degree (0API), all at specified temperature values. The surface tension, viscosity and density parameters were interactively measured under controlled factorial analysis. The spreading rate of each crude oil was determined by artificially spilling them on laboratory calm/stagnant water in a rectangular tank and their averages were also computed. These averages were used to develop a regression model equation for spreading rate. The model developed indicated that an average spreading rate was 3.3528 cm/s at 37.5°C and the predictive regression model is evaluated with the interactions of specific gravity, viscosity and surface tension. It is convenient to state that the model will predict the spread rate of crude oils which possess imputed physicochemical properties having pour point averaged 15.5°C on calm seawater.

A NEW DESIGN METHOD OF CDMA SPREADING CODES BASED ON MULTI-RATE UNITARY FILTER BANK

It is well-known that the multi-valued CDMA spreading codes can be designed by means of a pair of mirror multi-rate filter banks based on some optimizing criterion. This paper indicates that there exists a theoretical bound in the performance of its circulating correlation property, which is given by an explicit expression. Based on this analysis, a criterion of maximizing entropy is proposed to design such codes. Computer simulation result suggests that the resulted codes outperform the conventional binary balanced Gold codes for an asynchronous CDMA system.

时间反转直扩通信系统及性能分析

时间反转传输技术的空时聚焦特性能够有效地提升通信系统的性能.本文设计了一种将时间反转技术应用于直扩通信系统的方案,并对多径衰落信道下单用户和多用户系统的接收信干噪比、系统容量、误比特率等性能进行了理论分析与仿真验证.理论与仿真结果表明,通过时间反转预处理,直扩通信系统的性能得到了改善,且优于复杂度较高的多通道Rake接收的系统,且多径数目越多,优势越明显.

基于分数阶Fourier变换的chirp-rate调制解调方法研究

本文提出了一种基于分数阶Fourier变换的chirp-rate调制(CRM)非相干解调方法,并导出了其解调器的输出峰值;其次,从多普勒频移和码同步误差两个方面,将本文方法与匹配滤波相干解调方法进行了对比分析,得到了相应的对解调性能影响的解析表达,可以发现chirp-rate调制具有很强的抗多普勒频移能力,但是对码同步误差较为敏感.最后,通过仿真分析,验证了上述理论推导的正确性,并对比了本文方法和匹配滤波相干解调的误码性能.由于本文方法是一种非相干解调,所以相较匹配滤波相干解调差了约3dB.

基于可逆元胞自动机加密的扩展码索引调制方案

针对直接序列扩频系统伪随机(Pseudo Noise,PN)码资源有限且码索引调制系统误码率性能下降的问题,提出了一种基于可逆的初等元胞自动机加密的扩展码索引调制方案。首先,针对PN码资源有限的问题,提出使用混沌规则的初等元胞自动机对PN码进行迭代的方案,从而实现扩展PN码的目的;其次,针对码索引调制误码率性能下降的问题,提出了一种可逆元胞自动机加密的码索引调制方案,在发射端,把信息比特切割成调制比特和映射比特,并分别映射为调制符号和扩频码索引,使用对应索引的扩频码对同相分量进行扩频,同时使用可逆元胞自动机对映射比特进行加密,加密后的映射比特为调制符号的正交分量选取对应索引的扩频码进行扩频。仿真与分析结果表明,在相同频谱效率条件下,在加性高斯白噪声信道中,当误码率为10-5时,扩展码索引调制方案的误码率性能优于码索引调制和广义码索引调制方案约2~4 dB,优于非正交码移键控码索引调制方案约0.5 dB。

一种码元宽度部分重叠的chirp-rate调制高效传输方法

chirp-rate调制是线性调频扩谱通信的一种调制样式,具有很强的抗多径和抗多普勒频移能力。为进一步提升chirp-rate调制码元传输的带宽利用效率,提出了一种码元宽度部分重叠的chirp-rate调制高效传输方法。然后,推导了其带宽效率提高倍数。接下来,基于分数阶Fourier域解调而推导了单个码元宽度内不同调制信号的分数阶傅里叶谱对正确解调的影响,并据此导出了部分重叠传输模式下的带宽效率提高倍数最大值的解析表达。最后,通过仿真分析验证了上述理论推导的正确性。

