Discussion on the Free Quenching Heat Treatment Process of Automotive Leaf Springs

Free quenching of automotive leaf springs is a new technology that has gradually started to be applied in the industry in China in recent years.Only a few manufacturers are applying it in the industry.Through more than half a year of on-site practice,the changes in the hot forming of spring plates before free quenching have been explored,and finally a heat treatment process that meets the production requirements of our company has been developed,achieving normal production.

Vertical seismic absorber utilizing inertance and negative stiffness implemented with gas springs

A novel implementation of negative stiffness elements(NSEs)is proposed,utilizing industrial grade nitrogen gas springs as pre-stressed stiffness elements in a configuration with lever arms.This NSE is combined with an inerter to form a stiff dynamic absorber(SDA)for vertical seismic protection of structures with base isolation.The SDA is optimized to minimize vertical accelerations while ensuring static structural integrity,excellent damping performance and containment of relative displacements.The introduction of gas springs in place of conventional linear springs addresses important practical limitations through features of non-linearity and industrial grade manufacturing.The proposed implementation is dimensioned for a 50-ton structure and evaluated numerically for 25 actual earthquake records,in comparison with a linear SDA model and an equivalent conventional damper(CD).Individual and averaged results of acceleration and displacement time histories demonstrate vastly superior response compared to CD regarding induced accelerations for similar displacements.Performance equivalency with the linear SDA model indicates the stability of the gas spring implementation while guaranteeing predictability,tested endurance,proper tolerances,and off-axis motion resistance without requiring additional guiding components,as opposed to conventional springs.These features render the proposed implementation a promising solution for the realization of NSEs in seismic protection.

Nitrogen Gas Saturation in Karst Springs Varies Throughout the Day

This experiment examined the fluctuations in nitrogen gas supersaturation throughout the day in three karst springs (upper, side, and lower) at McNenny State Fish Hatchery, rural Spearfish, Lawrence County, South Dakota, USA. Total gas pressures, oxygen percent saturation, and nitrogen percent saturation were recorded six times/day on eight days over a 26-day period in each of the three springs. Total gas pressure did not vary significantly throughout the day in any of the springs. However, percent oxygen and nitrogen saturation were significantly different throughout the day in all three springs. The highest mean (SE) nitrogen supersaturation value of 118.5 (1.1)% was observed in the lower spring at 07:00. The lowest mean nitrogen supersaturation values were 114.5 (1.1)% at 13:00 in the upper spring, and 114.2 (0.2)% and 113.1 (0.7)% at 15:00 in the side and lower spring, respectively. At 118% nitrogen supersaturation, gas bubble disease is likely to occur in fish, resulting in potentially high levels of mortality if untreated spring water was used for fish production. The results of this study indicate the importance of recording nitrogen gas levels at sunrise or early in the morning, when nitrogen is highest and oxygen is lowest, to obtain accurate and reproducible data.

Three-dimensional S-wave velocity structure of the upper crust in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area:insights into the basins structure and genesis of hot springs

As one of the four largest bay areas with strong economic activities in the world,the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(GHMGBA)is located in the zone of interaction between the South China Block(SCB)and the South China Sea(SCS).Under the influence of complex geologic evolution,basin-range structures,fault systems and hot springs are well developed here.However,the characteristics of geological structures and the genetic mechanism of these geological phenomena are still unclear.Therefore,we performed ambient noise tomography to obtain 3-D upper crust(0-7.5 km)S-wave velocity structures of the GHMGBA by using 40-day continuous waveform data from 130 seismic stations in the GHMGBA.Our results show that sedimentary basins in the GHMGBA are mainly characterized by low-velocity anomalies.S-wave velocities of sediment formation in basins are about 2.8-3.1 km/s.Rapid changes in velocity appear at the edges of the basins,which correspond to the NE-,NEE-,and NW-trending faults,indicating prominent basin-controlling effects of the faults.The Sanshui Basin(SSB),the largest in the GHMGBA,has a developmental depth of about 4 km,and there is a significant difference in velocity gradient between the east and west sides of the basin,indicating that SSB has experienced east-west asymmetric expansion.Moreover,there are prominent low-velocity anomalies at a depth of about 4.5 km beneath the hot springs at the west of the Zhujiang(Pearl)River estuary(ZRE).We infer that the low-velocity anomalies are fluid reservoirs of the hot springs,which lead to the development of the hot springs on the surface.In addition,the distribution of main cities in the GHMGBA shows a spatial correlation with low-velocity areas at shallow depths(<3 km).The population development trend in the GHMGBA in the past 20 years is also mainly concentrated in the structural province of relatively low-velocity.In combination with the GHMGBA basin structures and drainage distribution characteristics,we suggest that the basic geological environment to some extent affects the habitability of the human settlement and thus determines the distribution and development trend of the main urban context.We believe that the 3-D S-wave velocity structure of the upper crust of the GHMGBA obtained in this study,as well as the deep structural characteristics of the basins and hot springs,will provide support to urban construction planning and geological hazards research of the GHMGBA.

Studies on the Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution of Natural Outcrop Springs in Wudalianchi

Objective] The research aimed to study the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of 30 natural outcrop springs in Wudalianchi, which provides a theoretical basis for the sustainable development and utilization and protection of Wudalianchi natural mineral resources. [Method] Choosing the 30 natural outcrop spring representatives in different regions, samples were collected in low water period, normal water period, wet period respectively, and the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and other contaminants in the samples were determined. Besides, the pollution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in Wudalianchi natural outcrop spring were analyzed. [Result] The 30 natural outcrop spring in Wudalianchi area were seriously polluted by nitrogen. Total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were the main forms of nitrogen pollution. The content of total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen were low. [Conclusion] The natural outcrop spring is mainly caused by agricultural non-point source pollution.

Exploitation and Sustainable Development of Hot Springs in Xinjiang Province of China——A Case Study of Shawan Hot Spring Tourist Area

The paper had introduced geographic causes and types of hot springs, illustrated its disease-treating function and displayed its great vitality and widespread development prospect as tourist resources. By taking Shawan Hot Spring in Xinjiang for example, the paper had analyzed its natural condition, hot springs and tourist economic development. And then, quantitative and qualitative analysis had been conducted on the quality of water environment resources in the research area. It had analyzed reasons for degeneration of water environment and studied exploitation and sustainable development of hot springs. It was considered that environment especially water environment quality had decreased since hot spring tourism development. In order to achieve sustainable development of hot springs and promotion of local tourism, it must be guided by environment treatment, and some strategies for sustainable development of hot springs had been proposed.

基于SpringSide的可定制数据采集系统的设计与实现

当前计算机信息系统的根本出发点之一就是获取资源数据,而这些资源数据大多数都是非常灵活、多样的。为了适应待采集资源数据的多样性和灵活性,提出了一种采用可扩展架构技术,基于SpringSide架构的可定制资源数据采集系统的设计方案,介绍了该系统的数据库设计以及主要功能设计,以该系统其中一个小模块为例详细说明了在SpringSide架构下系统的实现过程。该设计方案已经应用在实际项目——E平台实验动物资源库中,投入使用后的实际效果良好,并具有良好的灵活性、可扩展性和可维护性。

澳大利亚Alice Springs造山带北缘构造变形序列与伟晶岩成矿

澳大利亚北领地南部具有近平行展布的线性沉积盆地及隆起的变质地层相间排列的特征。这种独特构造格局的形成与新元古代晚期到古生代中期的两次板内造山事件有关。研究区主要受第二次板内造山事件,即Alice Springs造山活动影响。对研究区进行地质调查和填图工作后得到以下认识:1)区域经历了3个期次的构造活动,前两期活动伴随着花岗伟晶岩的侵位;2)变形深度逐渐变浅,主应力轴分别为前两期的近南北向和第三期的北西—南东向;3)研究区的花岗伟晶岩主要由常见的造岩矿物构成,呈平缓的席状侵位特征,并未发育与围岩相同的剪切面理,也没有出现由结晶分异导致的分带现象,因此推测其成矿潜力较小。

基于SpringSide的安全框架的应用与扩展

分析基于SpringSide的安全框架,主要说明如何在SpringSide框架下对资源进行认证和授权,进一步通过对SpringSecurity2.0的扩展,实现直接从数据库读取权限,增强控制资源的灵活性。并结合一个网络实验动物资源库平台的开发,对该框架安全性进行分析。

Influence of the Chuxiong Yao'an Earthquake on the Mineralization of Hot Springs in the Tengchong Geothermal Area,Southwestern China