贵州喀斯特生态系统典型针叶林地表火蔓延速度影响因子及预测模型

【目的】喀斯特生态系统农林交错,火源复杂,极易发生森林火灾,对喀斯特生态系统恢复等造成严重影响,研究该区域典型针叶床层平地无风条件下的林火蔓延速度,对于该区域植被恢复和森林防灭火工作具有重要意义。【方法】以喀斯特生态系统内3种典型针叶林下地表可燃物为研究对象,在室内平地无风条件下,构造与野外结构相似的针叶床层,以床层含水率、厚度和载量因子的不同梯度组合为变量,进行了188次点烧实验。【结果】(1)相同条件下,云南松和华山松针叶床层的林火蔓延速度没有显著差异,但显著高于马尾松针叶床层(P<0.001)。(2)可燃物床层含水率对针叶床层蔓延速度有显著的阻滞作用,床层厚度有显著的促进作用,床层载量对云南松和华山松针叶床层的蔓延速度有促进作用。(3)马尾松、云南松和华山松针叶床层林火蔓延速度的加式模型平均绝对误差分别为0.013、0.029和0.020 m/min,乘式模型的平均绝对误差分别为0.014、0.023、0.018 m/min,两种预测模型能解释75%以上的林火蔓延速度变化情况。(4)加式模型的外推误差的平均绝对误差和相对误差分别为0.108 m/min和42.50%,乘式模型外推效果优于加式模型,误差均值分别为0.086 m/min和28.20%。【结论】研究揭示喀斯特生态系统典型针叶林可燃物床层特征对林火蔓延速度的影响情况,3种针叶床层平地无风条件下蔓延速度较大,具有蔓延成灾的可能。综合预测精度和外推效果,建议选择乘式模型建立林火蔓延速度预测模型,为该生态系统内森林防灭火工作提供基础。

导线长度对过电流聚氯乙烯铜导线起火燃烧行为的影响

为深入研究导线长度对过电流聚氯乙烯铜导线起火燃烧及火蔓延行为的影响,利用电气火灾故障模拟装置模拟铜导线在不同长度下发生过电流故障,分析了导线长度对起火燃烧过程、火蔓延最大距离的影响,并通过视频影像堆栈技术分析了火蔓延速率。结果表明:当过电流值不变时,随着导线长度的延长,火蔓延最大距离呈现先增大再减小的趋势;对于研究中使用的2.5 mm^(2)多芯聚氯乙烯铜导线,过电流值不变,且导线长度在240 cm时,火蔓延距离最大,其中在200 A时,火焰会达到全线的燃烧;火蔓延速率在导线熔断瞬间向两侧蔓延时最快,随着远离熔断点未燃区可燃性气体浓度、温度的下降,火蔓延速率有下降的趋势,并且呈现较大的波动。

双层外立面对竖直向下火蔓延影响的实验研究

通过实验研究了层间效应对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯向下火蔓延特性的影响。在6组不同立面间距的条件下,对火焰高度、温度、质量损失速率和火蔓延速率等参数进行研究,建立了传热物理模型并进行理论分析,得到了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯在预热区和热解区的辐射、对流热反馈的函数表达式。实验结果表明:随着外立面之间间距的增大,火焰厚度减小,火焰形状发生不规则变化;质量损失速率的对数与火焰高度的对数呈线性关系;在间距不同的情况下,火焰的最高温度保持不变;随着间距的增加,火蔓延速率分3个阶段逐渐下降。理论分析表明:间距变化时,对流和辐射热反馈所占主导地位不同,当间距大于6 cm时,辐射热反馈几乎可以忽略不计,且理论分析与实验结果一致。

宽度和载荷对沟槽地表火蔓延特性的影响

为探究燃料床的宽度和燃料载荷对沟槽地表火蔓延燃烧特性的影响,设计了宽度分别为10、15、20 cm的燃料槽,分析了不同宽度和载荷条件下地表火蔓延速度、火焰高度和夹角、质量损失、滞留时间等燃烧特性的变化规律。结果表明,载荷越高,燃料的质量损失速率越大;相同载荷下,沟槽宽度越小,燃料消耗率越高。燃料槽侧壁使卷吸受限,火线成线性。火蔓延速率随宽度增加而增大,火焰高度随宽度和载荷增大而增大。在高载荷的情况下,火蔓延过程中产生大量可燃烟气,火焰形成向火蔓延方向的火焰夹角。