The Tengchong geothermal area,an active tectonic region with frequent earthquakes,is located in Yunnan Province of southwestern China.This area contains abundant active hot springs, which often display high metal concentrations and obvious mineralization phenomena.At 19：19 on 9 July 2009,an earthquake occurred in Yao＇an,Chuxiong,Yunnan Province,which is 300 km to the northeast of the Tengchong geothermal area.We sampled water in the hot springs in the Tengchong area from 4 July to 9 July 2009 and from 10 July to 15 July 2009 to study the changes of elemental concentrations before and after the earthquake and discuss the influence of the earthquake on the mineralization of the hot springs.The concentrations of most trace elements increased slightly,but the concentration of REE（rare earth elements） decreased by 50%after the earthquake in the hot springs around a NS-trending fault.The elemental concentrations remained unchanged in Longtan and Suanshuigou,which are related to an inactive crater.The elemental concentrations in other springs controlled by superficial and small-scale faults decreased after the earthquake.The earthquake can stimulate the activity of deep faults and magma chambers,as is responsible for the increase of metal concentrations in the hot springs along the NS-trending deep fault;whereas it can decrease the porosity of permeable rocks,resulting in the decline of the flux of ore-bearing fluids and the corresponding mineralization in the hot springs related to superficial faults.

Origin and circulation of saline springs in the Kuqa Basin of the Tarim Basin,Northwest China

It is widely accepted that hydrogeochemistry of saline springs is extremely important to understand the water circulation and evolution of saline basins and to evaluate the potential of potassium-rich evaporites.The Kuqa Basin,located in the northern part of the Tarim Basin in Northwest China,is a saline basin regarded as the most potential potash-seeking area.However,the origin and water circulation processes of saline springs have yet to be fully characterized in this saline basin.In this study,a total of 30 saline spring samples and 11 river water samples were collected from the Qiulitage Structural Belt(QSB)of the Kuqa Basin.They were analyzed for major(K^+,Ca2^+,Na^+,Mg2^+,SO42-,Cl-and HCO3-)and trace(Sr2^+and Br-)ion concentrations,stable H-O-Sr isotopes and tritium concentrations in combination with previously published hydrogeochemical and isotopic(H-O)data in the same area.It is found that the water chemical type of saline springs in the study area belonged to the Na-Cl type,and that of river water belonged to the Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO4 type.The total dissolved solid(TDS)of saline springs in the QSB ranged from 117.77 to 314.92 g/L,reaching the brine level.On the basis of the general chemical compositions and the characteristics of the stable H-O-Sr isotopes of saline springs,we infer that those saline springs mainly originated from precipitation following river water recharging.In addition,we found that saline springs were not formed by evapo-concentration because it is unlikely that the high chloride concentration of saline springs resulted in evapo-concentration and high salinity.Therefore,we conclude that saline spring water may have experienced intense evapo-concentration before dissolving the salty minerals or after returning to the surface.The results show that the origin of salinity was mainly dominated by dissolving salty minerals due to the river water and/or precipitation that passed through the halite-rich stratum.Moreover,there are two possible origins of saline springs in the QSB:one is the infiltration of the meteoric water(river water),which then circulates deep into the earth,wherein it dissolves salty minerals,travels along the fault and returns to the surface;another is the mixture of formation water,or the mixture of seawater or marine evaporate sources and its subsequent discharge to the surface under fault conditions.Our findings provide new insight into the possible saltwater circulation and evolution of saline basins in the Tarim Basin.

Distribution of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in Tibetan hot springs

Isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers （iGDGTs） from the Gulu hot springs （23--83.6 ℃, pH 〉 7） and Yangbajing hot springs （80-128 ℃, pH 〉 7） were analyzed in order to investigate the distribution of archaeal lipids among different hot springs in Tibet. A soil sample from Gulu was incubated at different temperatures and analyzed for changes in iGDGTs to help evaluate whether surrounding soil may contribute to the iGDGTs in hot springs. The sources of bacterial GDGTs （bGDGTs） in these hot springs were also investigated. The results revealed different profiles ofiGDGTs between Gulu and Yangbajing hot springs. Core iGDGTs and polar iGDGTs also presented different patterns in each hot spring. The PCA analysis showed that the structure of polar iGDGTs can be explained by three factors and suggested multiple sources of these compounds. Bivariate correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between polar and core bGDGTs, suggesting the in situ production of bGDGTs in the hot springs. Furthermore, in the soil incubation experiment, temperature had the most significant influence on concentration of bGDGTs rather than iGDGTs, and polar bGDGTs had greater variability than core bGDGTs with changing temperature. Our results indicated that soil input had little influence on the composition of GDGTs in Tibetan hot springs.