子空间干扰加高斯杂波背景下基于GLRT的斜对称方向检测器设计

文章研究了背景为子空间干扰加高斯杂波的距离扩展目标方向检测问题。杂波是均值为零协方差矩阵未知但具有斜对称特性的高斯杂波,目标与干扰分别通过具备斜对称特性的目标子空间和干扰子空间描述。针对方向检测问题,利用上述斜对称性,根据广义似然比检验(Generalized Likeli-hood Ratio Test,GLRT)准则的一步与两步设计方法,设计了基于GLRT的一步法与两步法的距离扩展目标方向检测器。通过理论推导证明了这2种检测器相对于未知杂波协方差矩阵都具有恒虚警率。对比相同背景下已有检测器,特别是在辅助数据有限的场景下,文章提出的2个检测器表现出了优越的检测性能。

Spillovers of US unconventional monetary policy:quantitative easing,spreads,and international financial markets

This study investigates the international spillover effects of US unconventional monetary policy(UMP)-frequently called large-scale asset purchases or quantitative easing(QE)—on advanced and emerging market economies,using structural vector autoregressive models with high-frequency daily data.Blinder(Federal Reserve Bank of St.Louis Rev 92(6):465–479,2010)argued that the QE measures primarily aim to reduce US interest rate spreads,such as term and risk premiums.Considering this argument and recent empirical evidence,we use two spreads as indicators of US UMP:the mortgage and term spreads.Based on data from 20 emerging and 20 advanced countries,our empirical findings reveal that US unconventional monetary policies significantly affect financial conditions in emerging and advanced countries by altering the risktaking behavior of investors.This result suggests that the risk-taking channel plays an important role in transmitting the effects of these policies to the rest of the world.The extent of these effects depends on the type of QE measures.QE measures such as purchases of private sector securities that lower the US mortgage spread exert stronger and more significant spillover effects on international financial markets than those that reduce the US term spread.Furthermore,the estimated financial spillovers vary substantially across countries and between and within the emerging and advanced countries that we examine in this study.

狭长空间内220 kV大截面电缆火灾燃烧特点及烟气控制实验研究

为避免或减小狭长空间内高压电缆发生火灾的可能性,建立实验模型,研究狭长空间内220 kV大截面电缆燃烧行为及火蔓延规律,分析电缆火灾下狭长空间顶棚温度分布特征,结合电缆燃烧过程,设置5种不同排烟风速,探究排烟风速对其排烟效率的影响。研究结果表明:大截面电缆阻燃外护套受火后会形成高温熔融物,滴落在底板上的高温熔融物燃烧形成的火焰不断撞击电缆底部,在电缆底部形成的拓展火焰持续加热,引燃电缆外护套的未燃段,进而导致电缆外护套底部火焰在热对流和辐射的作用下稳定蔓延;狭长空间顶棚温度峰值及熔滴火焰前锋位置随着电缆阻燃外护套的持续燃烧不断推移;大截面电缆火焰蔓延速度呈现先增大、后稳定、再减小趋势;电缆燃烧过程中会产生大量有毒烟气,采用侧向排烟模式能够有效降低狭长空间内烟气浓度。研究结果可为狭长空间内敷设电缆的消防排烟设计提供参考。

Factors associated with the spread of Chinese Tallow in East Texas forestlands

Chinese tallow tree (Triadica sebifera (L.) Small, Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb) is an invasive species that is replacing native ecosystems in areas of eastern Texas. It is imperative that the spatial pattern of the spread of this species be identified, as well as causal mechanisms. To that end, we seek to determine factors that contribute to the spread of Chinese tallow using classification and regression tree (CART) and logistic regression. We also attempt to identify current locations and spread rates across eastern Texas using Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) data within major forest types. Distance to formerly infested plots and roads, slope, and disturbances (natural and anthropogenic) were identified as major (either facilitating or impeding) factors for the spread of Chinese tallow across the landscape. The highest probability of occurrence and spread rate of Chinese tallow were found in the oak/ gum/cypress forest type. Continued disturbance, from harvest events or natural disasters will allow the species to continue to spread throughout the region and could threaten overall forest productivity. We also discuss some implications of the continued spread of Chinese tallow on forest management. Forest managers could benefit from this analysis and use it as a guide for monitoring forest types with the highest risk of invasion.