Analytical and Experimental Study of Free Vibration of Beams Carrying Multiple Masses and Springs

The structures in engineering can be simplified into elastic beams with concentrated masses and elastic spring supports. Studying the law of vibration of the beams can be a help in guiding its design and avoiding resonance. Based on the Laplace transform method, the mode shape functions and the frequency equations of the beams in the typical boundary conditions are derived. A cantilever beam with a lumped mass and a spring is selected to obtain its natural frequencies and mode shape functions. An experiment was conducted in order to get the modal parameters of the beam based on the NExT-ERA method. By comparing the analytical and experimental results, the effects of the locations of the mass and spring on the modal parameter are discussed. The variation of the natural frequencies was obtained with the changing stiffness coefficient and mass coefficient, respectively. The findings provide a reference for the vibration analysis methods and the lumped parameters layout design of elastic beams used in engineering.

ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL COMPLIANCE BEHAVIOR OF COILED SPRINGS VIA SCREW THEORY

A new method is presented to describe and analyze the spatial compliance ofcoiled springs using screw theory. After an abbreviated description for the deformation of a beamelement using screw theory, the spatial compliance density for a beam element is derived based onthe fundamental material theory and reasonable assumptions, and the spatial compliance of the beamwith finite length is obtained by integral. The spatial compliance of coiled springs is furtheranalyzed using the spatial compliance density of the beam element. By calculating theeigencompliance and Ball's principle screws for the whole compliance of system, the complianceproperties varying with the basic physical parameters of the system are illustrated in detail. Thebasic ideas can be used for the design and application of the coiled springs and the other compliantmechanisms with spatial compliant beam element.

On Generating Expected Kinetostatic Nonlinear Stiffness Characteristics by the Kinematic Limb-Singularity of a Crank-Slider Linkage with Springs

Being di erent from avoidance of singularity of closed-loop linkages, this paper employs the kinematic singularity to construct compliant mechanisms with expected nonlinear sti ness characteristics to enrich the methods of compliant mechanisms synthesis. The theory for generating kinetostatic nonlinear sti ness characteristic by the kinematic limb-singularity of a crank-slider linkage is developed. Based on the principle of virtual work, the kinetostatic model of the crank-linkage with springs is established. The influences of spring sti ness on the toque-position angle relation are analyzed. It indicates that corresponding spring sti ness may generate one of four types of nonlinear sti ness characteristics including the bi-stable, local negative-sti ness, zero-sti ness or positive-sti ness when the mechanism works around the kinematic limb-singularity position. Thus the compliant mechanism with an expected sti ness characteristic can be constructed by employing the pseudo rigid-body model of the mechanism whose joints or links are replaced by corresponding flexures. Finally, a tri-symmetrical constant-torque compliant mechanism is fabricated,where the curve of torque-position angle is obtained by an experimental testing. The measurement indicates that the compliant mechanism can generate a nearly constant-torque zone.

Distalization of maxillary molars for Class Ⅱ malocclusion with Chinese Ni-Ti coil-springs appliance

Objective: To evaluate the effects of the Chinese Ni-Ti coil-springs appliance on distalization of maxillary molars and the reciprocal effects on the anchorage teeth. Methods:Twenty-four adolescent patients(12 boys,12 girls) with Class Ⅱ malocclusion were selected and the coil-springs appliance was used during the treatment. Pre- and postdistalization lateral cephalometric radiographs were analyzed and compared. Results: The average time for the correction of Class Ⅱ molar relationship was 4.6 months. And the mean distance of molar distalization was 4.4 mm. The Chinese Ni-Ti coil-springs also demostrated less tipping and better bodily movement of maxillary molars. Conclusion: This study suggests that the Chinese Ni-Ti coil-springs appliance distalizes the upper molar significantly, while there is no remarkable loss of anchorage because of patients’ wearing headgear with J hooks at night and Class Ⅱ elastics in the day time.

A culture-dependent survey of thermophilic bacteria from hot springs in Xiamen area in China

Microbes are believed to play important roles in ecosystem function in many environments.The hot springs of Xiamen Island are close to the Xiamen Sea,and may have some characteristics different from those of inland hot springs.Microbes living in the hot springs of Xiamen may have new characteristics.However,little is known about microbial communities of hot springs close to the Xiamen Sea.A culture-dependent survey of microbial population in the Xiamen hot springs was performed by using an approach combining total cellular protein profile identification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing.A total of 328 isolates of bacteria were obtained from liquid and sediment samples from the Xiamen hot springs,including neutrophilic thermophilic bacteria and moderately thermophilic acidophiles.Neutrophilic thermophilic bacteria,which grow at a temperature range of 55-90℃ including Rhodothermus marinus（Strain 1）,Thermus thermophilus（Strain 2）,Thermus thiopara（Strain 3）,Geobacillus stearothermophilus（Strain 4）,Geobacillus thermoleovorans（Strain 5）,and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes（Strain 6）,were recovered by 2216E plates.Moderately thermophilic acidophiles,which can grow at temperatures above 50℃ and a pH range of 1.8-3.5 such as Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris（Strain 8）,Sulfobacillus acidophilus（Strain 9）,and Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans（Strain 10）,were isolated on selective solid medium containing sulfur and Fe2＋.Among these strains,Rhodothermus marinus,Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus stearothermophilus are not only thermophiles,but also halophiles.One bacterium strain（Strain 6） shared 99% nucleotide sequence homology with Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes on the 16S rRNA gene sequence,but was quite different from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes in biological characteristics,suggesting that it may represent a novel thermophilic species.Results indicated that various species of neutrophilic thermophiles and moderately thermophilic acidophiles were widely distributed in the Xiamen hot springs and that Rhodothermus marinus and Thermus thermophilus dominated the cultivable microbial community.

Subaerial hot springs and near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems past and present,and possible extraterrestrial analogues

The principal features,geotectonic settings and association with near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems of ancient and present subaerial hot springs,fumaroles and geysers are herein reviewed.Fumaroles and geysers usually occur in volcanic craters and are in most cases,part and parcel of hot spring environments.Subaerial hot springs are characterised by siliceous-and carbonate-rich chemical sediments,such as sinters and travertines,respectively.Sinters are commonly enriched in various metalliferous elements.Hot springs surface discharges are also characterised by pools,which exhibit bright colours due to the presence of microorganisms.Present-day examples discussed in this paper,include the fumaroles and hot springs of the White Island volcano(New Zealand),the world-renowned Yellowstone caldera(USA)and the Afar region of the East African Rift System.The Afar triangle,in the northern part of East African Rift System,provides a good example of hot springs associated with evaporative deposits.The Tuli-Sabi-Lebombo triple junction rifts were formed during the^180 Ma Karoo igneous event in southern Africa,of which the Tuli arm is the failed rift(aulacogen),as is the Afar region.The Tuli rift is effectively an unusual,if not unique,tectono-thermal setting,because it comprises Karoo-age hot springs systems and associated vein stockworks and breccias,which includes the Messina Cu deposit as well as currently active hot springs with sinter deposits probably due to post-Karoo uplift.Fumarolic pipes in ignimbrites of the Erongo Volcano-Plutonic Complex in Namibia are discussed.This is followed by an example of banded chert rocks in the Killara Formation of the Palaeoproterozoic Capricorn Orogen(Western Australia),interpreted as hot spring chemical sediments,which also show evidence of"fossil"microbial filaments.The paper ends with a brief overview of possible analogues of hot springs on planet Mars.

Stable Isotope and Element Geochemistry of Saline Springs in Evaporite-bearing Mengla Basin,South Yunnan,China

1 Introduction Mengla Basin is a sub-basin in southern evaporitebearing Lanping-Simao Basin.There are many salt springs in the basin.In 2012,11 spring samples were collected for analyses of chemistry and boron,hydrogen and oxygen

Vulnerability of Himalayan springs to climate change and anthropogenic impact: a review

The climate change and unsustainable anthropogenic modification can intensify the vulnerability of the Himalayas. Natural springs are the principal source of potable water security for the Himalayan population. The changes in the trend of precipitation, temperature and glacier melt are expected to impact the quantity and quality of spring water significantly. This review presents an insight to unravel the effects of climate change and land use land cover changes on the spring resources and outline the essential elements of spring hydrology in the Himalayas. The sensitive response of spring flow to the climate has been observed to follows an annual periodic pattern strongly dependent on snowmelt,rainfall, and evapotranspiration. Among all types,Karst aquifers were found to be highly vulnerable. The changes in the forest and urban landscapes are affecting the recharging sites in the headwater region.In the Central Himalayan region(Kosi River basin,Kumaun), the number of perennial springs is decreasing at a rate of three springs year-1, and nonperennial springs are increasing at the rate of one spring year-1. The high concentration of NO3-, Cl-1,SO42-, and coliform counts reported from the spring water evidence a high susceptibility of shallow aquifers to the non-point source of pollution. Future projections indicate high surface-runoff and occurrence of extreme events such as floods, glacial lake outbursts, and landslides can affect the flow and water quality of springs. As the impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities are expected to increase with time remarkably, there is an urgent need to promote regional scientific studies on springs targeting hydrogeochemical evolution, vulnerability assessment, recharge area dynamics, and development of springshed management program.