南海西南次海盆深部结构研究进展与展望

西南次海盆位于南海渐进式扩张的西南端,共轭陆缘结构和残留扩张脊保留完整,是研究南海深部结构和动力学机制的关键区域。前期研究发现,西南次海盆洋陆过渡带较窄、同扩张断层发育、地震反射莫霍面不清晰、具有慢速扩张等特征。然而,由于不同探测方法获取的地壳结构具有多解性,使得西南次海盆洋陆转换过程、慢速扩张洋壳结构与增生模式以及龙门海山岩石性质与地幔成因机制等基础科学问题尚存争议。为此本文建议在西南次海盆开展地质取样获取海山岩石样品,确定其年龄与性质,分析扩张后海山形成的深部动力过程;并对关键构造部署高精度的地震反射/折射联合探测,结合岩石物理分析,对西南次海盆进行构造成像和物质组成参数正反演,以实现壳幔尺度的地震学透视,为探索西南次海盆洋陆转换过程和洋壳增生模式提供重要的证据,以丰富和完善南海的动力学演化模式。

Laterally spreading tumors:Limitations of computed tomography colonography

AIM:To prospectively investigate the detection rate of laterally spreading tumors(LSTs)of the colorectum by computed tomography(CT)colonography(CTC).METHODS:Patients with LSTs measuring≥20 mm detected during colonoscopy were prospectively enrolled in the study.All patients underwent colonoscopy and subsequent CTC on the same day.CTC was performed using multi-detector CT without contrast in the prone and supine positions.Two radiologists blinded to the existence of LSTs read the virtual endoscopic images as well as 2-D images.LSTs were classified into granular and non-granular types based on colonoscopic appearance.RESULTS:Forty-seven pathologically proven LSTs were evaluated prospectively.Histology included adenomas in 19,mucosal cancers in 19 and T1 cancers in 9.The mean diameter of the LSTs was 35.1 mm.Twenty-eight(60%)LSTs were correctly identified by CTC,and the configuration was similar to the colonoscopic appearance in most cases.Detection rate for the granular type was significantly higher than that for the nongranular type(71%vs 31%,P=0.013).Detection rate of adenomas was significantly lower than mucosal cancers(32%vs 79%,P=0.008)and T1 cancers(32%vs 78%,P=0.042).CONCLUSION:The detection rate of LSTs by CTC,particularly the non-granular type was not acceptable.Practitioners should be aware of the relatively low detection rate when using CTC.

导流式水田离心扬肥器设计与试验

针对水稻撒施追肥肥料颗粒破碎率高、抛程低的问题,该研究设计了一种导流式离心圆盘扬肥器,其主要由带导向叶片的旋转圆盘、进料部分和导流筒组成,利用离心力和气流共同作用抛撒肥料,以提高抛程。首先,对肥料颗粒进行动力学分析,建立抛程与肥料颗粒速度之间的函数关系,确定装置的结构及运动参数。其次,基于EDEM对撒肥过程进行了仿真分析,研究扬肥器导向叶片结构参数与进料口位置对肥料初速度的影响,并基于FLUENT对扬肥器内部气流流场进行仿真分析,研究扬肥器导流筒对颗粒抛出速度的影响,优化导流筒的结构参数。最后,采用四因素三水平正交试验,研究叶片数量、叶片型式、叶片高度和盘室间隙对抛程和肥料破碎率的影响。结果表明,当叶片数为4、叶片型式为径向叶片、叶片高度为15 mm、盘室间隙为25 mm时,抛程为16.95 m,肥料破碎率为26.32%,较无导流筒的扬肥器抛程提高5 m、肥料破碎率降低28.2%。研究结果可为扬肥装置的研制提供依据。

基于嵌入式Web的虚拟综合布线实验系统

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